Ultra-high Frame Rate Tissue Doppler Imaging

We describe a new tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) method, ultra-high frame rate tissue Doppler imaging (UFR-TDI). With two broad transmit beams covering only the ventricular walls, we achieve 1200 frames/s in a four-chamber apical view. We examined 10 healthy volunteers to study the feasibility of this method. Ultra-high-frame-rate TDI provided peak annular velocities and time to peak S′ intervals in good agreement with those measured with conventional TDI. Moreover, UFR-TDI provided additional information in early and late systole: In all subjects, the method was able to separate the timing of electrical activation, start of mechanical contraction, mitral valve closure and start of ejection. The earliest mechanical activation was seen before mitral valve closure. The method was also able to measure the propagation speed of the mechanical wave created by aortic valve closure.     

Pulse tissue Doppler analysis of tricuspid annular motion in Iranian children

Background Quantitative assessment of right ventricular (RV) function has been difficult to assess non-invasively secondary to its non-geometric shape and respiratory-variable filling. With recent improvements in ultrasound equipment we are now able to study myocardial velocity changes, which is known as tissue Doppler imaging.Objectives To define normal indices of tricuspid pulse tissue Doppler echocardiography imaging in children and infants.Methods We enrolled 100 healthy children with the age of 1 month-15 year old who were referred for echocardiography and had no cardiac lesion in primary echocardiography evaluations. Pulse tissue Doppler images of the lateral tricuspid annular motion were recorded using 4-chamber apical view. Simultaneous electrocardiography was used to correct annular motion time with electrical events.Results Among our patients 9 were under 1 year, 46 between 10 and 15, 36 between 5 and 10, and 9 between 10 and 15. Infants had decreased peak early diastolic annular velocities and early diastolic annular velocity-to-diastolic annular velocity at atrial contraction ratios compared with the older group. Isovolumic relaxation time difference was not significant between two different groups. In this group of patients, deceleration time and isovolumic contraction time were lower too.Conclusion In this study we found out normal values for systolic and diastolic indices of pulse TDI imaging of tricuspid valve in Iranian healthy children. This can be a basis for RV function studies in different congenital cardiac disease.     

定量组织速度成像对等容收缩波的再认识

目的 通过定量组织速度成像研究组织多普勒(TDI)等容收缩波S1时间段内心动周期时相的变化.方法 通过超声心动图TDI法及脉冲多普勒(PWD)法比较电-机械延迟时间(EMD)、等容收缩时间(IVCT)和射血前期时间(PEP),观察TDI法QRS波群起始至二尖瓣关闭时间(MCT)、等容收缩波起始至二尖瓣关闭时间(ICMC).结果 TDI所测IVCT较PWD法时间长,TDI法所测EMD较PWD法时间短,TDI法MCT即为PWD法EMD时间,ICMC为等容收缩前期时间.结论 TDI的等容收缩波S1内包含着两个时相,等容收缩前期和等容收缩期.     

应用血流向量图技术分析正常人左心室血流动力学特点

目的 应用血流向量图(vector flow mapping,VFM)技术分析正常人左心室血流动力学特点.方法 健康志愿者50例,心尖左室长轴观记录动态彩色多普勒血流图像,VFM技术分析不同心动时相左室内血流速度向量分布特点,观察左室内基本流和涡流的分布情况.结果 等容收缩期左室腔内以整体涡流为主;射血早期主动脉瓣下流出道血流首先加速射人主动脉,流人道一侧出现短暂的局部涡流,射血中、晚期心腔内涡流消失;主动脉瓣关闭前瞬间,左室内血流迅速转向心尖流动,并持续至等容舒张期结束;缓慢充盈期和左房收缩末期,左室出现整体涡流.结论 VFM技术能够检测各心动时相心腔血流向量分布,有望在分析病变心脏血流动力学变化中发挥重要作用.     

