用超临界流体层析测定生姜中的姜酚

生姜含有姜醇、姜酮、姜烯及辛辣成分姜酚、姜烯酚。已有用GLC或HPLC法测定姜酚的报道,但这些方法都要冗长的手工提取操作。本文介绍用超临界流体提取及超临界流体层析法(SFE/SFC)定量     

经典名方中生姜的本草考证及其质量评价

目的:通过本草考证结合全国主产区生姜药材的质量评价,为经典名方研究中生姜的选择及其药食合理应用提供参考依据.方法:通过查阅历代本草书籍,结合现代文献报道,从名称、基原、产地、采收加工等方面对生姜进行考证.参考2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》的测定方法,对当前全国主产区生姜中的6-姜辣素,8-姜酚,10-姜酚含量及挥发...     

姜不同炮制品的主要成分含量比较

对姜的主要炮制品生姜、干姜、炮姜、姜炭进行薄层扫描比较,并以姜酚(gingerol)和6-姜醇(6-shogaol)为标准品对照。结果表明,不同炮制品中所含成分的质和量均产生一系列变化。     

生姜活性部位与成分研究进展

目的：研究分析生姜活性部位与成分的文献,为生姜的研究开发与应用提供参考依据。方法：应用计算机,通过Medline和CNKI中国知网检索有关生姜方面的文献,并对近年来生姜活性部位与成分的研究结果进行综述。结果：生姜的化学成分目前已发现100多种,一般将其归属为挥发油、姜辣素、二苯基庚烷和黄酮等其他成分,生姜、生姜粗提物及挥发油、姜酚和黄酮类组分对心脑血管系统、消化系统、血液系统、免疫系统及神经系统等有广泛的药理活性。结论：生姜药效物质基础的研究将促进生姜的开发与应用。     

全国主要产区生姜中 6 - 姜酚、 6 - 姜醇含量的测定

 目的 建立同时对全国主要产区生姜中 6- 姜酚、 6- 姜醇进行含量测定的方法。 方法 采用 Lichrospher C₁₈ 柱 （ 4.6 mm × 250 mm , 5 μm ）,以甲醇 - 水（ 65 ∶ 35 ）为流动相,体积流量 0.8 mL·min^-1 ,λ＝ 280 nm ,柱温 30 ℃ 。 结果 生姜中的 6- 姜酚与 6- 姜醇的线性范围和相关系数分别为 13.92~125.32 mg·L^-1 （ r = 0.999 9 ）, 4.04~36.40 mg·L^-1 （ r = 0.999 9 ）;加样回收率分别为 100.85% （ RSD=1.44% ）, 100.79% （ RSD=1.35% ）;方法精密度、重复性良好, RSD 均小于 2.0% 。 结论 本法操作简便、结果可靠、重现性好、检测快速、定量准确,可作为控制生姜质量的方法。     

基于化学计量法和指纹图谱对生姜不同处理方法的成分差异研究

目的 采用UPLC建立生姜Zingiber officinale在冷提、回流2种不同处理方法的指纹图谱,再利用化学计量学和灰度关联分析法对不同处理方法下的生姜进行成分差异研究,采用电子舌技术找寻与生姜风味相关的关键性成分。方法 利用UPLC建立生姜不同处理方法的指纹图谱,筛选共有峰,以Orbitrap-Exploris质谱对共有峰成分进行鉴定,再运用SIMCA、SPSS等软件进行化学计量学分析,通过层次聚类分析（hierarchical clustering analysis,HCA）、主成分分析（principal component analysis,PCA）、正交偏最小二乘-判别分析（orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA）和灰度关联分析评价不同处理方法下生姜的成分差异。结果 从生姜指纹图谱中识别出10个共有峰,各批次的相似度在0.972～1.000;Orbitrap-Exploris质谱共鉴定出9个共有峰成分;HCA和PCA的结果显示,冷提法和回流法处理的生姜可以各自聚类,OPLS-DA确证了6-姜酚、8-姜酚、8-姜二酮、10-姜酚、1,4-去二氢-8-姜酚、1,4-去二氢-10-姜酚是不同处理方法下生姜差异性的关键性成分;灰度关联分析结果表明,冷提法处理生姜可以得到更多姜酚类,姜烯酚类成分;电子舌结果表明,处理方法对生姜的风味并无显著影响,而6-姜酚与生姜诸多味觉信息呈显著性相关。结论 利用UPLC指纹图谱结合化学计量学可以评估生姜的质量和风味物质的含量,可有效区分冷提法和回流法处理的生姜并筛选出差异性成分,为生姜的处理方式的选择提供了可靠的方法,并且利用电子舌技术得出6-姜酚是生姜味觉信息变化的关键性成分。     

