肠道病毒71型病毒样颗粒在汉逊酵母中的表达

目的应用汉逊酵母表达系统进行肠道病毒71型（EV71）病毒样颗粒（VLP）的表达。方法将经过汉逊酵母密码子优化的人EV71的 P1和3CD基因片段克隆到汉逊酵母表达载体PMV上,获得重组表达质粒PMV-P1-3CD,转化汉逊酵母宿主菌AU0501,PCR方法及稳定传代培养筛选整合P1和3 CD基因的重组菌株。重组菌种接种在含有1％甲醇的培养基中进行诱导表达,对表达产物进行SDS-PAGE、Western blot检测。挑选优胜表达菌株进行30 L发酵罐发酵培养,发酵产物经过粗略纯化后进行电镜分析。结果筛选获得EV71重组表达菌株;SDS-PAGE检测结果显示在相对分子质量（Mr）为26×103、33×103、35×103处有明显的VP3、VP1、VP0蛋白条带,Mr 大小与预期的目的蛋白大小一致;Western blot检测结果显示表达产物与EV71-VP1单克隆抗体在M r 为33×103处有较为明显的VP1反应条带,表达产物具有良好的免疫反应性;表达菌株发酵表达量可达200 mg/L,电镜分析可见24～30 nm的VLP,且颗粒结构完好。结论应用汉逊酵母表达系统成功表达了EV71 VLP,为今后研制EV71 VLP疫苗奠定基础。     

Biosynthesis of the peroxisomal dihydroxyacetone synthase from Hansenula polymorpha in Saccharomyces cerevisiae induces growth but not proliferation of peroxisomes

Summary The DAS gene of Hansenula polymorpha was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the control of different promoters. The heterologously synthesized dihydroxyacetone synthase (DHAS), a peroxisomal enzyme in H. polymorpha, shows enzymatic activity in baker's yeast. The enzyme was imported into the peroxisomes of S. cerevisiae not only under the appropriate physiological conditions for peroxisome proliferation (oleic acid media), but also in glucose-grown cells where it induced the enlargement of the few peroxisomes present. This growth process was not accompanied by an increase in the number of microbodies, which suggests a separate control mechanism for peroxisomal proliferation.     

Highly-efficient electrotransformation of the yeast Hansenula polymorpha

A highly-efficient method for transformation of the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha has been developed. Routinely, transformation frequencies of up to 1.7×10⁶/g plasmid DNA were obtained by applying an electric pulse of the exponential decay type of 7.5 kV/cm to a highly-concentrated cell mixture during 5 ms. Efficient transformation was dependent on: (1) pretreatment of the cells with the reducing agent dithiotreitol, (2) the use of sucrose as an osmotic stabilizer in an ionic electroporation buffer, and (3) the use of cells grown to the mid-logarithmic phase. Important parameters for optimizing the transformation frequencies were field strength, pulse duration, and cell concentration during the electric pulse. In contrast to electrotransformation protocols described for Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida maltosa, transformation frequencies (transformants per g DNA) for H. polymorpha remained high when large amounts (up to 10g) of plasmid DNA were added. This feature renders this procedure pre-eminently advantageous for gene cloning experiments when high numbers of transformants are needed.     

Deficiency of peroxisome assembly in a mutant of the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha

Summary We have isolated a mutant of the metholotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha defective in peroxisomal biosynthesis. The mutant strain has been derived by a selection procedure from cells of a high-copy number transformant that overproduces the major peroxisomal enzyme methanol oxidase (MOX) and forms enlarged peroxisomes. In contrast to the parental strain the mutant lacks intact peroxisomes in thin sections, but exhibits electron-dense particles that are devoid of intact membranes and crystalloid cores. Consequently, peroxisomal enzymes show severe proteolytic degradation in crude cell lysates. Complementation of this, and analogous mutations, will offer the possibility to identify genes that are required for peroxisome assembly.     

Identification and isolation of the cytochrome oxidase subunit II gene in mitochondria of the yeast Hansenula saturnus

Summary Mitochondrial DNA from the petite negative yeast Hansenula saturnus has been isolated and sized by digestion with restriction enzymes. The size of the mitochondrial genome is approximately 47 kb. The gene for subunit II of cytochrome oxidase was localized in the genome by Southern blotting using a [³²P]-labeled probe containing the subunit II gene of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The probe hybridized to a 1.7 kb HindIII-BamHI fragment under stringent conditions (65°C), indicating a high degree of homology between the S. cerevisiae and H. saturnus mitochondrial DNA fragments. The 1.7 kb fragment from H. saturnus was cloned into pBR322 and physically mapped. The map was used to obtain the nucleotide sequence of the subunit II gene (Lawson and Deters presented in the accompanying paper).     