组织速度成像评价正常人心动周期时间间期的研究

目的根据组织速度图中速度-时间曲线确定心脏心动周期的时间间期及其正常参考值。方法获取29例健康志愿者标准心尖二腔、心尖长轴和心尖四腔观组织速度图,根据心肌各节段的速度曲线,测量左、右心室各室壁基底段和中段收缩期与舒张期的时间间期。结果组织速度图在各室壁的基底段进行采样和分析,其成功率为100%。对左室室间隔基底段与右室游离壁基底段各时间间期进行配对t检验,显示两者在等容收缩时间、加速收缩时间、收缩达峰时间、等容舒张时间、R波至快速充盈峰值时间、快速充盈时间、心房收缩时间、舒张后期时间、快速充盈加速时间、心房加速时间和舒张早期达峰时间差异均存在显著或极显著性意义(P<0.05或<0.001)。对左室不同室壁的基底段与室间隔基底段的收缩期或舒张期时间间期进行配对t检验分析显示:各收缩时间间期差异均无显著性意义,而左室侧壁与室间隔基底段在快速充盈时间、等容舒张时间、舒张后期时间和R波至心房收缩峰值时间差异均存在极显著性意义。结论组织速度图不仅可以更为精确、直观、定量评价正常人心脏心动周期的时间间期,而且可以定量测量等容收缩时间、等容舒张时间、收缩加速时间和减速时间、舒张加速时间和舒张加速时间等,是一种比心电图更为全面和准确,而且可以快速、实时评价心脏时间间期的可靠方法。     

三维重建超声组织多普勒成像测量左室功能:活体动物实验研究

目的　用三维重建超声组织多普勒成像 ( 3DTDI)方法 ,研究左室壁运动特点及左室不同部分的射血分数(EF)。方法　用重建的 3DTDI的方法 ,对 8只心尖部心肌梗死的活体羊模型在四种不同的血流状态下进行左室壁运动的测定和左室不同部分的EF测量。结果　在四种不同的血流状态下 ,左室梗塞区域的室壁运动振幅明显低于正常部分 (P<0 .0 0 1) ,整个左室、左室正常部分的EF明显高于梗塞部分 (P <0 .0 0 1) ,左室正常部分的EF明显高于整个左室 ( 0 .0 0 0 1

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超声组织多普勒成像评价儿童先天性心脏病并肺动脉高压患者心室功能研究

目的 探讨超声组织多普勒成像技术评价儿童先天性心脏病并肺动脉高压患者心室功能的价值.方法 20例先天性心脏病并肺动脉高压、20例先天性心脏病无肺动脉高压患儿及24例门诊体检健康儿童,分别行组织多普勒超声心动图检查.心尖四腔心切面测量左心室侧壁二尖瓣环附着处、右心室侧壁三尖瓣环附着处收缩期S波峰速度(Sm)、舒张早期负向E波峰速度(Em)、舒张晚期负向A波峰速度(Am)、等容收缩间期(ICT)、等容舒张间期(IRT)、射血时间(ET),计算左心室、右心室Tei指数,比较各组间差异,并分析先天性心脏病并肺动脉高压组患儿右心室组织多普勒参数与肺动脉收缩压(sPAP)的相关性.结果 先天性心脏病并肺动脉高压组患儿左心室、右心室Em及左心室ET降低,而左心室、右心室Am、ICT、IRT、Tei指数均异常升高.右心室IRT与sPAP具有良好的正相关.结论 儿童先天性心脏病并肺动脉高压患者左右心室功能均受损,以右心室舒张功能及左心室舒张收缩功能下降为主,右心室IRT可作为预测肺动脉高压的新无创指标.     

Reference ranges for tissue Doppler measures of maternal systolic and diastolic left ventricular function.

