外生型宫颈癌术前组织间插植放疗的疗效观察

[目的]探讨外生型宫颈癌术前组织间插植放疗的近期疗效。[方法]对72例直径≥3cm宫颈癌，术前行组织间插植放疗，剂量10Gy～30Gy，每周1次，每次10Gy，完成放疗后2～3周行子宫广泛切除＋盆腔淋巴结清扫术。[结果]72例外生型子宫颈癌病人，宫颈局部肿瘤的临床完全缓解、部分缓解率分别为16.7%、61.1%。无近期放疗副反应。[结论]术前组织间插植使肿瘤完全消退或缩小，降低癌细胞活性，减少术中扩散，提高手术切除率。     

复发鼻咽癌35例调强放疗疗效及预后分析

[目的]探讨复发鼻咽癌调强适形放射治疗（intensity modulated radiotherapy，IMRT）的疗效及对影响预后的相关因素进行分析。[方法]收集2005年5月～2007年7月就诊的35例复发鼻咽癌患者，中位复发时间27个月（6～264个月）。单纯鼻咽局部复发10例，合并颈部淋巴结9例，单纯淋巴结复发2例（咽后外侧淋巴结1例、乳突根部淋巴结1例），单纯海绵窦复发4例，鼻咽合并颅底、海绵窦、桥小脑角及颈动脉鞘复发6例，单纯颈动脉鞘复发4例．其中合并化疗8例，所有患者均进行局部三维适形调强放疗，观察放疗疗效以及相关副反应．并对影响预后的相关因素进行统计分析。[结果]GTV中位体积为43．68cm^3（5．91～181cm^3）．GTV的D95为69．20Gy，V95为97．64％，平均剂量71．56Gy。急性反应轻，罕见Ⅲ度以上皮肤黏膜反应。中位随访时间9个月。1年总生存率73％。1年局部无进展生存率94％。5例死于鼻咽大出血。[结论]IMRT是复发鼻咽癌有效的治疗手段，近期疗效可靠，耐受性好。死亡原因主要是鼻咽大出血。GTV体积是影响预后的主要因素。     

鼻咽癌外照射加腔内近距离超分割推量照射的远期疗效分析

背景与目的:鼻咽癌的后装治疗一般采用鼻咽腔内治疗的方法进行推量照射,适用于局部早期鼻咽癌.福建省肿瘤医院率先开展鼻咽旁插植技术,无颅底破坏的局部晚期鼻咽癌采用后装治疗推量照射.本文分析腔内后装推量照射的远期疗效,探讨常规外照射的合适剂量配合后程超分割后装推量照射的临床价值.方法:1998年1月～2002年12月体外照射加腔内后装超分割推量放射治疗鼻咽癌患者352例,体外常规放射治疗50～70 Gy后进行腔内近距离超分割推量照射,外照射后咽旁间隙肿瘤残留者配合咽旁区插植放疗.采用个体化鼻咽腔内施源器,超分割照射每次2.5～3.0 Gy,2次/天,间隔6 h,总剂量5～32 Gy,中位剂量17 Gy.结果:本组l、2、3、5年生存率分别为97.0%、91.3%、87.6%、84.7%.总体5年生存率Ⅰ、Ⅱ期88.2%,Ⅲ、Ⅳ期79.2%(log-rank检验,P=0.016);总体局控率Ⅰ、Ⅱ期94.1%,Ⅲ、Ⅳ期91.7%(log-rank检验,P＞0.05).后组颅神经损伤32例(9.4%).结论:鼻咽腔内后装联合咽旁间隙捅植近距离放射治疗鼻咽癌取得良好的局控率和生存率,局部晚期鼻咽癌取得与早期鼻咽癌类似的局控率,咽旁间隙受累者咽旁插植增加颈动脉鞘区照射剂量,后组颅神经损伤发生率较高.     

N0期鼻咽癌颈部可疑阳性淋巴结64Gy放疗疗效观察

[目的]观察N0期鼻咽癌患者颈部可疑阳性淋巴结（最大横断面短径≥0.5cm但〈1cm、包膜完整、无中央坏死）给予放疗剂量64Gy时的疗效,患者的不良反应及预后。[方法]66例N0期鼻咽癌患者,颈部可疑阳性淋巴结予以64Gy的放疗剂量,以MRI检查为标准,评价疗效。[结果]放疗剂量达64Gy时颈部淋巴结转移灶完全缓解62例,有效率达93.9%,放疗前后淋巴结消退情况差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。在治疗结束时所有患者均出现Ⅰ级放射性皮炎,并在5年随访过程中无颈部淋巴结复发,无颈部皮下组织纤维化患者。[结论]64Gy的放疗剂量对鼻咽癌颈部可疑阳性淋巴结转移能很好地控制,且不良反应较轻,患者可耐受。     

