小型经食道超声心动图在新生儿中的应用

经食道超声心动图 (ＴＥＥ)在儿科心脏手术和心脏介入心导管引导过程中能提供即刻解剖、功能和血液动力学方面的评价作用。但目前使用的标准ＴＥＥ探头 ,即双平面ＴＥＥ探头较粗 (尖部直径 9.1～ 9.5ｍｍ ,体部直径 8ｍｍ ) ,很少能安全应用于体重低于 2 .5千克的新生儿。因此 ,需要小型ＴＥＥ对小婴儿进行心内修补术和减轻复杂损害的心血管手术的检测。采用小型经食道超声心动图 (尖端装有一个小型超声换能器 ,固定在一个 10Ｆ ,直径 3.3ｍｍ ,长 90ｃｍ的导管上 ,可纵平面扫描 90度视野范围 ,但导管无水平成像功能 ,也无热敏电阻器来探测…     

经食道心脏超声心动图在临床心脏外科中的应用价值

目的 评价多平面经食道超声心动图(TEE)在心外科的临床应用价值。方法 对209例经心脏外科手术证实心血管疾病患者进行回顾性研究，所有患者术前均采用经胸超声心动图(TTE)及TEE检查，采用诊断符合率比较，评价TTE、TEE的临床应用价值。结果 在主动脉瓣狭窄、二尖瓣狭窄、房间隔缺损、瓣膜关闭不全、感染性心内膜炎、左房血栓、主动脉病变的诊断符合率方面TEE明显优于TTE(P＜0．05)。而在三尖瓣狭窄、肺动脉瓣狭窄、室间隔缺损、动脉导管未闭、左房粘液瘤的诊断符合率方面未见明显差异，但部分结果可能与病例数少有关。结论 TTE是常规诊断多种心血管疾病必要手段，多平面TEE较TTE有更为准确的诊断价值，且有利于指导心导管或手术治疗、判断病情、预后。     

经食道超声心动图的临床应用

本文报告164例心脏大血管疾病经食道超声心动图(TEE)检查。手术证实心房血栓9例,TEE 检出8例,而经胸超声心动图(TTE)仅发现2例。36个机械二尖瓣,TEE 发现中～重度返流4例,轻度返流8例,余24例均有功能性返流。而 TTE 仅显示5例轻度返流。对89例主动脉病变,房水平分流等 TTE 图象不满意和/或提供的信息有限时,TEE均提供了满意的诊断结果。     

224例心血管手术应用经食道超声心动图的回顾性分析

目的：总结心血管手术中经食道超声心动描记术（TEE）检查的价值。方法：分析2007年12月~2008年12月224例心血管手术中应用TEE检查的资料。结果：在224例心血管手术中使用TEE发现：（1）3例房间隔缺损/室间隔缺损（ASD/VSD）病人不宜封堵,直接行开胸修补术;（2）1例简单先心病人和4例复杂先心病人术后有残余漏,转做修补术;（3）5例瓣膜成形效果不佳,直接换瓣;（4）3例换瓣后瓣周漏,再次进行修补术;（5）未出现TEE严重并发症。结论：合理正确地使用经食道超声心动图,可对手术进行指导和即刻评价,提高手术成功率,增强围手术期安全。     

经食道超声心动图及经胸超声心动图在房缺手术治疗中的应用分析

超声心动图以实时、无创、高质量及重复性强等优点，在房缺（ASD）内科介入性治疗及外科手术治疗中有重要作用，我们对ASD患者常规进行经胸超声心动图（TTE）检查，并选择性经食道超声心动图（TEE）检查，将结果进行分析及总结。     

双平面经食道超声心动图切面图象与心脏断层解剖学关系的研究

为了正确认识经食道超声心动图探查时所获得的各组图象,本研究根据410例单平面与双平面经食道超声检查的经验,及7具尸体进行多方位、多层次心脏断层解剖观察的结果,对经食道超声心动图上9个常见的心脏横轴切面,和以往文献上很少提及但非常重要的6个心脏纵轴切面图象进行了解剖结构定位和血流成象研究,提出了各个标准切面的断层水平、图象特征及其临床意义,并从解剖学观点讨论了经食道超声心动图的优点及其局限性.     