OBJECTIVES: Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) is an echocardiographic technique that evaluates longitudinal myocardial tissue velocities during left ventricular systolic and diastolic function, relatively independently of loading conditions. Limited data are available regarding maternal cardiac function using TDI. The aim of this study was to construct reference charts for TDI indices in normal pregnancy. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study on 104 pregnant women at 11-38 weeks of gestation and 19 non-pregnant controls. Doppler echocardiography was used to assess transmitral inflow velocities during diastole (peak velocity of early (E) and late (A) atrial filling), whilst TDI at the septal and lateral margins of the mitral annulus measured diastolic velocities (peak velocity of early (E') and late (A') diastolic filling) and peak systolic velocity (S'). The left ventricular filling index (E : E' ratio) was derived. The Tei index (ratio of isovolumetric time to ejection time) was measured. RESULTS: Systolic function assessed by TDI S' velocity was unaltered at the septal and lateral margins, although S' velocity at the lateral margin was higher (12%, P = 0.028) in the first two trimesters, compared to non-pregnant controls. Diastolic function was modified as demonstrated by an increase in A velocity (P P = 0.024). Similarly, A' increased at the septal and lateral margins ( P < 0.001 and P = 0.02, respectively), resulting in a decrease in E' : A' ratios at the septal and lateral mitral margins ( P = 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively). E : E' at both mitral margins and Tei index were unaltered. CONCLUSION: This study gives normal ranges for TDI indices in pregnancy. TDI demonstrated modified longitudinal systolic and diastolic function. Future studies will evaluate the potential of this technique in pregnancies complicated by hypertension and cardiac disease. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

定量组织速度成像评价二尖瓣置换术后左心功能的临床研究

目的 探讨定量组织速度成像(QTVI)评价二尖瓣置换术(MVR)后左室整体和局部功能的临床价值.方法 80例MVR术后患者作为病例组,根据心律分为窦性心律组40例和心房颤动(房颤)组40例.常规超声心动图检查后采集心尖四腔观、心尖两腔观、心尖左室长轴观的组织多普勒动态图像,启动QTVI模式,绘制左室各壁瓣环、心肌节段的时间-速度曲线.测量收缩期峰值速度(Sa、Sm)和快速舒张期峰值速度(Ea、Em)等.结果 ①与正常组比较,MVR组6个壁二尖瓣环和各心肌节段Sa、Sm和Ea、Em均明显减低(P<0.001);②二尖瓣环收缩期平均峰值速度(Sa')与左室射血分数(LVEF)呈正相关(P<0.001);③二尖瓣环快速舒张期平均峰值速度(Ea')与等容舒张期时间均值(IVRT')呈负相关(P<0.01).结论 QTVI能够评价MVR术后左室整体和局部的收缩与舒张功能,具有重要的临床价值.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the clinical value of quantitative tissue velocity imaging (QTVI) in assessing left ventricular(LV) global and regional myocardial function in patients with mitral valve replacement(MVR).Methods Eighty patients having their implantations for more than six months were examined by echocardiography.QTVI-derived parameters such as peak systolic velocity(Sa,Sm) and early diastolic velocity(Ea,Em) of mitral annulus and LV wall were measured from the apical four-chamber,two-chamber and long axis corresponding myocardial segments in MVR groups decreased and LV ejection fraction but negative correlation between Ea' and isovolumic relaxation time(IVRT') in patients(P<0.01).Conclusions QTVI plays an important role in determining LV function of patients after MVR accurately.     

组织多普勒成像Tei指数测量对扩张型心肌病患者左室功能的评价

目的探讨组织多普勒成像(TDI)测量Tei指数评价扩张型心肌病(DCM)患者左室功能的价值。方法应用TDI获取25例DCM患者二尖瓣环间隔侧及左侧壁两点的运动频谱,测量等容舒张期(IRT)、等容收缩期(ICT)、射血时间(ET),并计算TDI-Tei指数,并与健康对照组及传统脉冲多普勒显像所测值进行比较。结果TDI所测DCM患者IRT、ICT显著延长,ET显著缩短,而TDI-Tei指数显著增大,TDI与传统脉冲多普勒显像两种方法所测IRT、ICT、ET及Tei指数分别呈直线相关,而两种方法所测二尖瓣环室间隔侧与左侧壁的Tei指数平均值相关性最高。结论TDI技术可用于测量DCM患者左室Tei指数,并与传统脉冲多普勒显像所测值相关性好。     

Left ventricular diastolic function during normal pregnancy: assessment by spectral tissue Doppler imaging.

