一例22部分三体综合征患儿的表型及遗传学研究

目的明确1例发育迟缓伴多发畸形患儿染色体拷贝数变异的性质和来源,分析其与表型的相关性。方法应用G显带染色体核型分析以及单核苷酸多态性微阵列芯片(single nucleotide polymorphism array,SNP array)技术对患儿及其父母进行检测。结果G显带分析提示患儿的染色体核型为46,X,add(Y)(q11.23),其父母核型均未见异常。SNP array检测提示患儿染色体22q12qter区存在21.6 Mb重复,其父母则未见染色体拷贝数异常。结论患儿染色体22q12qter区域微重复为新发突变,可能与其智力障碍、多发畸形等表型相关。     

7q部分重复患儿1例的表型及遗传学分析

目的明确1例不明原因生长发育迟缓患儿染色体异常的性质及来源, 分析其与表型的相关性。方法选择2019年7月9日就诊于郑州大学附属儿童医院的1例患儿作为研究对象。用G显带染色体核型分析及单核苷酸多态性微阵列芯片技术(SNP array)对患儿及其父母进行检测。结果 G显带核型分析结合SNP array技术提示患儿染色体核型为:46, XX, dup(7)(q34q36.3), 其父母核型均未见异常。SNP array检测提示患儿染色体7q34q36.3区存在20.6 Mb重复, 具体为arr[hg19]7q34q36.3(138335828₁58923941)×3, 其父母均未查见染色体拷贝数异常。结论患儿为罕见的7q部分重复且为新发变异, 其基因型与表型的相关性有助于临床诊疗及遗传咨询。     

产前诊断胎儿7q11.23重复综合征一例

目的报告一例7q11.23重复综合征胎儿,探讨多种产前诊断技术的联合应用价值,为患者提供可靠的遗传咨询。方法采集1例孕中期胎儿的羊水行染色体核型分析,并提取羊水DNA,进行BoBs检测和单核苷酸多态性微阵列芯片(single nucleotide polymorphism array,SNP array)检测。结果胎儿羊水细胞染色体核型未见异常;BoBs检测结果提示胎儿7q11.23区域可见重复;SNP array检测结果显示胎儿7q11.23区段存在1.4Mb片段的重复,提示arr[hg19]7q11.23(72,701,098-74,162,823)×3。结论染色体核型分析联合BoBs检测,并用SNP array验证,明确诊断一例7q11.23重复综合征胎儿,在产前诊断中具有较好的应用价值。     

一例原发性肉碱缺乏症患者的细胞与分子遗传学分析

目的对一例扩张型心肌病患者进行细胞与分子遗传学分析。方法对一例扩张型心肌病患者行G显带染色体核型分析、单核苷酸多态性微阵列(single nucleotide polymorphism array,SNP array)检测、基于SNP及短串联重复序列(short tandem repeat,STR)的家系分析以及SLC22A5基因测序。结果该患儿染色体核型未见异常。SNP array检出染色体5q23.3q31.3存在长片段基因组纯合性区域(region of homozygosity,ROH),片段大小约12.5Mb。患儿父母SNP array均未见异常;基于SNP及STR的家系分析,排除了5号染色体单亲二体;该患儿常染色体上≥5Mb的ROH占所有常染色体总长度的比例约为0.66%,排除了父母的近亲关系。通过Genomic Oligoarray and SNP array evaluation tool筛选该ROH内与扩张型心肌病相关的致病基因,将SLC22A5基因作为候选基因。通过对SLC22A5基因进行测序分析,确定该患儿为c.760CT(p.R254X)纯合突变,最终诊断为原发性肉碱缺乏症(primary carnitine deficiency,PCD)。患儿父母均为c.760CT(p.R254X)杂合突变携带者。结论该患儿5q23.3q31.3长片段ROH为进一步检测导致PCD的SLC22A5基因突变提供了线索。同时也表明,基因组长片段ROH可以作为寻找常染色体隐性遗传的致病基因的线索。     