经食管超声心动图在微创心脏外科手术中的应用进展

微创心脏外科手术中医师无法直视心脏和大血管,手术操作难度大,导致并发症增加、术者学习曲线延长。经食管超声心动图能从形态和功能两方面评估循环系统,具有定位、定性、定时、定量的基本功能,提高了麻醉和手术的安全性、有效性;其在微创心脏外科手术中不仅有助于明确术前诊断、辅助股动静脉插管、改进心脏停搏液输送和心腔内排气,而且能明显降低术中心血管并发症,为微创心脏外科手术提供重要保障。     

经食道超声心动图在二尖瓣关闭不全瓣膜修补术中的应用

对严重的二尖瓣关闭不全病人进行二尖瓣修补术与置换相比，有着明显的利益，然而，部分病例修补术后可能持续存在二尖瓣返流，且传统的术中评价二尖瓣修补术效果的方法往往不可靠。本组术中经食道超声心动图（TEE）发现二尖瓣修补术后仍有22％（2／9）的病例存在严重的二失瓣返流，根据这一信息．这2例病人当即进行了二尖瓣置换术。随访16～24个月，7例二尖瓣修补术的病人心功能一级，无需再次手术。因此，术中TEE技术是快速准确的评价瓣膜修补术效果的方法，保证了手术的成功，能使更多更复杂的病例进行二尖瓣修补术。     

Changes in aortic rotational flow during cardiopulmonary bypass studied by transesophageal echocardiography and magnetic resonance velocity imaging: a potential mechanism for atheroembolism during cardiopulmonary bypass

The human aorta is a curved conduit with a complex three-dimensional geometry. The curvature influences axial velocity distribution and introduces transverse velocity components. Rotational flow in the aorta can be demonstrated during normal pulsatile flow using transesophageal echocardiography. Cardiopulmonary bypass may affect the pattern of rotational flow in the aorta and thus influence the generation of atheroemboli. We investigated rotational flow in the descending aorta using color flow mapping and pulse-wave Doppler on transesophageal echocardiography before and during cardiopulmonary bypass. We correlated our findings with magnetic resonance velocity imaging in a model of a human aortic arch connected to a cardiopulmonary bypass circuit. Before cardiopulmonary bypass, rotational flow in the descending aorta was seen in 37 of 40 patients (93%). In the majority of these patients, rotational flow was in the clockwise direction during systole, looking in the direction of flow (30 of 37 patients, 81%, P < 0.01 vs counterclockwise rotation). During cardiopulmonary bypass, there were almost equal numbers of patients with clockwise (18 patients) and counterclockwise rotation (19 patients). Forty-seven percent of patients with clockwise rotation before cardiopulmonary bypass developed reversal in the direction of rotation to counterclockwise during cardiopulmonary bypass. Twenty-nine percent of patients with counterclockwise rotation developed reversal of the direction of rotation during cardiopulmonary bypass. The transverse velocity component increased during cardiopulmonary bypass regardless of the direction of rotation. We also demonstrated clockwise rotation in the descending aorta of a human aortic arch model connected to a cardiopulmonary bypass circuit using magnetic resonance velocity mapping. Before cardiopulmonary bypass, rotation was predominantly clockwise, while during cardiopulmonary bypass, there was no preferred direction of rotation. The geometry of the aorta, which is fairly constant in all patients, imposes handedness to aortic flow before cardiopulmonary bypass. However, during cardiopulmonary bypass, other extrinsic factors such as aortic cannula orientation may influence the direction of rotation. The change in direction of rotational flow and increase in its transverse velocity component during cardiopulmonary bypass may have implications for atheroembolism and arterial branch perfusion during extended periods of non-pulsatile flow. Received: May 7, 2001 / Accepted: September 4, 2001     

持续低温心肌灌注体外循环不降温在心脏外科中的应用研究

目的探讨心脏持续低温灌注体外循环（CPB）不降温在心脏外科手术中的应用价值。方法将60例心脏病手术患者随机分为两组,即常温组和低温组各30例,对比研究两组CPB时间、主动脉阻断时间、手术时间、术后体温、多巴胺使用情况、血尿、心包纵隔总引流量、血细胞水平等检测指标间的差别。结果常温组CPB时间较低温组短（P〈0．05）,术后总引流量、使用多巴胺的量和时间以及血尿的发生较低温组低（P〈0．05）,手术时间较低温组明显缩短（P〈0．01）。结论心脏持续低温自体氧合血灌注体外循环不降温明显缩短了手术时间,心肌保护良好,值得在临床上推广运用。     