HPLC法测定小半夏汤中6-姜酚和6-姜醇

目的 研究以HPLC法同时测定小半夏汤中6-姜酚、6-姜醇的方法.方法 采用Kromasil C18柱(250 mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-水(65:35);检测波长:280 nm;柱温:30℃;体积流量:0.8 mL/min.结果 6-姜酚在1.273～11.457 μg与峰面积呈现良好的线性关系,r=0.999 9;6-姜醇在0.444～3.996μg与峰面积呈现良好的线性关系,r=0.999 8.平均加样回收率(n=5):6-姜酚为99.82%;6-姜醇为100.30%.结论 本法操作简便,结果可靠,重现性好,可作为小半夏汤质量控制的方法.     

姜辣素的化学成分研究概述

姜辣素在食品工业和医药方面有很高的应用价值和开发潜力。姜酚是姜辣素中的主要组成成分，亦是生姜的主要生物活性成分。本文介绍了姜辣素的组成、提取与测定，并重点对姜酚的提取、分离和测定方法进行了综述，并对研究中存在的问题进行了探讨。鉴于姜酚及姜辣素中的其他组分有多种生物活性功能，利用现代先进的分离检测技术来解决姜辣素的分离和分析问题具有十分重要的意义。     

姜和不同炮制品中5种姜辣素含量应用高效液相色谱法同时测定的分析

目的:对姜和炮制品当中5种姜辣素含量应用高效液相色谱法进行测定的结果进行分析探讨。方法:采集姜以及姜炭、干姜、炮姜,采用高效液相色谱法对其中的姜酮、6-姜酚、10-姜酚、6-姜烯酚和8-姜酚进行测定。结果:从生姜到炮制的干姜、炮姜和姜炭,其中的10-姜酚、8-姜酚和6-姜酚含量逐渐降低,而6-姜烯酚含量则相对升高,姜酮在炮姜中出现,但含量较少,姜炭中的含量相对增加。结论:应用高效液相色谱法能够对姜和炮制品当中的姜辣素含量进行准确测定,为姜和炮制品的测定提供了相应的分析方法,而在炮制过程中,姜辣素的成分含量也在发生变化。     

生姜和干姜的药理作用

生姜(Zingiber officinale Rose)为姜科植物的鲜根茎.生姜具有发散寒、止呕化痰之功能,而干姜温中逐寒、回阳通脉.二者均禁用于阴虚内热.血热妄行.孕妇惧服.生姜挥发油含量高其发汗、化痰止咳作用强,干姜由于挥发油含量低而姜辣素或姜酚沸点高不易挥发,性质稳定.所以干姜温中袪寒.回阳救逆作用显著.现将姜及具有效成分的药理作用及临床就用综合如下.一、对中枢神经系统的影响1.中枢神经系统的抑制作用:姜的多种有效成分可诱发实验动物自发运动抑制,加强镇静催眠药作用,对抗中枢兴奋药的作用等.油田正树等报道姜烯酮(Shogaol)、姜酚(Cingerol)、生姜油都能明     

Ginger's (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) inhibition of rat colonic adenocarcinoma cells proliferation and angiogenesis in vitro