OBJECTIVE: Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) is an echocardiographic technique for assessing the diastolic function that is relatively independent of preload. Since loading conditions change significantly during pregnancy, a load-independent technique will give a more accurate assessment of diastolic function in pregnant women. The aim of this study was to evaluate maternal diastolic function using tissue Doppler imaging. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study on 35 healthy pregnant women. M-mode, transmitral inflow (peak transmitral flow velocities during early diastole (E wave) and atrial contraction (A wave)) and TDI studies (peak myocardial velocities during early diastole (Em wave), during atrial contraction (Am wave) and peak systole in ejection phase (Sm)) were performed in each trimester and postpartum. The differences in variables between trimesters were analyzed. RESULTS: The peak transmitral inflow velocity during early diastole (E wave) was significantly decreased during the third trimester and postpartum. The peak flow velocity during atrial contraction (A wave) was increased in the second trimester, but decreased again in the third trimester and postpartum period. As a result, the E/A ratio progressively reduced as pregnancy advanced. TDI showed that peak myocardial velocities during early diastole (Em) tended to increase during the second trimester, and then decreased significantly in the third trimester or postpartum period. The peak myocardial velocities during atrial contraction (Am) increased significantly with advancing gestational age. As a consequence, both Em/Am and E/Em ratios decreased significantly throughout pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the changes in myocardial relaxation velocity throughout pregnancy. Because of its advantage of being relatively load-independent, TDI may be a useful non-invasive technique for monitoring maternal cardiac function in high-risk pregnancies to detect the early signs of cardiac failure and to prevent further deterioration with prompt interventions.     

Cardiac Shear Wave Elastography Using a Clinical Ultrasound System

The propagation velocity of shear waves relates to tissue stiffness. We prove that a regular clinical cardiac ultrasound system can determine shear wave velocity with a conventional unmodified tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) application. The investigation was performed on five tissue phantoms with different stiffness using a research platform capable of inducing and tracking shear waves and a clinical cardiac system (Philips iE33, achieving frame rates of 400–700 Hz in TDI by tuning the normal system settings). We also tested the technique in vivo on a normal individual and on typical pathologies modifying the consistency of the left ventricular wall. The research platform scanner was used as reference. Shear wave velocities measured with TDI on the clinical cardiac system were very close to those measured by the research platform scanner. The mean difference between the clinical and research systems was 0.18 ± 0.22 m/s, and the limits of agreement, from ?0.27 to +0.63 m/s. In vivo, the velocity of the wave induced by aortic valve closure in the interventricular septum increased in patients with expected increased wall stiffness.     

组织多普勒成像评价充血性心衰患者左室舒张同步性

目的：应用组织多普勒成像（TDI）评价充血性心衰（CHF）患者的左室舒张同步性。方法：74例CHF患者和62例正常人进行TDI检查,检测左室12节段心肌舒张早期达峰时间的最大差值和标准差（TE-Dif和TE-SD）,代表舒张同步性;以舒张早期二尖瓣频谱峰值与二尖瓣环速度峰值之比（E/E’）代表舒张功能。结果：CHF患者TE-Dif和TE-SD显著延长,E/E’增大。增大的E/E’是TE-Dif和TE-SD的独立预测因子。结论：CHF常合并左室舒张不同步,且与舒张功能减低关系密切。TDI能够准确评价舒张同步性。     

