淋巴管平滑肌瘤病的基本临床特点

淋巴管平滑肌瘤病(lymphangioleiomyomatosis,LAM)是一种罕见病,绝大多数患者为育龄期女性,临床特点有进行性呼吸困难、咯血、反复发生气胸或乳糜胸水,高分辨率CT(HRCT)示肺脏呈弥漫囊性改变。目前缺乏有效的治疗措施,应用最多的治疗药物是黄体酮。本病误诊率极高,故掌握LAM的基本临床特点对提高本病的诊断率和进行早期治疗有重要意义。     

肺淋巴管平滑肌瘤病的诊治进展

<正>肺淋巴管肌瘤病(lymphangioleiomyomatosis,LAM)是以肺部广泛囊性病变为特征的一种罕见疾病,主要发生在育龄期女性,其发病的基本特征为肺部淋巴管平滑肌细胞(LAM细胞)异常增殖引起肺组织的损害和囊性重建[1,2]。一般为独立疾病,有时可与遗传病结节性硬化症(tuberous sclerosis complex,TSC)合并发生。LAM患者的临床症状主     

安徽省淋巴管肌瘤病22例临床分析

目的总结安徽省淋巴管肌瘤病(LAM)患者临床特征,提高诊治水平。方法回顾分析2009年1月1日至2019年12月31日中科大附属第一医院LAM患者临床资料。结果本研究纳入22例女性LAM患者,平均诊断年龄(37±11)岁。近5年LAM诊断病例较前增加超三倍。所有患者胸部高分辨CT显示肺弥漫薄壁囊性病变。长期误诊20例(91%),平均误诊58月,误诊诊断为多发性肺大泡9例(41%)、肾癌6例(27%)和慢阻肺6例(23%)。最终病理确诊11例,临床诊断11例,其中VEGF-D≥800ng/L协助临床诊断5例(23%),TSC 2例,肾AML 2例,乳糜胸1例和肺外淋巴管肌瘤1例。临床表现以呼吸困难17例(77%)最常见,肺外症状10例(45%),并发气胸9例,复发率67%。西罗莫司有效率88%,气胸患者胸膜固定术后复发率25%。结论近5年LAM诊断数显著增加。育龄期女性出现呼吸困难、反复气胸,甚至肺外症状,应行胸部高分辨CT寻找特征性囊性病变,完善血清VEGF-D协助诊断LAM。西罗莫司能有效改善病情,并发气胸尽早行胸膜固定术,减少复发。     

西罗莫司治疗肺淋巴管肌瘤病伴巨大腹膜后淋巴管肌瘤1例及文献复习

<正>淋巴管肌瘤病 (lymphangioleiomyomatosis, LAM)是一种以育龄期女性出现肺部弥漫性囊性病变为主要特征的罕见疾病，常见临床表现为进行性呼吸困难、反复发作的气胸及乳糜胸，肺外表现以肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(angiomyolipoma, AML) 多见，目前国内报道LAM合并巨大腹膜后淋巴管平滑肌瘤罕见。本文总结1例西罗莫司成功治疗肺淋巴管肌瘤病伴巨大腹膜后淋巴管肌瘤，并结合文献进行复习，提高临床医生对该疾病的认识。     

淋巴管平滑肌瘤病的研究进展

淋巴管平滑肌瘤病(lymphangioleiomyomatosis,LAM)是一种主要影响育龄期女性的罕见疾病。该病为多系统疾病,主要累及肺脏,表现为两肺弥漫性囊泡改变,常合并肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(angiomyolipoma,AML)、后腹膜、盆腔淋巴结肿大等肺外表现。临床上主要表现为进行性加重的呼吸困难、反复自发性气胸、顽固性乳糜胸等。该病的发生     