Ginger's (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) natural bioactives, specifically ginger extract and 6‐gingerol, were measured for their in vitro inhibition of two key aspects of colon cancer biology – cancer cell proliferation and angiogenic potential of endothelial cell tubule formation. Ginger extract was obtained via column distillation, while the 6‐gingerol was purchased from Calbiochem. Antiproliferation activity was assessed through tritiated thymidine ([³H]Tdr) incorporation studies of YYT colon cancer cells; the anti‐angiogenic ability of gingerol was assessed by a Matrigel assays using MS1 endothelial cells. These selected ginger bioactives had: 1) a direct effect on YYT rat cancer cell proliferation (6–1.5% ginger extract; 100–4 µM 6‐gingerol); 2) an indirect effect on MS1 endothelial cell function either at the level of endothelial cell proliferation or through inhibition of MS1 endothelial cell tube formation (100–0.8 µM). Compound 6‐gingerol was most effective at lower doses in inhibiting endothelial cell tube formation. These in vitro studies show that 6‐gingerol has two types of antitumor effects: 1) direct colon cancer cell growth suppression, and 2) inhibition of the blood supply of the tumor via angiogenesis. Further research is warranted to test 6‐gingerol in animal studies as a potential anticancer plant bioactive in the complementary treatment of cancer. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Differential Inhibition of T Lymphocyte Proliferation and Cytokine Synthesis by [6]‐Gingerol, [8]‐Gingerol,and [10]‐Gingerol

[6]‐Gingerol, [8]‐gingerol, and [10]‐gingerol are pungent components of fresh ginger, extracts of which inhibit various components of the inflammatory response. Because little is known regarding the effect of gingerols with different unbranched alkyl side chain lengths on the activation and effector function of T lymphocytes, we compared the effects of [6]‐gingerol, [8]‐gingerol, and [10]‐gingerol on murine T lymphocyte proliferation, expression of CD25 and CD69 activation markers, cytokine synthesis, and interleukin (IL)‐2 receptor signaling. All three gingerols inhibited DNA synthesis by T lymphocytes, as well as interferon‐γ synthesis. In contrast, only [8]‐gingerol and [10]‐gingerol inhibited CD25 and CD69 expression, and IL‐2 synthesis. None of the gingerols affected IL‐4 synthesis. Exogenous IL‐2 enhanced T lymphocyte proliferation in the presence of [6]‐gingerol but did not significantly increase T lymphocyte proliferation in the presence of [8]‐gingerol or [10]‐gingerol. In line with this finding, [8]‐gingerol and [10]‐gingerol impaired IL‐2‐induced proliferation of CTLL‐2 cells, but constitutive CD25 expression was unaffected, indicating inhibition of IL‐2 receptor signaling. In general, [10]‐gingerol and [8]‐gingerol were more potent inhibitors of T lymphocytes than [6]‐gingerol. Suppression of T lymphocyte responses by gingerols suggests that these phytochemicals may be beneficial in chronic inflammatory conditions associated with excessive or inappropriate T lymphocyte activation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Zingiber officinale (ginger) compounds have tetracycline‐resistance modifying effects against clinical extensively drug‐resistant Acinetobacter baumannii

Extensively drug‐resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (XDRAB) is a growing and serious nosocomial infection worldwide, such that developing new agents against it is critical. The antimicrobial activities of the rhizomes from Zingiber officinale, known as ginger, have not been proven in clinical bacterial isolates with extensive drug‐resistance. This study aimed to investigate the effects of four known components of ginger, [6]‐dehydrogingerdione, [10]‐gingerol, [6]‐shogaol and [6]‐gingerol, against clinical XDRAB. All these compounds showed antibacterial effects against XDRAB. Combined with tetracycline, they showed good resistance modifying effects to modulate tetracycline resistance. Using the 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method, these four ginger compounds demonstrated antioxidant properties, which were inhibited by MnO₂, an oxidant without antibacterial effects. After the antioxidant property was blocked, their antimicrobial effects were abolished significantly. These results indicate that ginger compounds have antioxidant effects that partially contribute to their antimicrobial activity and are candidates for use in the treatment of infections with XDRAB. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

