硫辛酸口腔崩解片的制备及质量研究

目的:制备硫辛酸口腔崩解片,并评价其质量。方法:采用湿法制粒后直接压片制备硫辛酸口腔崩解片,以崩解时间、溶出度为指标,采用单因素试验联合正交试验筛选崩解剂组成、填充剂、润滑剂。考察所制片剂的片质量、硬度、崩解时间、累积溶出度和占标示量百分含量。结果:处方为微晶纤维素167.58 mg、低取代羟丙甲纤维素23.94 mg、交联聚乙烯吡咯烷酮47.88 mg、甘露醇60 mg、硫辛酸300 mg、硬脂酸镁0.6 mg;制得口腔崩解片的片质量为(0.59±0.05)g,硬度为(20.32±0.16)kg,崩解时间为(23.5±0.4)s,3 min的累积溶出度为101.49%,含量为标示量的96.34%。结论:成功制得硫辛酸口腔崩解片,且其质量可控。     

甲磺酸普立地诺口腔崩解片的研制及质量评价

目的:研制甲磺酸普立地诺口腔崩解片并评价其质量。方法:以片剂崩解时限和口感为指标,单因素试验筛选崩解剂和矫味剂;以交联聚维酮(PVPP)、微晶纤维素(MCC)、聚维酮K30(PVP K30)和矫味剂用量占片重百分含量为考察因素,崩解时限为考察指标设计L9(34)正交试验,评价及优化辅料处方并进行验证试验(含量、含量均匀度和累积溶出度等)。结果:崩解剂为4%PVPP 且内外加比例为 1∶1,矫味剂为阿司帕坦/甜菊素按6∶1的比例占处方量3%,MCC用量为15%,PVP K30 用量为2%时,所制备的口腔崩解片表面光滑,口感良好,崩解时限为(21.85±2.3)s,4 min累积溶出度达(98.01±0.83)%,含量和含量均匀度均在规定范围内。结论:该口腔崩解片的处方及工艺合理,质量指标均符合口腔崩解片的要求。     

银黄口腔崩解片的制备工艺研究及体外评价

目的:优选银黄口腔崩解片的处方和制备工艺。方法:采用单因素考察和星点设计-效应面法,以崩解时限为主要评价指标,优选最佳制备工艺和处方;采用体外溶出度实验考察制备的口崩片与普通片剂的溶出度差异。结果:经效应面法筛选出了最佳处方组合,以优选出的处方,制备3批银黄口崩片,片面光洁圆整、均匀无斑点,口感良好,片重差异在±5%以内,硬度在40N左右,体外崩解时间为(29±0.3)s,口腔内崩解时间为(28±0.5)s。体外溶出度实验表明,所制备的口崩片在15 min内累积溶出达到80%以上,30 min累积溶出达90%以上,明显优于普通片剂。结论:制备的银黄口腔崩解片达到设计要求,硬度适中,崩解迅速,口感良好,服用方便,工艺简单易行。     

多潘立酮口腔崩解片的处方优化及体外评价

目的:优化多潘立酮口腔崩解片的处方并评价其质量。方法:以直接粉末压片法制备多潘立酮口腔崩解片,采用HPLC法测定其含量,以崩解时限和体外溶出度为指标优化处方。结果:以6%的交联聚维酮作为崩解剂,制备的多潘立酮口腔崩解片外观圆整光洁,硬度为(3.3±0.8)kg/cm2,脆碎度<1%,体外崩解时限和口腔内崩解时限分别为(9.00±0.56),(17.00±2.00)s,15min的累积溶出度为(99.22±0.38)%。结论:按最优处方制备的多潘立酮口腔崩解片符合《中华人民共和国药典》2010年版的要求,质控方法准确可靠。     

酒石酸唑吡坦舌下片的研制及质量评价

目的研制酒石酸唑吡坦舌下片并评价其质量。方法选用交联聚维酮(Kollidon CL)、交联羧甲基纤维素钠(Ac-di-sol)、羧甲基纤维素钠(DST)和升华剂樟脑为崩解剂,以甘露醇和低取代羧丙基纤维素(L-HPC)作为填充剂,采用粉末直接压法片制备酒石酸唑吡坦舌下片。通过评价含量均匀度、湿润时间、吸水率、崩解时间、体外溶出度等确定最佳处方。结果单用升华剂樟脑,制剂润湿时间长,崩解、溶出速度慢。采用交联羧甲基纤维素钠与樟脑混合使用,可制备能快速湿润、快速崩解溶出的舌下片。结论崩解剂交联羧甲基纤维素钠与升华剂混合使用,能明显提高药物溶出速率。采用粉末直接压片法能制得理想的酒石酸唑吡坦舌下片,该工艺、设备简单可行。     