经支气管镜肺活检对肺淋巴管肌瘤病的诊断价值

肺淋巴管肌瘤病(lymphangioleiomyomatosis,LAM)可根据临床、血清学和影像学等标准诊断,仍有部分患者需经病理明确诊断。LAM 需和其他肺部囊性病变鉴别,病理是重要的鉴别诊断依据。经支气管镜肺活检的创伤性小、安全性高,在诊断其他弥漫性肺实质病变中应用广泛,但在 LAM 中的应用尚存争议。根据现有文献,诊断阳性率在33%~87%,气胸发生率为6%,出血发生率为4%。经支气管镜肺活检可以安全地用于 LAM 的有创诊断。     

肺淋巴管肌瘤病合并抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体相关血管炎一例

抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体相关血管炎(AAV)是一种坏死性小血管炎,可累及全身系统,主要累及肾脏和肺脏,可引起急性肾功能不全和弥漫性肺泡出血.肺淋巴管肌瘤病(lymphangioleiomyomatosis,LAM)是以肺部弥漫性囊性病变为特征的系统性疾病,主要表现为进行性呼吸困难,也可出现咯血.本文报道北京大学第一医院呼吸与危重症医学科诊治的1例LAM合并AAV病例,结合现有国内外文献,讨论LAM与AAV特点及两者的相关性,并提醒临床医生,LAM患者出现咯血时需警惕合并AAV的可能,尽快进行血清抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体检测,尽早诊断.     

肺淋巴管平滑肌瘤病1例并文献复习

淋巴管平滑肌瘤病(LAM)是一种罕见的病因未明,由于平滑肌异常增殖导致支气管、淋巴管和小血管阻塞,呈进行性发展的全身性疾病.因肺部最易受累及,常表现为弥漫性间质性肺病,故常称LAM为肺淋巴管平滑肌瘤病(PLAM).本病发生的主要对象是绝经期妇女,发病时常有呼吸困难、自发气胸、乳糜胸等表现.尽管对本病的研究和认识不断深入,但临床上仍无法根治.本文对我科收治的1例PLAM患者的临床资料进行分析,并对该病的发病机制、临床表现、治疗等作复习.     

肺淋巴管肌瘤病的临床及病理特点

目的 提高对肺淋巴管肌瘤病(lymphangioleiomyomatosis,LAM)的临床及病理诊断和认识水平.方法 回顾分析复旦大学附属中山医院确诊为肺LAM的病例15例,并复习1993-2008年国内文献的73例报道,分析该病的临床及病理特点.其中1例患者死后行尸体解剖,对其全身各脏器进行病理组织学观察.结果 88例患者均为女性,平均发病年龄(37±9)岁,常见临床表现依次为呼吸困难83例(94%)、咯血48例(54%)、气胸41例(47%)、乳糜胸28例(32%).其中35例患者行肺功能检查,32例存在弥散功能障碍,25例表现为阻寨性通气功能障碍,10例表现为混合性通气功能障碍.胸部高分辨率CT检查显示双肺为典型的弥漫性薄壁囊状阴影.病理检查结果显示肺组织旱弥漫性囊状改变,增生的LAM细胞沿细支气管壁、肺泡壁、淋巴管肇和血管壁周围分布,形成结节状.1例尸解病理检查结果显示肺脏、肾脏、淋巴结及软组织等多器官受累.42例行腹部B超及影像学检查,其中23例伴发肺外LAM.结论 LAM常累及全身多个系统,但肺是最主要的受累器官.育龄期妇女出现进行性呼吸困难、气胸、乳糜胸及高分辨CT表现为弥漫性小囊状改变时,应考虑到LAM的可能.确诊需依赖肺组织活检病理检查结果,并应常规进行腹部及盆腔影像学检查,以了解患者是否合并肺外LAM.     