Occurrence of nuclear-encoded tRNAIle in mitochondria of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha

 Although 29 tRNA genes have been deduced from the complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome from the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, a tRNA^Ile gene decoding AUU and AUC codons is conspicuously absent. In order to address the question of the possible involvement of nuclear-encoded tRNA, we isolated and identified three variant copies of the nuclear-encoded tRNA^Ile(AAU) gene from the liverwort. Northern analysis showed the presence of nuclear-encoded tRNA^Ile both in the mitochondrion and the cytosol, while both chloroplast DNA-encoded tRNA^Ile and nuclear-encoded tRNA^Tyr were absent in liverwort mitochondria. These results unequivocally establish that import of nuclear tRNA^Ile into mitochondria indeed occurs in one of the most primitive plants, M. polymorpha. Received: 11 January 1996/18 March 1996     

Optimisation of a host/vector system for heterologous gene expression by Hansenula polymorpha

Summary For the methylotrophic yeast, Hansenula polymorpha, expression vectors with different origins of replication have been constructed in order to analyse their influence on transformation and integration efficiency. The constructed plasmids are identical except for their origin of replication, which involve, respectively, that of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2-m plasmid and a H. polymorpha ARS sequence (HARS2). A plasmid with no origin of replication served as a control. The plasmids also contained the -galactosidase expression cassette, consisting of the Cyamopsis tetragonoloba -galactosidase gene, the H. polymorpha methanol oxidase promoter and terminator, and the S. cerevisiae invertase signal sequence. The transformation frequencies of the expression vectors containing the 2-m and the HARS2 origins of replication, and no origin of replication, were 2,50 and 15 per g of DNA respectively, which demonstrates the negative effect of the 2-m sequence on the transformation frequency. Autonomously replicating plasmids could be isolated from the transformants obtained with the plasmid containing either the 2-m or the HARS2 sequence. Integration of the 2-m based plasmid into the H. polymorpha genome could not be established using a standard procedure. This is in contrast with transformants containing a plasmid bearing the HARS2 sequence or else with no origin of replication, which shows that the 2-m sequence negatively influences the integration of the expression vector into the H. polymorpha genome. Integration of expression plasmids occurred in 50% of the analysed integrants on the homologous methanol oxidase locus, and tandem integration was favoured. The level of specific mRNA, and the expression of the -galactosidase protein by these integrants, was proportional to the number of integrated copies of the expression plasmid in the H. polymorpha genome.     

Mutations in four chloroplast loci of Chlamydomonas reinhadtii affecting the photosystem I reaction centers

Summary In this work seven chloroplast mutations conferring a deficiency in photosystem I reaction centers have been mapped at four chloroplast loci in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Recombination frequencies were estimated from diploid progeny of vegetative zygotes. These four loci were scattered throughout the chloroplast genome. The three mutations at locus I were found to be tightly linked to a mutation in the rbcL gene coding for the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Dron et al. 1983). As the psaA2 gene coding for one apoprotein of the chlorophyll-complex CPI, identified by its homology with the corresponding maize gene (Fish et al. 1985), has been found close to the rbcL gene (Dron et al. 1982), the psaA2 gene could be at locus 1.     