2例15q11-q13微重复胎儿病例的遗传学分析

目的 探讨产前诊断中联合应用染色体拷贝数变异检测（CNV-seq）、甲基化MLPA和染色体显带技术对15q11-q13微重复在遗传学分析的临床价值。方法 对2例15q11.2-q13.2微重复病例采用CNV-seq、G显带、C显带和MS-MLPA技术进行羊水标本检测，异常结果行家系验证和溯源分析。结果 胎儿A:15q11.2-q12和15q12-q13.1分别重复4.96Mb和0.84Mb，其羊水细胞核型为47,XX,+psuidic(15)(q13)，父母染色体核型分别为46,XY和47,XX,+psu idic(15)(q13)。胎儿B:15q11.2-q13.2和15q13.2-q13.3分别重复7.64 Mb和1.46 Mb；其羊水细胞核型为47,XX,+mar，父母染色体核型正常；MS-MLPA溯源分析提示胎儿B为父源性重复。结论 通过染色体显带和变异溯源等方法明确了2例患儿拷贝数异常来源，为该疾病产前诊断提供了可行联合方案，并为研究15q11-q13区域拷贝数变异积累了数据。     

一例主动脉狭窄伴拇指缺如患儿的遗传学诊断CSCD

目的分析1例主动脉狭窄伴拇指缺如患儿的发病机制,为遗传咨询提供依据。方法用常规G显带分析患儿及其父母的外周血染色体核型,用微阵列比较基因组杂交（array comparative genomic hybridization,aCGH）技术对患儿及其父母进行染色体片段重复／缺失的分析。结果G显带分析结果显示患儿及其父母染色体核型未见异常。aCGH检测结果显示患儿2q22．3-q23．3区存在5．86Mb的杂合缺失,其父母未检测到染色体微重复／微缺失。结论患儿2q22．3-q23．3缺失为新发突变,诊断为2q23．1微缺失综合征,MBD5基因可能是该综合征的关键基因。     

一个染色体14q微缺失的遗传学分析

目的分析1例自闭症、智力低下和癫痫患儿的遗传学病因。方法应用常规G显带染色体核型分析、单核昔酸多态性微阵列(single nucleotide polymorphism array,SNP array)技术检测染色体变异,用高通量测序筛选致病变异位点,Sanger测序验证,查阅数据库及文献分析,以明确缺失区及致病变异基因的病理意义。结果患儿及其父母外周血G显带核型分析结果均未见异常。SNP array检测发现患儿染色体14 qll.2区存在460 kb的缺失,高通量及Sanger测序显示患儿携带NALCN基因新发变异,患儿及其母亲COL4A5基因发生半合子变异。结论染色体14qll.2微缺失与NALCN变异可能与患儿自闭症、智力低下及癫痫等表型相关。     

应用单核苷酸多态性芯片研究单亲二体型来源及致病机制

 目的：探讨人类全基因组单核苷酸多态性芯片(single nucleotide polymorphism array, SNP array)在单亲二体型来源及致病机制研究和遗传咨询中的应用价值。方法：对具有唐氏综合征高风险、需行羊水胎儿细胞G 显带染色体核型分析的124例孕妇,应用SNP array对羊水中的胎儿细胞及父母双方的外周血细胞进行遗传学分析。结果：对羊水胎儿细胞进行SNP array分析发现,2例部分型16单亲二体型,1例位点为16p12.2～13.3和16q24.1～24.3,另1例位点为16q21～24.3。对胎儿双亲外周血细胞进行遗传学连锁分析发现,2例单亲二体型均为母源性。结论：16号染色体长、短臂末端可能分别存在导致胎儿生长受限的基因。 SNP array可探索单亲二体型的来源及致病机制,为产前遗传咨询提供帮助。     

应用SNP array诊断一例18p缺失综合征合并18q部分三体胎儿

目的产前诊断一例胎儿羊水细胞染色体G显带320条带下结果为46,XN,der(18)?p+,利用单核苷酸多态性微阵列(single nucleotide polymorphism array,SNParray)进一步分析及探讨其发生原因。方法胎儿及父母行染色体G显带核型分析,胎儿羊水行SNP array分析并用荧光原位杂交检测验证核型分析的结果。结果胎儿羊水染色体320条带下结果为46,XN,der(18)?p+,其母亲染色体为正常女性核型,父亲为46,XN,der(18)?p+。单核苷酸多态性微阵列(single nucleotide polymorphism array,SNParray)结果为:arr[hg19]18p11.32p11.31(136,227-4,866,546)x1,18q21.32q23(57,367,742-78,013,728)x3;使用Affymetrix Cyto Scan 750K Array基因芯片分析显示胎儿18号染色体18p11.32p11.31区段存在4.7Mb片段的缺失,同时,胎儿18号染色体18q21.32q23区段存在20.6Mb片段的重复。胎儿目标染色体末端探针FISH的验证结果为46,xx,ish rec(18)dup(18q)inv(18)(p11.2q21.3?)(18pter-,18qter++)。结论 SNP array技术可以鉴别常规G显带无法判断的胎儿18号染色体短臂部分单体,长臂部分三体的重组衍生染色体,并精确定位断裂点,在胎儿期诊断出可疑治病基因并分析表型与基因型的关系。     