体外循环心脏手术后急性肾损伤相关危险因素分析

目的 分析体外循环心脏手术后发生急性肾损伤(AKI)的危险因素及血肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)的变化趋势.方法 回顾分析114例体外循环心脏直视手术患者的临床资料,根据基础Scr水平,采用AKI网络推荐标准(AKIN)分为A、B、C、D4个组,绘制四组Scr、Bun的变化趋势图,分析四组患者围手术期各项观察指标,探讨AKI发生的相关危险因素.结果 心脏术后发生AKI患者的Scr、Bun水平经历了1～3 d升高和2～3 d的恢复过程.单因素分析显示,术前Scr正常的患者,基础Scr值、体外循环(CPB)时间、阻断时间、术后总引流量、术后输入红细胞量是心脏术后发生AKI的相关危险因素.多因素回归分析显示,基础Scr值和LVEF＜40％可能是发生AKI的独立危险因素.对于肾功能不全者,术后总引流量是发生AKI的相关危险因素.结论 心脏术后肾功能指标Scr和BUN的变化趋势有一定规律.AKI的发生与多种围手术期危险因素密切相关,基础Scr值与肾功能可能并不一致.对心脏手术患者应加强术前评估和术中、术后监测,预防和减少AKI的发生.     

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt prior to cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension

Because of the increased complications associated with cardiac surgery in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension, various preoperative preparations have been utilised. In order to reduce the bleeding risk by decompressing portosystemic collaterals and to correct the fluid shift, we performed transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in two patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension prior to major cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Both patients had satisfactory surgical outcome with no bleeding complications. One patient developed hepatic encephalopathy which was managed medically. We believe that preoperative TIPS benefits the patient with cirrhosis and portal hypertension undergoing cardiac surgery by decreasing the major surgical complications through improvement of fluid imbalance and reduction of the bleeding risk. Because of the risks of TIPS, such as encephalopathy and liver failure, preoperative TIPS placement must be reserved for patients with fluid shift or high risk criteria of bleeding.     

白细胞过滤对体外循环心脏手术病人血细胞计数的影响

目的　探讨心肺再灌注前及再灌注早期循环血白细胞过滤对体外循环 (CPB)心脏手术病人血细胞计数的影响。方法　连续选取 5 2例二尖瓣或二尖瓣和主动脉瓣双瓣置换术病人 ,随机分成实验组 (EG)和对照组 (CG)。实验组在动脉旁路上并行安装PallLG - 6白细胞滤器 ,白细胞滤器开放时间在心肺复灌前 5～ 10min至CPB结束 ;对照组仅用CPB常规动脉滤器。观察围术期循环血细胞计数的改变。结果　①实验组过滤后血液白细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数和比例与过滤前相比呈显著降低 ;②心肺复灌前实验组与对照组比较 :白细胞计数分别为 (4 2 82± 1 714 )× 10 9/L和(6 880± 2 997)× 10 9/L、中性粒细胞计数分别为 (2 188±1 184 )× 10 9/L和 (4 115± 2 2 4 3)× 10 9/L、单核细胞计数分别为 (0 15 9± 0 137)× 10 9/L和 (0 30 9± 0 198)× 10 9/L ,P<0 0 1,心肺复灌后上述白细胞计数在实验组和对照组均呈显著性升高 ;③血液淋巴细胞和血小板计数在所有观察时点两组间均无显著差异。结论　再灌注前及再灌注早期循环血白细胞过滤的效果表现在其使用的早期 ,主要体现在中性粒细胞和单核细胞的计数显著降低。     

The effect of timing of cardiac catheterization on acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery is influenced by the type of operation

Background

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a vexing complication of cardiac surgery. Since exposure to contrast agents is a relevant contributing factor in the development of postoperative AKI, the optimal timing between cardiac catheterization and surgery is decisive.

Methods

A total of 2504 consecutive nonemergent patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), valve surgery (with or without concomitant CABG), and proximal aortic procedures were enrolled. AKI was defined by consensus RIFLE (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of function, End-stage renal disease) criteria. The association of postoperative AKI and time between cardiac catheterization and operation was evaluated using multivariable logistic regression modeling and propensity-matched analysis.

Results

Postoperative AKI occurred in 230 (9%) patients. The median number of days from cardiac catheterization to operation was 5 (25th to 75th percentile: 2 to 10). The incidence of AKI was significantly higher in patients operated on ≤ 1 day after cardiac catheterization compared to those operated on > 1 day after (13% vs. 8%, p = 0.004). The time interval between cardiac catheterization and surgery (tested both as a continuous and a categorical variable) was not an independent AKI predictor in the propensity-matched population or the pre-matched one. Contrast exposure ≤ 1 day before surgery was independently associated with postoperative AKI in patients undergoing valve surgery with concomitant CABG only (post-matched: OR 3.68, 95%CI 1.30 to 10.39, p = 0.014).