组织多普勒显像评价二尖瓣置换术后左心室功能

目的 探讨应用组织多普勒显像(TDI)评价二尖瓣置换(MVR)术后左室功能的临床价值.方法 45例接受MVR术后3个月以上患者为病例组,根据心律分为心房颤动组和窦性心律组,并选取30例正常人为对照组.应用常规超声心动图测量左房室腔大小、机械瓣口流速、射血分数等指标;应用TDI测量心尖四腔观二尖瓣环间隔处和侧壁处运动收缩期峰值速度(Sm)、舒张期峰值速度(Em)、等容舒张时间(IVRT);计算E/Em.结果 ①与对照组相比,MVR组二尖瓣环Sm、Em均明显减低,IVRT延长(P＜0.001),但窦性心律组与心房颤动组之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);②MVR组E/Em较对照组明显增高,二者差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001),且E/Em与IVRT呈正相关;以E/Em＞15.0为最佳截断值,评价左室舒张功能变化的敏感性为91.11%,特异性为90.32%,ROC曲线下面积为0.9548±0.0402.结论 TDI能够准确评价MVR后左室功能,E/Em作为一种评价心肌舒张和左室充盈压的量化指标可以评价MVR术后患者左室舒张功能.     

组织多普勒成像评价急性心肌梗死患者自体骨髓单个核细胞移植心功能

目的 应用组织多普勒成像(TDI)技术定量评价急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后应用自体骨髓单个核细胞(BMMNC)移植后对左心室局部和整体功能的影响.方法 分别选取24例男性AMI患者作为试验组及对照组,发病24 h内均接受PCI,试验组患者于术后7～14天内接受冠状动脉内自体骨髓间充质干细胞移植术.所有患者分别于术前、术后1个月、3个月及6个月接受常规超声心动图及TDI检查.常规超声心动图测量左心室射血分数(LVEF),TDI测量二尖瓣瓣环及左心室壁相应梗死部位心肌收缩期峰值速度(S_a、S_m)、舒张早期峰值速度(E_a、E_m)、舒张晚期峰值速度(A_a、A_m),比较不同时间点两组各指标的差异.结果 试验组与对照组术前各项指标差异均无统计学意义.与对照组相比,试验组术后1个月、3个月及6个月S_a、S_m、E_m、E_a/A_a及Em/Am均明显提高;术后3个月及6个月LVEF及E_a较对照组提高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 联合应用自体BMMNC移植较常规PCI更有助于AMI患者局部及整体收缩、舒张功能的改善;利用TDI可对其进行定量检测.     

组织多普勒成像对心脏内强回声结构胎儿心功能的研究

目的 应用组织多普勒成像(TDI)结合传统超声综合评价心脏内强回声结构(ICEF)胎儿的心功能.方法 应用TDI技术的脉冲方式观察ICEF胎儿房室瓣环运动,测量其舒张早期、舒张晚期及收缩期运动的峰值速度(Em、Am、Sm);并结合传统二维、M型及脉冲多普勒超声测量胎儿心脏大小及血流速度系列参数;对照组房室瓣口血流参数与房室瓣环运动参数进行相关分析;两组间评价心脏收缩及舒张功能参数进行独立样本t检验;两组间Em/Am随孕周的变化进行直线回归分析.结果 研究组房室瓣E/A及Em/Am显著低于对照组,并与孕周呈直线关系;对照组E与Em、A与Am、E/A与Em/Am、左室缩短分数与Sm之间呈正相关;两组评价心脏大小各参数之间、心脏收缩功能参数及不同孕期Sm比较差异无统计学意义.结论 TDI可更为敏感、准确地评价胎儿心脏功能;中晚孕期ICEF胎儿心脏舒张功能下降.     

Assessment of myocardial velocities in healthy children using tissue Doppler imaging