单核苷酸多态性芯片与染色体核型分析在唐氏筛查高风险孕妇产前诊断中的比较研究

目的:探讨单核苷酸多态性芯片(SNP array)在唐氏筛查高风险孕妇胎儿染色体分析中的应用价值。方法:选取312例因唐氏筛查高风险的孕妇,行羊膜腔穿刺术后获得羊水,对羊水进行G显带核型分析和SNP array检测,比较核型分析与SNP array检测结果,并按年龄分组比较拷贝数变异(CNVs)的发生率差别。结果:核型分析和SNP array均准确发现2例21三体(0.64%),6例核型分析提示染色体平衡重组(1.92%)的样本经SNP array分析证实不存在重排片段重复或缺失。在303例核型正常的胎儿羊水细胞中,SNP array检测发现176例CNVs,其中良性CNVs 106例,临床意义不明确的CNVs(VOUS)61例,新发CNVs(de novo CNVs)9例,未发现已知的致病性CNVs。唐氏筛查高风险组与唐氏筛查高风险合并高龄组CNVs的分布差别无统计学意义(P0.05)。此外,本研究中首次报道14种CNVs。结论:SNP array可进一步确定核型分析的平衡易位是否存在染色体微缺失/重复。在核型正常的胎儿中,SNP array可检测出大量拷贝数异常,发现14种新的CNVs但现有数据库无法判断其临床意义,需进一步研究确认。此外,孕妇年龄对胎儿基因组中新发CNVs的发生率无明显影响。     

Autistic disorder phenotype associated to a complex 15q intrachromosomal rearrangement

The proximal regions of acrocentric chromosomes, particularly 15q11.2, are frequently involved in structural rearrangement. However, interstitial duplications involving one of the chromosome 15 homologues are less frequent, with few patients described with molecular techniques. These patients present distinctive clinical findings including developmental delay and intellectual disability, minor dysmorphic facial features, epilepsy, and autistic behavior. Here we describe an interstitial rearrangement of chromosome 15 composed of a triplication ～6.9?Mb from 15q11.2 to 15q13.2 followed by a duplication of ～2.4?Mb from 15q13.2 to 15q13.3, defined using different approaches as MLPA, qPCR, array and FISH. FISH revealed that the middle part of the triplicated segment was in inverted position. The parental origin of the rearrangement was assessed using methylation assay and SNP array that revealed the maternal origin of the additional material. The patient presents most of the clinical features associated to 15q11.2 triplication: minor dysmorphic facial features, generalized epilepsy, absence seizures, intellectual disability, and autistic behavior. In conclusion, the use of more accurate molecular tools enabled a detailed investigation, providing the identification of intrachromosome duplication/triplication and bringing new light to the study of genetic causes of autistic disorders. ? 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Prenatal diagnosis of 2q13 duplications: The crucial role of the family survey in genetic counseling on novel copy number variations

In recent years, the introduction of novel genome analysis technologies (such as array comparative genomic hybridization) has enabled the prenatal diagnosis of various recurrent copy number variations (CNVs). Some of these CNVs have been linked to a greater susceptibility of developmental and neuropsychiatric disorders; for example, recurrent duplication at the 2q13 locus is associated with developmental delay, dysmorphism and intellectual disability. However, this CNV has low penetrance and variable clinical expressivity. It also can be observed in healthy controls and can be transmitted by unaffected parents, making genetic counseling especially challenging. Here, we report on the inheritance of a 2q13 duplication in an asymptomatic family; the case highlights the role of the family survey in genetic counseling with regard to novel CNVs diagnosed before birth.     

Distal duplication of chromosome 16q22.1q23.1 in a Vietnamese patient with midface hypoplasia and intellectual disability

The clinical presentation of distal duplications of the long arm of chromosome (chr) 16 is currently not well described. Only one case of microduplication of chr16q22.1 and another involving the chr16q22.1q23.1 region have been reported so far. Here, using array comparative genomic hybridization, we identified a second case of chr16q22.1q23.1 duplication in a Vietnamese boy, who shares significant clinical phenotype with the previously described case. Aside from developmental delay, intellectual disability and midface hypoplasia, our patient also displays a forked tongue, visual impairment and external ptosis. Our report further expands the clinical spectrum associated with duplication of this region.     