ANP gene expression in rat hearts during hypoxia

 It is unclear whether the increase in plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentration during hypoxia is due to direct, hypoxia-induced upregulation of ANP secretion in the heart, or to pressure overload of the right ventricle (RV) following hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. To test the hypothesis that hypoxia leads to an early upregulation of the ANP gene, we examined the influence of acute and prolonged inspiratory hypoxia (6 h, 1 or 3 weeks) on the expression of ANP messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in rat heart and compared the results with the expression of the ANP gene after acute pressure overload induced by experimental coarctation of the main pulmonary artery. As a molecular marker for hypertrophy we determined the ratio of α- and β-myosin gene expression. Hypoxia increased systolic RV pressure from 20.0 ± 1.6 mmHg to 27.8 ± 1.6 mmHg (P < 0.01) and 41.6 ± 2.1 mmHg (P < 0.05) after 1 and 3 weeks hypoxia respectively. The ANP plasma concentration did not change significantly after 6 h or 1 week: 232 ± 21 pg/ml (control), 246 ± 25 pg/ml (6 h), 268 ± 25 pg/ml (1 week), but increased significantly after 3 weeks hypoxia (446.8 ± 99.56 pg/ml; P < 0.05). ANP mRNA levels in different regions of the heart did not change after 6 h or 1 week hypoxia. After 3 weeks hypoxia ANP mRNA had increased 2.7-fold in the RV (P < 0.05), 4.2-fold in the left ventricle (LV, P < 0.05), 3.5-fold in the septum (S, P < 0.05) and about 1.4-fold in the right (n.s.) and left atrium (n.s.). Relative ventricular masses increased significantly only for the RV (190%, P < 0.05) during hypoxia. The β/α-myosin mRNA ratio did not change after 6 h hypoxia but, contrary to ANP gene expression, increased after just 1 week (6.1-fold in RV, 7.8-fold in LV, 6-fold in S; P < 0.05) and was more pronounced in the RV after 3 weeks (9.4-fold in RV, 7.6-fold in LV, 9.1-fold in S; P < 0.05). The increase in the β/α-myosin mRNA ratio in the LV contrasts with a lack of increase in relative ventricular mass. Acute pressure overload in the RV after pulmonary arterial banding significantly increased ANP-mRNA and the β/α-myosin mRNA ratio after 1 day in the RV. In the LV ANP mRNA was unchanged. The delayed upregulation of the ANP gene suggests that hypoxia per se is not a significant stimulus for ANP gene expression in the heart and that hypoxia-induced ANP-gene expression in the heart is regulated predominantly by the increase in RV afterload due to hypoxia-induced increased pulmonary pressure. The upregulation of ANP and β-myosin mRNA in the LV during chronic hypoxia has yet to be elucidated. Received: 5 November 1996 / Received after revision and accepted: 24 January 1997     

Some Mutations Affecting Neural or Muscular Tissues Alter the Physiological Components of the Electroretinogram in Drosophila

Mutants displaying generalized behavioral defects and one mutant having an enzyme deficiency were examined for electroretinogram (ERG) defects. Mutations in nine genes were examined that cause ERG defects. Two, para^ts4 and slrp^D, cause reversibly temperature dependent loss of the off-transients in the ERG. stn^C and Tyr-2 cause loss of the on and off-transients. The transient defect in Tyr-2 mapped close to a site shown to affect tyrosinase activity in this strain. Mutations bas, rex and sesD delay recovery from the prolonged depolarization afterpotential. The visual defects of mutations elav^jl and nbA^EE171 are not complemented by lethal mutations, which, presumably, affect other tissues.     

Genetic localization of a series of genes affecting glucose oxidase levels in Aspergillus niger

Summary A number of mutants of Aspergillus niger, affected in glucose oxidase (GOX) expression, are described. The overproducing mutants could be classified into seven complementation groups whereas two glucose oxidase-negative complementation groups were recognized. These nine gox loci were assigned to linkage groups using master strains with marked chromosomes. Three gox loci are in linkage group II, one is in III, two are in V and two are in linkage group VII. One weak glucose oxidase-overproducing mutant could not be assigned to one of the linkage groups. These genetically well characterized mutants will be used in a strain improvement program based on genetic recombination.     

Molecular cloning,sequence analysis and expression of the gene encoding an antifungal-protein from Aspergillus giganteus

The gene encoding the precusor of a small secretory protein with antifungal activity was isolated from A. giganteus and characterized by restriction mapping, hybridization and nucleotide sequencing. The promoter contains a typical TATA-box at a distance of 135 bp upstream of the open reading frame. The open reading frame is interrupted by two small introns with conserved splice sites. The precursor of the antifungal protein (AFP) consists of 94 amino acids and appears to be processed to the mature AFP of 51 amino acids by a two-step process. Transfer of the gene into A. niger yielded only transformants with a very low expression level, probably because high-expression transformants were counterselected by the antifungal activity of the recombinant protein.     