肺淋巴管肌瘤病9例临床分析

目的探讨肺淋巴管肌瘤(PLAM)的临床表现及诊治方法。方法报道并临床分析2005—2008年中南大学湘雅二院收治的具有较完整资料的9例肺淋巴管肌瘤病例,结合文献进行复习。结果 9例均为女性。均有活动后气促,1例有乳糜腹,2例有乳糜胸,3例有气胸,6例有咯血。9例高分辨CT(HRCT)均示肺部弥漫分布薄壁囊腔透光区的PLAM特征性表现而临床诊断。4例行病理组织检查确诊。国内首次报道予雷帕霉素治疗LAM且疗效满意的病例。结论 HRCT检查对PLAM具诊断价值,对育龄妇女发生的渐进性呼吸困难、气胸、乳糜胸、咯血应及时进行胸部HRCT检查,雷帕霉素给此病的治疗带来新希望。     

Rare lung diseases I �C Lymphangioleiomyomatosis

The present article is the first in a series that will review selected rare lung diseases. The objective of this series is to promote a greater understanding and awareness of these unusual conditions among respirologists. Each article will begin with a case that serves as a focal point for a discussion of the pathophysiology and management of the particular condition. The first article is on lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM); subsequent articles will focus on pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and primary ciliary dyskinesia.LAM is a rare, progressive and (without intervention) often fatal interstitial lung disease that predominantly affects women of childbearing age. LAM is characterized by progressive interstitial infiltration of the lung by smooth muscle cells, resulting in diffuse cystic changes of the lung parenchyma. The molecular basis of this disorder has been delineated over the past five years and LAM is now known to be a consequence of mutations in the tuberous sclerosis genes. This knowledge, combined with advances in our understanding of the signalling pathways regulated by these genes, has given rise to potential molecular therapies that hold great promise for treating this devastating disease.     

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis and tuberous sclerosis

Tuberous sclerosis (TSC) is an inherited disorder best known for its association with severe learning difficulties, epilepsy, behavioural problems, skin and renal pathology Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM), characterized by alveolar smooth muscle proliferation and cystic destruction of parenchyma, occurs as an infrequent symptomatic pulmonary complication in TSC and as a very rare sporadic disease in those without signs of TSC. Considered a generalized and progressive cystic lung disease that is difficult to treat with a poor prognosis, it has been reported almost exclusively in women, most commonly presenting with dyspnoea and pneumothorax in those of childbearing age.We investigated the clinical features and prognosis of LAM in patients with TSC including the effects of treatment, stratified by the method of diagnosis of LAM (i.e. histological or radiological).We found histological proof of diagnosis in 10 of 21 patients with TSC and symptomatic lung disease, onset in childhood in four, three males with LAM, individuals with apparently focal disease, great variation in clinical course and no clear treatment benefit. In those with TSC, symptomatic LAM is infrequent but causes a significant morbidity and mortality It was not possible to detect predisposing factors, other than being female. Males with apparent LAM should be rigorously investigated.     

Diagnostic usefulness of transbronchial lung cryobiopsy in two patients mildly affected with pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis

Transbronchial lung biopsy is a non-invasive technique used primarily for the pathological diagnosis of lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM). However, some cases, particularly those with early-stage lung lesions, are difficult to diagnose because of the specimen size and presence of artifacts. Herein, we present two cases of LAM with relatively mild cystic changes in the lungs and slight impairment seen in pulmonary function tests. Both patients were diagnosed pathologically through transbronchial lung cryobiopsy. These cases indicate that transbronchial lung cryobiopsy is a useful tool for diagnosing early-stage pulmonary LAM owing to its appropriate specimen size for detecting LAM cells and few crush artifacts.     

淋巴管肌瘤病诊疗进展

淋巴管肌瘤病是以弥漫性肺囊性病变为特征的一种罕见的缓慢进展的肿瘤性疾病。几乎只发生于女性患者。主要表现为呼吸困难、气胸、乳糜胸。血管内皮生长因子 D是其无创且可靠的血清学诊断指标。雷帕霉素抑制剂如西罗莫司可以有效治疗本病。本文介绍最新的诊断和治疗要点。     

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis: a review of the literature