Reciprocal Deletion and Duplication of 17p11.2-11.2: Korean Patients with Smith-Magenis Syndrome and Potocki-Lupski Syndrome

Deletion and duplication of the -3.7-Mb region in 17p11.2 result in two reciprocal syndrome, Smith-Magenis syndrome and Potocki-Lupski syndrome. Smith-Magenis syndrome is a well-known developmental disorder. Potocki-Lupski syndrome has recently been recognized as a microduplication syndrome that is a reciprocal disease of Smith-Magenis syndrome. In this paper, we report on the clinical and cytogenetic features of two Korean patients with Smith-Magenis syndrome and Potocki-Lupski syndrome. Patient 1 (Smith-Magenis syndrome) was a 2.9-yr-old boy who showed mild dysmorphic features, aggressive behavioral problems, and developmental delay. Patient 2 (Potocki-Lupski syndrome), a 17-yr-old boy, had only intellectual disabilities and language developmental delay. We used array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) and found a 2.6 Mb-sized deletion and a reciprocal 2.1 Mb-sized duplication involving the 17p11.2. These regions overlapped in a 2.1 Mb size containing 11 common genes, including RAI1 and SREBF.     

Phenotypic heterogeneity in a family with a small atypical microduplication of chromosome 22q11.2 involving TBX1

The chromosome 22q11.2 region is commonly involved in non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR) events. Microduplications of 22q11.2, usually involving a 3 Mb or 1.5 Mb region constitute the 22q11 microduplication syndrome. Both microdeletions and microduplications of 22q11.21 are reported to share several phenotypic characteristics, including dysmorphic facial features, velopharyngeal insufficiency, congenital heart disease, urogenital abnormalities, and immunologic defects. We report a child who presented at 8 months of age for evaluation of microcephaly and mild motor delay. Head circumference at birth, at 8 months, and at 19 months of age was below the 3rd centile. Other findings included left-sided cryptorchidism and developmental dysplasia of the left hip. In addition, echocardiography revealed a restrictive patent ductus arteriosus. Chromosomal microarray analysis using Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0 revealed a novel 437 kb interstitial duplication at 22q11.21, involving TBX1, whose breakpoints did not coincide with known low copy repeat (LCR) regions. The same duplication was confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) in the patient's mother and an older sister. The mother has a history of anxiety disorder and depression. The sister had a history of delayed motor milestones. None of the three duplication carriers has any documented renal anomalies or other significant medical problems. This report demonstrates the clinical heterogeneity associated with microduplications of 22q11.2 and illustrates the difficulties related to providing prognostic information and accurate genetic counseling to families when this finding is detected. The described microduplication is the smallest in this genomic region reported to date and further implicates abnormal gene dosage of TBX1 in disorders resulting from 22q11.2 rearrangements.     

15q24.1 BP4-BP1 microdeletion unmasking paternally inherited functional polymorphisms combined with distal 15q24.2q24.3 duplication in a patient with epilepsy,psychomotor delay,overweight, ventricular arrhythmia

15q24 microdeletion and microduplication syndromes are genetic disorders caused by non-allelic homologous recombination between low-copy repeats (LCRs) in the 15q24 chromosome region. Individuals with 15q24 microdeletion and microduplication syndromes share a common 1.2 Mb critical interval, spanning from LCR15q24B to LCR15q24C. Patients with 15q24 microdeletion syndrome exhibit distinct dysmorphic features, microcephaly, variable developmental delay, multiples congenital anomalies while individuals with reciprocal 15q24 microduplication syndrome show mild developmental delay, facial dysmorphism associated with skeletal and genital abnormalities. We report the first case of a 10 year-old girl presenting mild developmental delay, psychomotor retardation, epilepsy, ventricular arrhythmia, overweight and idiopathic central precocious puberty. 180K array-CGH analysis identified a 1.38 Mb heterozygous interstitial 15q24.1 BP4-BP1 microdeletion including HCN4 combined with a concomitant 2.6 Mb heterozygous distal 15q24.2q24.3 microduplication. FISH analysis showed that both deletion and duplication occurred de novo in the proband. Of note, both copy number imbalances did not involve the 1.2 Mb minimal deletion/duplication critical interval of the 15q24.1q24.2 chromosome region (74.3–75.5 Mb). Sequencing of candidate genes for epilepsy and obesity showed that the proband was hemizygous for paternal A-at risk allele of BBS4 rs7178130 and NPTN rs7171755 predisposing to obesity, epilepsy and intellectual deficits. Our study highlights the complex interaction of functional polymorphisms and/or genetic variants leading to variable clinical manifestations in patients with submicroscopic chromosomal aberrations.     