The objective was to determine the normal range of tissue velocities in paediatric hearts as measured by tissue Doppler imaging. A prospective study was carried out involving 160 healthy children (mean age 10.8 y, range 4.0-17.9 y). Using tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) from parasternal long axis and apical views, peak velocities and peak myocardial velocity differences across the right ventricular anterior wall, interventricular septum and left ventricular posterior wall were assessed during systole, early and late diastole. The existence of transmyocardial velocity differences between the left and right side of the interventricular septum, as well as between the endocardium and epicardium of the left ventricular posterior wall was observed throughout the heart cycle. With range-gated TDI from apical four-chamber view, peak velocities were measured within the basal, mid and apical parts of the interventricular septum, and the left and right free ventricular walls. The highest peak systolic, early and late diastolic velocities were measured within the basal parts of all myocardial walls. The ranges of the calculated velocity ratios (early-to-late diastolic velocity and early diastolic-to-systolic velocity) for the various wall parts appeared to be overlapping. The correlations of peak myocardial tissue velocities and their ratios with age and weight were weak and practically irrelevant. These normal values of peak myocardial velocities, transmyocardial velocity differences and the ratios of peak wall velocities can be used as reference values in future investigations of ventricular dysfunction in this age group.     

组织多普勒显像对缺血心肌局部舒张功能的评价

目的组织多普勒显像（TDI）评价缺血心肌局部舒张功能的价值。方法超声心动图记录心肌缺血舒张期二尖瓣血流频谱（TMF）及左室基底部、中部和心尖部3个水平面15节段TDI。结果两组间左室射血分值相近;心肌缺血(Is)组TMF舒张早期减速度时间和等容舒张时间延长（P<0.01）,E/A比值增加（P<0.01）;对照(Con)组TDI示左室基底部与中部心肌舒张早期舒张速度（Em）高于心尖部（P<0.05）,缺血节段Em降低,局部早期舒张减速度时间和等容舒张时间延长;Is组异常显示率TDI高于TMF(93％64％,P<0.01)。结论TDI可无创检测左室局部舒张功能;缺血心肌呈舒缓异常,其异常出现率高于TMF。     

Beat-to-beat systolic time-interval measurement from heart sounds and ECG

Systolic time intervals are highly correlated to fundamental cardiac functions. Several studies have shown that these measurements have significant diagnostic and prognostic value in heart failure condition and are adequate for long-term patient follow-up and disease management. In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of using heart sound (HS) to accurately measure the opening and closing moments of the aortic heart valve. These moments are crucial to define the main systolic timings of the heart cycle, i.e. pre-ejection period (PEP) and left ventricular ejection time (LVET). We introduce an algorithm for automatic extraction of PEP and LVET using HS and electrocardiogram. PEP is estimated with a Bayesian approach using the signal's instantaneous amplitude and patient-specific time intervals between atrio-ventricular valve closure and aortic valve opening. As for LVET, since the aortic valve closure corresponds to the start of the S2 HS component, we base LVET estimation on the detection of the S2 onset. A comparative assessment of the main systolic time intervals is performed using synchronous signal acquisitions of the current gold standard in cardiac time-interval measurement, i.e. echocardiography, and HS. The algorithms were evaluated on a healthy population, as well as on a group of subjects with different cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In the healthy group, from a set of 942 heartbeats, the proposed algorithm achieved 7.66 ± 5.92 ms absolute PEP estimation error. For LVET, the absolute estimation error was 11.39 ± 8.98 ms. For the CVD population, 404 beats were used, leading to 11.86 ± 8.30 and 17.51 ± 17.21 ms absolute PEP and LVET errors, respectively. The results achieved in this study suggest that HS can be used to accurately estimate LVET and PEP.     

组织多普勒应变成像评价无心肌梗死的冠心病患者左心室收缩功能变化

目的:应用组织多普勒(tissue Doppler imaging,TDI)应变成像技术评价无心肌梗死史的冠心病患者左心室收缩功能的变化。方法:对既往均无心肌梗死史的25例健康志愿者(对照组)和26例经冠状动脉造影证实冠心病的患者(冠心病组)进行TDI应变分析。分别得出每例研究对象的平均左心室应变峰值。结果:冠心病组和对照组的年龄、心率以及经常规超声心动图Simpson法测量的左室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)的差异均无统计意义(P>0.05),但冠心病组的平均左心室应变峰值显著低于对照组[(-42.3±9.3)%比(-28.8±10.3)%,P<0.01]。结论:TDI应变峰值能敏感地反映左室功能不全的亚临床信息,有助于心血管疾病的早期诊断。