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM), characterized by alveolar smooth muscle proliferation and cystic destruction of lung parenchyma, can occur as a rare sporadic disease or as a complication of tuberous sclerosis (TSC). It is a cystic lung disease, usually generalized and progressive, may be extremely difficult to treat and has been considered to have a poor prognosis. It has almost exclusively been reported to present in women of childbearing age, most commonly with dyspnoea and pneumothorax. We reviewed the English literature from 1939 to 1997 for cases of LAM both with and without TSC, in order to document the prevalence, clinical features, investigations, treatment and outcome within and between these two groups. No study has yet determined the prevalence of LAM symptomatically within the general population, but it probably affects 1-3% of the TSC population. Patients with TSC often present with an insidious onset of dyspnoea whilst non-TSC patients present more commonly with acute breathlessness secondary to pneumothorax. Patients with TSC are also less likely to suffer from chylothorax. The age of onset of symptoms and of diagnosis are similar. LAM is rare in children and even less common in males in both groups. The natural course of LAM remains unclear and effect of treatment variable. Although symptomatic LAM is uncommon it causes a significant amount of morbidity and mortality both in the TSC and general population, but asymptomatic LAM is not uncommon in TSC. Further research is required to determine the natural history of this condition and to evaluate current treatment regimes.     

Effusion cytology: an effective method for the diagnosis of pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare progressive lung disease. Chylous effusion is one of the most common clinical manifestations of LAM. Herein we present a 39-year-old female who presented progressive dyspnea on exertion and chylothorax. The chest computed tomography showed multiple thin-walled cysts in both lungs which suggesting LAM. The pleural effusion cytology plus with further immunocytochemistry confirmed the computed tomography diagnosis. Therefore, the LAM can be diagnosed by cytologic examination combined with conventional chest computed tomography and clinical manifestations, which can help some patients to avoid an invasive biopsy.     

Efficacy and safety of transbronchial lung biopsy for the diagnosis of lymphangioleiomyomatosis: A report of 24 consecutive patients

Background and objective

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a diffuse cystic lung disease that occurs in women of childbearing age. LAM can be diagnosed on a clinical basis in patients with typical high‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT) patterns and at least one other corroborating disease feature, such as chylothorax, angiomyolipoma, tuberous sclerosis complex or elevated serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐D. However, patients who do not meet these criteria require tissue confirmation for a definitive diagnosis, and the utility of methods that are less invasive than surgical lung biopsy, such as transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB), are not well studied. We retrospectively studied the efficacy and safety of TBLB for the diagnosis of LAM.

Methods

From January 1991 to August 2015, 131 consecutive LAM patients were prospectively registered in our study, and a TBLB was conducted for 24 patients. We retrospectively studied the yield and safety of TBLB in this cohort.

Results

All 24 patients were women; the median age was 42 years. HRCT showed multiple round thin‐walled cysts diffusely scattered throughout the lungs. The median level of serum VEGF‐D was 2109 pg/mL. Characteristic pathological findings for LAM were identified in 17 patients (70.8%) by two expert pathologists. The %predicted value for diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide was significantly lower in the 17 TBLB‐positive LAM patients compared to the seven TBLB‐negative LAM patients (P = 0.046). There were no serious adverse events such as pneumothorax or uncontrollable bleeding due to TBLB.

Conclusion

TBLB is a safe and effective method for the pathological diagnosis of LAM.

     

Smooth muscle-like cells in pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis

Proliferation, migration, and differentiation of smooth muscle (SM)-like lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) cells in the lungs are pathologic manifestations of pulmonary LAM, a rare lung disease predominantly afflicting women and exacerbated by pregnancy. LAM cells form nodules throughout the lung without any predominant localization, but can also form small cell clusters dispersed within lung parenchyma. LAM cells have the appearance of "immature" SM-like cells, irregularly distributed within the nodule in contrast to organized SM cell layers in airways and vasculature. Progressive growth of LAM cells leads to the cystic destruction of the lung parenchyma, obstruction of airways and lymphatics, and loss of pulmonary function. Pathogenetically, LAM occurs from somatic or genetic mutations of tumor suppressor genes tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (TSC1) or TSC2. The TSC1/TSC2 protein complex is an integrator of signaling networks regulated by growth factors, insulin, nutrients, and energy. The observation that the TSC1/TSC2 functions as a negative regulator of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/p70 S6 kinase (S6K1) signaling pathway yielded the first rapamycin clinical trial for LAM. Although LAM is a rare lung disease, the elucidation of disease-relevant mechanisms of LAM will provide a better understanding of not only SM-like cell growth, migration, and differentiation in LAM but may also offer insights into other metabolic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer. In this article, we will summarize the progress made in our understanding of LAM, and we will focus on how dysregulation of TSC1/TSC2 signaling results in abnormal proliferation and migration of SM-like LAM cells.     