Array-Based Comparative Genomic Hybridization in 190 Korean Patients with Developmental Delay and/or Intellectual Disability: A Single Tertiary Care University Center Study

Purpose

This study analyzed and evaluated the demographic, clinical, and cytogenetic data [G-banded karyotyping and array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH)] of patients with unexplained developmental delay or intellectual disability at a single Korean institution.

Materials and Methods

We collected clinical and cytogenetic data based on retrospective charts at Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Korea from April 2008 to March 2012.

Results

A total of 190 patients were identified. Mean age was 5.1±1.87 years. Array CGH yielded abnormal results in 26 of 190 patients (13.7%). Copy number losses were about two-fold more frequent than gains. A total of 61.5% of all patients had copy number losses. The most common deletion disorders included 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, 15q11.2q12 deletion and 18q deletion syndrome. Copy number gains were identified in 34.6% of patients, and common diseases among these included Potocki-Lupski syndrome, 15q11-13 duplication syndrome and duplication 22q. Abnormal karyotype with normal array CGH results was exhibited in 2.6% of patients; theses included balanced translocation (n=2), inversion (n=2) and low-level mosaicism (n=1). Facial abnormalities (p<0.001) and failure to thrive were (p<0.001) also more frequent in the group of patients with abnormal CGH findings.

Conclusion

Array CGH is a useful diagnostic tool in clinical settings in patients with developmental delay or intellectual disability combined with facial abnormalities or failure to thrive.     

Case of 15q26-qter deletion associated with a Prader-Willi phenotype

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is one of the common neurogenetic disorders associated with intellectual disability. PWS involves a complex inheritance pattern and is caused by an absence of gene expression on the paternally inherited 15q11.2-q13 region, either due to deletion, maternal uniparental disomy or imprinting defect. The syndrome is characterized principally by severe neonatal hypotonia, a weak suck in infancy that is later followed by hyperphagia and obesity, developmental delay, intellectual disability and short stature. In the case of the chromosome 15q26-qter deletion syndrome or Drayer's syndrome, very few reports have been published. Its characteristics include intrauterine growth restriction, postnatal growth failure, varying degrees of intellectual disability, developmental delay, typical facial appearance and diaphragmatic hernia. The present paper describes a female patient in whom clinical findings were suggestive of PWS and deletion in the 15q26-qter region. Both karyotyping and methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction were shown to be normal. Nevertheless, fluorescence in situ hybridization showed a 15qter deletion that was later mapped by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-array. The deleted genomic region involves the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) gene, which is related to short stature, developmental delay and intellectual disability. This case had various clinical characteristics in common with the cases of 15q26-qter deletionand characteristics compatible with PWS.     

Estimates of penetrance for recurrent pathogenic copy-number variations

PurposeAlthough an increasing number of copy-number variations are being identified as susceptibility loci for a variety of pediatric diseases, the penetrance of these copy-number variations remains mostly unknown. This poses challenges for counseling, both for recurrence risks and prenatal diagnosis. We sought to provide empiric estimates for penetrance for some of these recurrent, disease-susceptibility loci.MethodsWe conducted a Bayesian analysis, based on the copy-number variation frequencies in control populations (n = 22,246) and in our database of >48,000 postnatal microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization samples. The background risk for congenital anomalies/developmental delay/intellectual disability was assumed to be ~5%. Copy-number variations studied were 1q21.1 proximal duplications, 1q21.1 distal deletions and duplications, 15q11.2 deletions, 16p13.11 deletions, 16p12.1 deletions, 16p11.2 proximal and distal deletions and duplications, 17q12 deletions and duplications, and 22q11.21 duplications.ResultsEstimates for the risk of an abnormal phenotype ranged from 10.4% for 15q11.2 deletions to 62.4% for distal 16p11.2 deletions.ConclusionThis model can be used to provide more precise estimates for the chance of an abnormal phenotype for many copy-number variations encountered in the prenatal setting. By providing the penetrance, additional, critical information can be given to prospective parents in the genetic counseling session.Genet Med 2013:15(6):478–481