干姜、姜皮、炮姜中辣味成分的HPLC测定

采用ＨＰＬＣ法测定了干姜、姜皮、炮姜中的姜酚含量分别为１．０２２、０．２８和０．２５ｇ／１００ｇ;姜酮含量分别为０．９０、０．１８和４．８ｇ／ｋｇ;炮姜中的姜脑含量为０．４ｇ／ｋｇ,姜粉、姜皮中含微量姜脑。该测定方法快速、准确、简便。     

Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of antifungal compounds from ginger

A bioassay-guided isolation of antifungal compounds from an African land race of ginger, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, led to the identification of [6], [8] and [10]-gingerols and [6]-gingerdiol as the main antifungal principles. The compounds were active against 13 human pathogens at concentrations of <1 mg/mL. The gingerol content of the African land race was at least 3 x higher than that of typical commercial cultivars of ginger. Therefore, ginger extracts standardized on the basis of the identified compounds, could be considered as antifungal agents for practical therapy.     

Therapeutic Effects of 6‐Gingerol, 8‐Gingerol,and 10‐Gingerol on Dextran Sulfate Sodium‐Induced Acute Ulcerative Colitis in Rats

Ulcerative colitis is one of the most common types of inflammatory bowel disease and is multifactorial and relapsing. 6‐Gingerol, a component of gingerols extracted from ginger (Zingiber officinale ), has been reported to improve ulcerative colitis. The present study aims to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of two analogous forms of 6‐gingerol, 8‐gingerol, and 10‐gingerol, on ulcerative colitis. Colitis was induced in rats through consumption of 5% (w /v ) dextran sulfate sodium drinking water for 7 consecutive days. 6‐Gingerol, 8‐gingerol, and 10‐gingerol were then given intraperitoneally at doses of 30 mg kg^?1 d^?1 for another 7 days, respectively. Body weight change, disease activity index, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress indices were measured, and the colonic tissue injuries were assessed macroscopically and histopathologically. Results showed that all three gingerols attenuated colitic symptoms evoked by dextran sulfate sodium, significantly elevated superoxide dismutase activity, decreased malondialdehyde levels and myeloperoxidase activity in the colon tissue, and markedly reduced the content of tumor necrosis factor alpha and Interleukin 1 beta in the serum. Histological observations showed that all three gingerols obviously accelerated mucosal damage healing. It is concluded that 6‐gingerol, 8‐gingerol, and 10‐gingerol, the three analogues, have a strong and relatively equal efficacy in the treatment of colitis. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Pharmacological Activity of 6‐Gingerol in Dextran Sulphate Sodium‐induced Ulcerative Colitis in BALB/c Mice

Gingerols are phenolic compounds in ginger (Zingiber officinale), which have been reported to exhibit antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. The present study aimed at evaluating the possible pharmacologic activity of 6‐gingerol in a mouse model of dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)‐induced ulcerative colitis. Adult male mice were exposed to DSS in drinking water alone or co‐treated with 6‐gingerol orally at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg for 7 days. Disease activity index, inflammatory mediators, oxidative stress indices, and histopathological examination of the colons were evaluated to monitor treatment‐related effects of 6‐gingerol in DSS‐treated mice. Administration of 6‐gingerol significantly reversed the DSS‐mediated reduction in body weight, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and colon shrinkage to near normal. Moreover, 6‐gingerol significantly suppressed the circulating concentrations of interleukin‐1β and tumor necrosis factor alpha and restored the colonic nitric oxide concentration and myeloperoxidase activity to normal in DSS‐treated mice. 6‐Gingerol efficiently prevented colonic oxidative damage by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and glutathione content, decreasing the hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde levels, and ameliorated the colonic atrophy in DSS‐treated mice. 6‐Gingerol suppressed the induction of ulcerative colitis in mice via antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities, and may thus represent a potential anticolitis drug candidate. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Daikenchuto (TU‐100) Suppresses Tumor Development in the Azoxymethane and APCmin/+ Mouse Models of Experimental Colon Cancer