Conclusions

Delaying cardiac surgery beyond 24 h of exposure to contrast agents seems to be justified only in patients undergoing valve surgery with concomitant CABG.     

Protruding coronary stent detected by transesophageal echocardiography changes surgical procedure

This case describes an unusual intraoperative transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) finding of an unknown sinus of Valsalva mass in a patient undergoing an off‐pump coronary artery bypass procedure. The intraoperative TEE finding not only revealed a protruding right coronary ostial stent but also changed the surgical procedure to include an aortotomy that allowed successful removal of the stent. As interventional cardiologists begin exploring more techniques to manage difficult ostial lesions, this finding may be seen more commonly in the future. This case highlights how the use of routine TEE even in off‐pump coronary artery bypass procedures may be very beneficial.     

食道超声引导下经胸外科封堵治疗先天性心脏病的疗效

目的 探讨食管超声引导下经胸外科封堵术治疗先天性心脏病的疗效和预后。方法 选取2016年1月至2018年12月在我院行食管超声引导下经胸外科封堵治疗的先天性心脏病患者52例为研究组,同期行体外循环下修补治疗患者53例为对照组,记录并比较两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、输血量、呼吸机辅助时间、ICU停留时间、血管活性药物使用情况及术后住院时间、并发症发生率等指标,术前及出院前均采用经胸超声心动图对患者心脏结构功能进行评价,术后随访12个月观察预后情况。结果 两组患者全部手术成功,均无死亡和危及生命的严重并发症。研究组手术时间（72.69±6.14）min、术中出血量（29.96±5.99）ml、输血比例（1.92%）、呼吸机辅助时间（132.70±13.21）min、ICU停留时间（11.85±1.43）h、住院时间（6.83±0.49）d均明显少于对照组的（130.50±3.53）min、（112.80±11.93）ml、（28.30%）、（217.20±19.02）min、（20.60±0.71）h、（8.34±0.39）d,P<0.01。血管活性药物使用比例（32.69%）也明显低于对照组（90.57%）,两组总并发症发生的差异也有统计学意义。术后3、6、12个月随访超声心动图检查示,52例患者封堵器均位置良好,未见残余分流及血栓形成,心电图也未见严重心律失常。结论 食管超声引导下经胸外科封堵治疗先天性心脏病是一种安全有效的方法,具有创伤小、易操作、恢复快等优点。     

食管超声引导下经胸外科封堵治疗先天性心脏病的疗效

目的 探讨食管超声引导下经胸外科封堵术治疗先天性心脏病的疗效和预后.方法 选取2016年1月至2018年12月在我院行食管超声引导下经胸外科封堵治疗的先天性心脏病患者52例为研究组,同期行体外循环下修补治疗患者53例为对照组,记录并比较两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、输血量、呼吸机辅助时间、ICU停留时间、血管活性药物使用情况及术后住院时间、并发症发生率等指标,术前及出院前均采用经胸超声心动图对患者心脏结构功能进行评价,术后随访12个月观察预后情况.结果 两组患者全部手术成功,均无死亡和危及生命的严重并发症.研究组手术时间(72.69±6.14)min、术中出血量(29.96±5.99)ml、输血比例(1.92%)、呼吸机辅助时间(132.70±13.21)min、ICU停留时间(11.85±1.43)h、住院时间(6.83±0.49)d均明显少于对照组的(130.50±3.53)min、(112.80±11.93)ml、(28.30%)、(217.20±19.02)min、(20.60±0.71)h、(8.34±0.39)d(P<0.01).血管活性药物使用比例(32.69%)也明显低于对照组(90.57%),两组总并发症发生的差异也有统计学意义.术后3、6、12个月随访超声心动图检查示,52例患者封堵器均位置良好,未见残余分流及血栓形成,心电图也未见严重心律失常.结论 食管超声引导下经胸外科封堵治疗先天性心脏病是一种安全有效的方法,具有创伤小、易操作、恢复快等优点.     

围体外循环期凝血功能障碍的研究进展

因围体外循环(CPB)期血液受到一定的损害,术后易发生凝血功能异常,危及患者的生命安全,且诊断其发生的确切原因和机制较困难。因此,积极寻找围CPB期引起凝血功能障碍的病因和机制,对于心脏手术后患者的康复有重要的临床价值和意义。该文就围CPB期凝血功能障碍的研究进展作一综述。