盆腔插植调强近距离放疗治疗5例局部晚期宫颈癌

[目的]探讨盆腔插植调强近距离放疗在局部晚期宫颈癌中的价值。[方法]5例局部晚期原发宫颈癌患者在MRI图像及CT模拟机引导下行插植后装调强近距离放疗,肿瘤区周边剂量40Gy,2次/d,共4d完成。后装结束后1周开始外照射,盆腔淋巴结区剂量50Gy。观察近期疗效及合并症。[结果]所有患者均完成治疗计划。放疗结束后3个月复查MRI等发现CR4例,PR1例。出现1例2级肠炎。[结论]盆腔插植调强近距离放疗治疗局部晚期宫颈癌近期疗效满意,合并症可耐受。     

鼻咽癌放疗后颈淋巴结残留或复发的手术治疗

目的 探讨颈淋巴结清扫术治疗鼻咽癌放疗后颈淋巴结残留或复发的应用价值及效果。方法 对36例鼻咽癌放疗后颈淋巴结残留或复发的患行颈淋巴结清扫术，应用Kaplan—Meier法计算颈部局控率和总生存率，对影响生存率的有关因素采用Cox模型进行分析。结果 术后3年、5年颈部局部控制率为44．1％和23．5％，3年、5年总生存率为47％和26．4％。多因素分析结果表明：颈淋巴结≥3cm、淋巴结包膜外侵预后差。结论 颈淋巴结清扫术是治疗鼻咽癌放疗后颈淋巴结残留或复发的有效方法，能明显提高患的颈部局控率及总生存率。颈淋巴结大小、淋巴结包膜外侵是影响颈部局控率和总生存率的独立预后因素。     

鼻咽癌放疗后颈淋巴结残留/复发的手术治疗分析

目的：对鼻咽癌放疗后残留／复发颈部转移灶采用手术治疗的疗效。并发症等进行探讨。方法：对31例鼻咽癌放疗后残留颈部转移灶患者进行了手术治疗，术后进行病检了以解颈部转移灶的病理学基础，并进行随访，以确认手术治疗的效果和优缺点，结果：手术治疗的3、5年生存率为65．52％和30．43％、3、5年无瘤生存率为58．63％和30．43％；死亡病例中死于远处转移者10例（52．63％），颈部术后复发者5例（26．32％），鼻咽部复发者4例（21．05％），本组病例未发生严重并发症，术后标本病行病理检查见淋巴结外有大量的孤立肿瘤细胞闭，仅4例患者未见淋巴结外肿瘤细胞，结论：鼻咽癌放疗后残留／复发的颈部转移灶可首选采用手术治疗，术式应采用根治性颈清扫术。     

鼻咽癌局部复发调强放疗的初步疗效观察

目的：评价调强放疗（IMRT）在复发性鼻咽癌中应用的剂量分布、近期疗效及毒性反应。方法：2005年1月～2006年7月，12例经鼻咽部活检病理证实的复发性鼻咽癌患者采用全程IMRT，计划靶区（P1V）处方剂量为60Gy～76．44Gy（中位剂量69．72Gy），分次量1．87Gy～2．32Gy。结果：PTV的中位体积为145．55cm^3，D95均值为59．5Gy，PTV接受的平均剂量及分次剂量均值分别为68．35Gy及2．13Gy；治疗结束时近期疗效为CR6例，PR4例，总有效率为83．3％。经3～17个月（中位10．5个月）随访，全部病例存活，1例出现鼻咽部再次复发，1例出现左颈部淋巴结复发，1例出现双颈、锁骨上淋巴结复发以及纵隔淋巴结、肝脏转移。治疗过程中除部分患者出现体重下降，轻度的口腔粘膜反应、粒细胞减少等，所有患者均能耐受治疗。结论：调强放疗在鼻咽癌放疗后局部复发患者中应用有较好的局控效果，能被患者耐受。     

早期乳腺癌保留乳房术后外照射加组织间插植放疗

12例早期乳腺癌患者行乳房肿瘤扩大切除术后，配合外照射加组织间插植高剂量率近距离放疗，患侧胸壁外照射剂量40～57Gy，局部组织间插植近距离放疗剂量6～22Gy／1-4F。8例随访满5年，5年生存率8／8，局部控制率91．7％(11／12)，1例出现照射野内一处肋骨骨折，1例乳房胸壁纤维化，美容效果满意率91．7％(11／12)。初步研究结果提示，早期乳腺癌保守手术后外照射加组织间插植近距离放疗生存率与根治术相同，而且美容效果好。     

后程三维适形放疗在鼻咽癌缩野放疗中的临床研究

目的：观察后程三维适形放疗在鼻咽癌缩野放疗中的近期疗效及副作用。方法：将84例初治无远处转移的鼻咽癌患者用信封法随机分为后程三维适形放疗组（观察组）和常规疗放疗组（对照组）。两组病例第一段采用面颈联合常规低熔点铅挡块野放疗36Gy／18次，加下颈前切线野放疗36Gy／18次；第二段采用双侧耳前野放疗10Gy／5次，第三段采用三维适形野放疗20Gy／10次；加全颈前切线野放疗14—4Gy／7—12次，颈淋巴结残局部补量10Gy／5次。鼻咽总剂量70Gy-74Gy；颈部剂量，淋巴结阴性50Gy；阳性70Gy。结果：两组病例完全缓解率、1年生存率分别为97．6％、100％和90．5％、92．9％。两组肿瘤的局控率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），生存率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：鼻咽癌后程三维适形放疗较常规放疗有较好的肿瘤局控率，且副反应较轻。     