Chemopreventative properties of traditional medicines and underlying mechanisms of action are incompletely investigated. This study demonstrates that dietary daikenchuto (TU‐100), comprised of ginger, ginseng, and Japanese pepper effectively suppresses intestinal tumor development and progression in the azoxymethane (AOM) and APC^min/+ mouse models. For the AOM model, TU‐100 was provided after the first of six biweekly AOM injections. Mice were sacrificed at 30 weeks. APC^min/+ mice were fed diet without or with TU‐100 starting at 6 weeks, and sacrificed at 24 weeks. In both models, dietary TU‐100 decreased tumor size. In APC ^min/+ mice, the number of small intestinal tumors was significantly decreased. In the AOM model, both TU‐100 and Japanese ginseng decreased colon tumor numbers. Decreased Ki‐67 and β‐catenin immunostaining and activation of numerous transduction pathways involved in tumor initiation and progression were observed. EGF receptor expression and stimulation/phosphorylation in vitro were investigated in C2BBe1 cells. TU‐100, ginger, and 6‐gingerol suppressed EGF receptor induced Akt activation. TU‐100 and ginseng and to a lesser extent ginger or 6‐gingerol inhibited EGF ERK1/2 activation. TU‐100 and some of its components and metabolites of these components inhibit tumor progression in two mouse models of colon cancer by blocking downstream pathways of EGF receptor activation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

6‐Gingerol Induces Apoptosis through Lysosomal‐Mitochondrial Axis in Human Hepatoma G2 Cells

6‐Gingerol, a major phenolic compound derived from ginger, has been known to possess anticarcinogenic activities. However, the mechanisms are not well understood. In our previous study, it was demonstrated that lysosome and mitochondria may be the primary targets for 6‐gingerol in HepG2 cells. Therefore, the aim was to evaluate lysosome‐mitochondria cross‐signaling in 6‐gingerol‐induced apoptosis. Apoptosis was detected by Hoechst 33342 and TUNEL assay after 24 h treatment, and the destabilization of lysosome and mitochondria were early upstream initiating events. This study showed that cathepsin D played a crucial role in the process of apoptosis. The release of cathepsin D to the cytosol appeared to be an early event that preceded the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. Moreover, inhibition of cathepsin D activity resulted in suppressed release of cytochrome c. To further determine the involvement of oxidative stress in 6‐gingerol‐induced apoptosis, the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were examined. Taken together, these results suggest that cathepsin D may be a positive mediator of 6‐gingerol induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells, acting upstream of cytochrome c release, and the apoptosis may be associated with oxidative stress. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Antiinflammatory effects of ginger and some of its components in human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells

The proinflammatory chemokine interleukin‐8 is increased in asthmatic patients. Traditionally, ginger is used as an antiinflammatory drug. An extract and several compounds of Zingiber officinale (ginger) were tested in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS‐2B cells) with respect to their effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced secretion of the proinflammatory chemokine interleukin 8 (IL‐8) and RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T‐cell expressed and secreted). An oily extract of ginger rhizome with > 25% total pungent compounds, ginger volatile oil, ar‐curcumene and α‐pinene reduced the LPS‐induced IL‐8 secretion (measured by a specific enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay), whereas a spissum extract, the pungents [6]‐gingerol and its metabolite [6]‐shogaol, and the terpenoids citral and β‐phellandrene showed no effect. The LPS‐induced slight increase of RANTES was reduced by volatile oil, ar‐curcumene and α‐pinene. There was no effect of LPS on TNF‐α. Our results suggest that distinct ginger compounds could be used as antiinflammatory drugs in respiratory infections. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.