阿奇霉素分散片的制备及质量研究

目的　制备阿奇霉素分散片。方法　以崩解时间为指标比较不同崩解剂的作用 ,以正交试验设计确定最佳处方 ,并与普通片进行了体外溶出度的比较。结果　崩解剂以交联聚乙烯吡咯烷酮效果最优 ,最佳处方崩解时间为 92 1s,溶出速度远大于普通片 ,其崩解时间、分散均匀度达到中国药典 (2 0 0 0年版二部 )要求 ,稳定性试验表明制剂质量稳定。结论　研制的阿奇霉素分散片溶出迅速     

银杏叶提取物分散片的制备

目的探讨银杏叶分散片的制备工艺.方法采用正交设计法,考察羧甲基淀粉钠(CMS-Na)、低取代羟丙基纤维素(L-HPC)、十二烷基硫酸钠(SLS)、微粉硅胶等对银杏叶分散片的崩解时限的影响,并进行处方筛选,同时对最佳处方进行溶出度测定及方法学考察.结果分散片在60 s内完全崩解,分散均匀度测定能通过2号筛网,体外溶出度优于市售片.结论本实验银杏叶提取物分散片制备处方和工艺可行.     

阿奇霉素分散片的制备及质量研究

目的 制备阿奇霉素分散片。方法 以崩解时间为指标比较不同崩解剂的作用，以正交试验设计确定最佳处方，并与普通片进行了体外溶出度的比较。结果 崩解剂以交联聚乙烯吡咯烷酮效果最优，最佳处方崩解时间为92．1s，溶出速度远大于普通片，其崩解时间、分散均匀度达到中国药典(2000年版二部)要求，稳定性试验表明制剂质量稳定。结论 研制的阿奇霉素分散片溶出迅速。     

卡前列甲酯-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物舌下片的制备及质量评价

目的:制备卡前列甲酯-羟丙基-β-环糊精(HP-β-CD)包合物舌下片,并进行质量评价。方法:采用湿法制粒法制备卡前列甲酯-HP-β-CD包合物舌下片,以片剂的外观、崩解时间、润湿时间、主药含量为考察指标,以处方中甘露醇-乳糖的质量比、聚维酮的体积分数、低取代羟丙纤维素(L-HPC)的用量为因素,采用正交试验筛选处方。评价最优处方所制舌下片的崩解时间、润湿时间、主药含量、含量均匀度及溶出度。结果:最优处方为卡前列甲酯-HP-β-CD包合物78.82 mg(含卡前列甲酯1 mg),甘露醇-乳糖(质量比9:1)的混合粉末100 mg,2%的PVP溶液适量,L-HPC 30 mg,硬脂酸镁1 mg。所制3批舌下片的崩解时间为(25.30±3.21)~(26.53±2.69)s,润湿时间为(64.65±8.07)~(65.54±7.21)s,主药含量为(96.13±0.43)%~(97.06±0.82)%,含量均匀度为5.95~7.68,10 min内累积溶出度均超过50%,30 min内可完全溶出。结论:成功制得质量符合要求的卡前列甲酯-HP-β-CD包合物舌下片。     

HPLC法测定阿那曲唑片溶出度及与原研产品的一致性评价

目的考察国内阿那曲唑片仿制药(受试制剂)与原研阿那曲唑片(参化制剂)在4种溶出介质中的溶出度,对二者溶出行为的一致性进行评价。方法按照2015年版《中华人民共和国药典》第四部溶出度与释放度测定方法第二法,采用HPLC法测定2个厂家阿那曲唑片在水、p H值1.2盐酸溶液、p H值4.5磷酸盐缓冲溶液、p H值6.8磷酸盐缓冲溶液4种溶出介质中的溶出曲线,并采用f_2相似因子法对溶出曲线的相似性进行比较分析。结果在考察的4种溶出介质中,受试制剂和参比制剂的溶出曲线均相似。结论受试制剂和参比制剂的体外溶出行为一致。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.