Cloning and expression of the cDNA encoding an alternative oxidase gene from Aspergillus niger WU-2223L

A cDNA fragment encoding the mitochondrial alternative oxidase, the enzyme responsible for cyanide-insensitive and salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM)-sensitive respiration, from the citric acid-producing fungus Aspergillus niger WU-2223L was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli as a host strain. Synthetic primers were designed from the conserved nucleotide sequences of the alternative oxidase genes from higher plants and a yeast. The 210-bp DNA fragment was amplified by PCR with these primers using chromosomal DNA of WU-2223L as a template, and was employed to screen a cDNA library of A. niger. One full-length cDNA clone of 1.2 kb was obtained, and was sequenced to reveal that the clone contained an open reading frame (ORF-AOX1) encoding a polypeptide of 351 amino acids. The predicted amino-acid sequence exhibited 50%, 55%, and 52% homology to the alternative oxidases of Hansenula anomala, Neurospora crassa and Sauromatum guttatum, respectively. In the 5′-terminus region of the ORF-AOX1, a mitochondrial targeting motif was found. The whole open reading frame of ORF-AOX1 was ligated to plasmid pKK223-3 to construct the expression vector pKAOX1. The E. coli transformant harboring pKAOX1 showed cyanide-insensitive and SHAM-sensitive respiration, and expression was increased approximately two-fold by the addition of IPTG. These results indicated that the ORF-AOX1 encodes an alternative oxidase of A. niger. Received: 10 August / 13 October 1998     

SARS-CoV受体ACE-2基因的克隆及在真核细胞中的表达

目的克隆、真核表达严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒(SARS-CoV)受体ACE2基因,建立安全、可靠的SARS-CoV保护性体液免疫评价体系。方法采用Trizol一步法提取人右心衰心房组织总RNA,逆转录巢式聚合酶链反应(RT-nested-PCR)扩增ACE2全长基因,克隆人pcDNA4/HisMax-TOPO表达载体,重组质粒转染293T细胞进行瞬时表达,Western Blot检测其真核表达;建立细胞融合抑制实验以检测SARS-CoV中和抗体,并与SARS-CoV假病毒中和试验进行平行比较。结果重组质粒可在真核细胞中表达ACE2蛋白,其蛋白表达细胞可与S蛋白表达细胞产生细胞融合现象,并可用于中和抗体的检测;其结果与SARS-CoV假病毒中和试验较为一致。结论克隆和真核表达了SARS-CoV受体ACE-2基因;基于其蛋白真核表达的细胞融合抑制实验可用于SARS-CoV中和抗体的检测。     

幽门螺杆菌Mr 26 000外膜蛋白编码基因的克隆及表达

目的　构建含幽门螺杆菌 (Hp)Mr 2 6 0 0 0外膜蛋白编码基因的重组载体 ,并在E .coliBL2 1中表达。方法　用PCR从Hp染色体中 ,扩增Mr 2 6 0 0 0外膜蛋白编码基因片段。将目的基因与pET32a(+)同时经BamHI、HindⅢ双酶切、纯化、连接后 ,构建含有目的基因的重组载体。以含目的基因片段的重组载体转化大肠杆菌BL2 1(DE30 )并表达。表达产物经纯化后 ,用ELISA法检测其抗原性。结果　经酶切、测序分析表明 ,插入的基因片段为HpMr 2 6 0 0 0的外膜蛋白编码基因 ,与Tomb等的报道相比较 ,有 1.1%的bp发生变异 ,1.5 1%的氨基酸残基改变。经SDS PAGE分析发现 ,融合基因表达的蛋白Mr为 4 6× 10 3 ,可溶性表达产物占细菌总蛋白的 38.96 %。重组蛋白经Ni NTA琼脂糖树脂纯化后 ,其纯度达 95 %以上。ELISA法检测显示 ,该重组蛋白可被Hp阳性患者的血清所识别 ,具有良好的抗原性。结论成功地克隆并表达Mr为 2 6 0 0 0的Hp外膜蛋白编码基因 ,为Hp蛋白疫苗的研制和快速诊断试剂盒的研究打下了基础     

乳腺增生病p53基因第5外显子突变及其蛋白表达

目的：探讨p53基因在乳腺癌发生早期的作用。方法：用免疫组化方法检测36例乳腺单纯性增生、31例不典型增生、14例原位癌和16例浸润癌中p53蛋白的表达,用PCR－SSCP检测了上述组织中p53基因第5外显子突变。结果：p53蛋白在单纯性增生、不典型增生、导管内癌、浸润癌中的表达率分别为0、22.6%(7/31)、42.8%(6/14)、50％（8／16）,PCR－SSCP在各组中均未检测到该基因第5外显子突变。结论：乳腺癌发生早期阶段有p53基因的参与,但与第5外显子突变无明显关系。