硫酸钙骨水泥降解成骨性能的实验研究

目的通过对硫酸钙骨水泥（CSC）、磷酸钙骨水泥（CPC）及同种异体骨三种常用骨替代材料成骨性能的比较，研究CSC在兔松质骨内降解成骨的性能。方法16只成年白兔随机均分为A、B两组，A组兔的左、右侧髂骨内分别植入CSC、CPC，B组兔的左、右侧髂骨内分别植入CSC、同种异体骨；采用影像学、组织学及扫描电镜等方法在不同时间点（2、6、10、16周）观察和评价上述移植物在松质骨内的吸收降解和成骨情况。结果CSC置人6周被部分吸收，10周时完全吸收，新骨生成；CPC吸收速度缓慢，至植人体内16周时仅小部分被吸收；部分同种异体骨植骨区域出现强烈的免疫反应。结论CSC生物相容性较好，植入兔松质骨后的吸收速度快于CPC，生物降解与新骨生成同步进行，是一种良好的骨移植替代物。     

硅酸盐可吸收性骨水泥的动物体内生物学评价

目的通过动物实验观察一种新型的硅酸盐可吸收性骨水泥的生物相容性、生物降解性和成骨特性。方法选取24只新西兰大白兔,在双侧股骨髁部钻取直径5 mm、高10 mm圆柱形骨缺损,分别置入磷酸钙骨水泥(calcium phosphate cements,CPC,对照组)和磷酸钙-硅酸三钙复合骨水泥(calcium phosphate cements-calcium silicate,CPC-CS,材料组),术后4、8、12周分别处死8只动物,行X线检查和HE染色观察材料在体内的降解和新骨形成情况。结果 4周时材料组和对照组材料无降解,HE染色观察材料-骨组织之间均形成纤维层,8周时材料组材料降解变软,对照组材料降解不明显,对照组和材料组材料-骨之间纤维组织逐渐被新骨取代,材料组材料-骨之间结合面积明显较大,有较多新生骨;12周时,材料组材料降解明显,内部明显发生碎裂,有新生骨长入,对照组材料仅部分降解,对照组材料降解率为32.4%,材料组为45.4%,材料组降解速率显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论磷酸钙-硅酸三钙复合骨水泥具备单纯磷酸钙类似的生物相容性,并且在力学强度、表面成骨活性和降解性方面有一定改善,通过进一步的优化有可能成为一种具有很好应用前景的新型生物活性骨修复材料。     

磷酸钙骨水泥替代骨的制备及其细胞生物相容陛实验研究

目的：为了修复骨缺损，研制适宜的骨移植人工替代材料。方法：制备出磷酸钙骨水泥（CPC），检测其成分，并与骨髓基质干细胞共同培养，研究其细胞生物相容性及对骨髓基质干细胞成骨能力的影响。结果：所制备磷酸钙骨水泥主要成分为低结晶度的羟基磷灰石（HA），对骨髓基质干细胞的生存、增殖能力及对其成骨特性的保存无影响。结论：所制备磷酸钙骨水泥细胞生物相容性良好，是适宜的骨缺损修复材料。     

磷酸钙骨水泥的临床应用进展

1985年，Brown和Chow首次以磷酸四钙和磷酸氢钙为原料研制出了磷酸钙生物活性骨水泥，从此拉开了磷酸钙骨水泥（calcium phosphate cement，CPC）研究的序幕。CPC又称羟基磷灰石骨水泥（hydroxyapatite cement，HAC），是一类以磷酸钙盐为主要成分，在生理条件下具有自固化能力、降解活性及成骨活性的无机材料，是一种良好的骨折内固定和骨填充修复材料，其固化时间为15～30min。[第一段]     

脱钙骨基质/磷酸钙复合骨水泥骨诱导活性观察

目的：观察磷酸钙骨水泥（CPC）中加入脱钙骨基质（DBM）后形成的复合骨水泥的成骨诱导活性。方法：将DBM/CPC复合骨水泥分别植入兔背肌肌袋内，于不同时间取材，通过组织学切片、ALP等手段观察异位诱导成骨情况。结果：术后2周，DBM/CPC复合骨水泥组可见间充质细胞增殖、聚集并包绕DBM骨粒。4周时，DBM已有部分吸收，并软骨样细胞和软骨样组织包裹。8周，DBM进一步吸收，软骨细胞和软骨组织逐渐成熟，新骨形成。12周，DBM吸收并被新骨组织部分或大部分代替且相互连接成片。ALP测定结果与组织学观察的新骨形成情况基本一致。结论：DBM/CPC复合骨水泥有较强的异位诱导成骨能力，诱导新骨的形成伴随着材料的降解，可以有效弥补单纯使用CPC时降解速度太慢和无骨诱导能力的不足。     