Transforming growth factor-beta 1 and extracellular matrix-associated fibronectin expression in pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare disorder of unknown etiology, affecting almost exclusively women of childbearing age, that is associated with the proliferation of spindle cells and cystic changes in the affected lung. The underlying processes that contribute to this disease are poorly understood. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta(1) is a potent cytokine that promotes mesenchymal cell proliferation and regulates the synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, particularly fibronectins. Herein, we evaluate the expression of TGF beta(1) and matrix-associated fibronectin in lung specimens demonstrating LAM. DESIGN: Lung biopsy specimens that were confirmed to contain pathologic LAM cells were obtained from 13 patients. The specimens were submitted to immunohistochemical evaluation for TGF beta(1) and fibronectin, as well as the typical markers of LAM cells. Healthy lung parenchyma surrounding resected neoplasms was studied in a parallel fashion as control tissues. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: In all 13 LAM cases and in healthy lung parenchyma, we demonstrated that TGF beta(1) localized consistently to airway epithelial cells. However, in LAM tissues, matrix-associated TGF beta(1) was also consistently found in regions containing pathologic LAM cells. Notably, more abundant TGF beta(1) was observed in highly cellular areas compared to the walls of chronic cystic regions in LAM tissues. Fibronectin, a matrix component that is strongly expressed in response to active TGF beta(1) was found to consistently colocalize with this protein in these highly cellular regions, supporting TGF beta(1) activity in these regions. The markers of proliferating LAM cells, including proliferating cell nuclear antigen, were also markedly present in these highly cellular LAM regions. CONCLUSION: These studies suggest that the proliferation of aberrant LAM cells may be associated with altered regional expression of TGF beta(1) and related ECM proteins.     

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis: a clinical update

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare, cystic lung disease that is associated with mutations in tuberous sclerosis genes, renal angiomyolipomas, lymphatic spread, and remarkable female gender restriction. The clinical course of LAM is characterized by progressive dyspnea on exertion, recurrent pneumothorax, and chylous fluid collections. Lung function declines at approximately twofold to threefold times the rate of healthy subjects, based on an annual drop in FEV1 of 75 to 120 mL in reported series. The diagnosis of pulmonary LAM can be made on high-resolution CT (HRCT) scan with reasonable certainty by expert radiologists, but generally requires a lung biopsy in cases in which tuberous sclerosis complex, angiomyolipomata, or chylous effusions are absent. The currently available treatment strategies are based on the antagonism of estrogen action, and are empiric and unproven. A trial of bronchodilators is warranted in patients with reversible airflow obstruction seen on pulmonary function testing. Pleurodesis should be performed with the initial pneumothorax, because the rate of recurrence is high. Angiomyolipomas that exceed 4 cm in size are more likely to bleed and should be evaluated for embolization. Air travel is well-tolerated by most patients with LAM. Lung transplantation is an important option for LAM patients, and can be safely performed by experienced surgeons despite prior unilateral or bilateral pleurodesis in most patients. Women with unexplained recurrent pneumothorax, tuberous sclerosis, or a diagnosis of primary spontaneous pneumothorax or emphysema in the setting of limited or absent tobacco use should undergo HRCT scan screening for LAM. Multicenter clinical trials based on several well-defined molecular targets are currently underway in the United States and Europe.