新型复合纤维蛋白胶的磷酸钙骨水泥的生物安全性研究

目的 研究新型复合纤维蛋白胶的磷酸钙骨水泥的生物相容性和生物安全性,探讨其用于临床修复骨缺损的可行性。方法 制备新型复合纤维蛋白胶的磷酸钙骨水泥,获取材料浸提液。选择急性毒性试验、溶血试验、微核试验、细胞毒性试验,对新型复合人工骨材料进行生物相容性和安全性评价。结果 该磷酸钙骨水泥材料浸提液未引起小鼠急性毒性反应;各实验组肉眼下未见明显溶血反应,溶血率0.05);浸提液对小鼠MC3T3成骨细胞的生长分化无明显影响,细胞毒性分级为Ⅰ级。结论新型复合纤维蛋白胶的磷酸钙人工骨材料具有良好的生物相容性和生物安全性。     

磷酸钙骨水泥复合微小颗粒骨修复兔桡骨缺损

[目的]证实磷酸钙骨水泥复合少量自体颗粒骨修复骨缺损的效果,为临床使用提供依据。[方法]手术造成日本大耳白兔双侧桡骨中段15 mm缺损,一侧植入磷酸钙骨水泥与自体颗粒骨以3∶1复合的材料,做为实验组;另一侧植入单纯的磷酸钙骨水泥,做为对照组。在不同的时间点行X线、骨密度、最大扭矩检测,分析实验组及对照组的成骨性能和材料降解程度。[结果]X线检查发现:实验组材料明显促进成骨,8周时材料周围有明显的骨痂,16周时缺损完全修复、材料完全降解,优于对照组;8、16周时,实验组单位面积的骨矿盐含量均高于对照组,统计学检测,P0.01;16周时实验组和对照组的最大扭矩分别为:(0.843±0.016)mN、(0.540±0.029)mN,统计学检验P0.01。[结论]磷酸钙骨水泥与自体颗粒骨以3∶1复合后明显促进了缺损修复和材料降解。     

磷酸钙骨水泥及其作为抗生素载体研究进展

具有良好生物相客性、生物活性、自固化性、可注射性和可塑性的磷酸钙骨水泥,已成为临床应用最多的生物材料之一.磷酸钙骨水泥的凝结时间测定和改变使其更具操作性,机械性能如抗压强度、抗剪切力等的改进增加了适应证,生物相容性、骨传导性和再吸收性的研究为临床应用提供了理论基础.磷酸钙骨水泥的结构特点也决定了其可作为抗生素缓释载体.抗生素掺入磷酸钙骨水泥对其理化性质影响、抗生素在体内外释放过程和干预的研究,近年受到重视.     

磷酸钙骨水泥可注射性的研究进展

目的 了解磷酸钙骨水泥注射性能的改性研究的进展。方法广泛查阅近年来的相关文献，对磷酸钙骨水泥的评价方法、可注射性评测方法及改性方法进行综述。结果提高磷酸钙骨水泥的注射性能是其改性研究的重要内容之一。常用的注射性能评价方法包括测定注射能力系数、推力和注射压力三种。可以通过提高液／固比、调整固相或液相成分，以及加入各种添加剂的方法提高磷酸钙骨水泥的注射性能。结论提高磷酸钙骨水泥的注射性能，适于临床应用需要，使其应用范围更加广泛。     

纳米磷酸钙/氧化锆骨组织工程支架体内降解的实验研究

目的研究纳米磷酸钙/氧化锆骨组织工程支架材料体内降解特性,为进一步构建组织工程化纳米人工骨提供研究依据。方法制作兔股部肌袋,将灭菌的纳米磷酸钙/氧化锆骨组织工程支架材料植入肌袋内,在植入4周、8周、12周、16周时取材通过大体、组织学、扫描电镜观察材料降解情况,同时将材料取出后煅烧,测量残余无机物含量,判断降解的量,同时进行X线衍射实验,测量残余材料的组成。结果材料植入8周内降解较慢,生物力学强度减低不明显,12周时降解加速,材料强度明显减低,16周时新骨形成明显,降解残余材料分布于新形成的骨组织内部,X线衍射发现12周时材料内有羟基磷灰石成分出现,提示有新骨形成,16周时羟基磷灰石成分明显增多。结论纳米磷酸钙/氧化锆骨组织工程支架材料具有较好的降解性和生物相容性,具有诱导成骨作用,可作为骨组织工程的支架材料。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.