局部复发鼻咽癌超分割加立体定向适形放疗的临床研究

目的:初步评价超分割外照射加立体定 向适形放射剂量治疗局部复发鼻咽癌的临床疗 效及毒副反应。方法:对1999～2002年收治的 14例复发鼻咽癌进行超分割外照射(1.3Gy/次, 2次/d,总剂量42～60Gy)加立体定向适形放射 推量(4Gy/次,隔日照射,共10次,总量20Gy) 的临床研究。结果:总有效率(CR+PR)85.7% (12/14),其中完全消退(CR)64.3%(9/14),部分 消退(PR)21.4%,肿瘤稳定14.3%,2年总生存 率57.1%(8/14),无瘤生存率42.8%(6/14),靶 区肿瘤控制率为78.6%(11/14)。结论:超分割 外照射加立体定向适形放射剂量治疗局部复发 鼻咽癌在临床上是可行及有效的。     

影响N0期鼻咽癌放射治疗后颈淋巴结复发因素分析

目的分析颈淋巴结阴性(N0)鼻咽癌放射治疗后颈淋巴结复发的影响因素。方法采用Logistic回归方法回顾性分析接受放射治疗的N0期鼻咽癌211例复发因素。结果211例N0期鼻咽癌放射治疗后49例复发。采用面颈联合野放射治疗,上颈预防剂量>50 Gy比面颈分野上颈剂量50 Gy者颈淋巴结复发率低（t=12.93,P=0.000)。咽旁间隙受侵,T分期高,颈淋巴结复发率高（t=14.91,P=0.001及t=8.78,P=0.003)。全颈预防照射比单纯上颈预防照射的下颈复发率低（χ     

Three-dimensional small-volume irradiation for residual or recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma

PURPOSE: To minimize side effects and to achieve a high local control rate, three-dimensional (3D) small-volume irradiation was used for locally residual or recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between July 1992 and March 1998, 18 tumors (12 residual and 6 local recurrent cases) were treated with 3D planned small-volume irradiation. The total dose (i.e., the dose of conventional radiotherapy plus that of the 3D irradiation) was 78.4 Gy (74.8-91.0 Gy) in its mean value for residual disease and 105.0 Gy (94.8-125 Gy) for recurrence. The mean value of the 90% isodose volume was 40.3 cc (8.0-94.0 cc). The mean follow-up period from the start of the boost or re-irradiation was 39 months. RESULTS: The 3-year local control rate of the 12 residual tumors was 70%. Of 9 T4 residual tumors, 7 were controlled at a follow-up period between 17 and 70 months (median of 42 months). Of 6 recurrent tumors treated with re-irradiation, 3 were controlled at a follow-up period between 7 and 28 months. In the case of booster therapy, trismus occurred in 1 patient with a total dose of 91 Gy. Among the patients receiving re-irradiation, a temporary ulceration of the nasopharyngeal mucosa developed in 1 patient with a total dose of 111 Gy. CONCLUSION: 3D small-volume irradiation was effective and safe in treating residual or recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma.     

鼻咽癌调强放疗后颈淋巴结复发的临床分析

[目的]探讨鼻咽癌调强放疗后颈淋巴结复发的影像学表现及临床特征。[方法]回顾分析初治鼻咽癌172例调强放疗后7例确诊为颈淋巴结复发患者的临床及影像学特点。[结果]鼻咽癌调强放疗后3年颈淋巴结复发率为3%;N2＋N3组发生颈淋巴结复发的概率大于N0＋N1组（P=0.006）;颈淋巴结复发以Ⅱ区复发最常见（100.0%,7/7）,其中单区复发85.7%（6/7）,多区复发14.3%（1/7）,均为原部位高剂量区复发;复发淋巴结常见中央液化坏死,较大淋巴结多伴有包膜外侵犯;2例行PET/CT检查,病变处18F-FDG呈明显高摄取,SUV值最大为7.9和12.8;3例颈部复发淋巴结行单纯挽救性手术治疗,均长期无瘤生存,2例分别因合并鼻咽或多区淋巴结复发行二程调强放疗,1例行伽玛刀治疗,1例未治疗。[结论]鼻咽癌调强放疗后颈淋巴结复发率低,治疗前高N分期易于复发,以Ⅱ区原部位高剂量区复发最常见;早期发现早期手术治疗疗效好。     

Salvage surgery for cervical residual and recurrent lesions of nasopharyngeal carcinoma after radiotherapy

Recently, in spite of the great progress made in the radiotherapy for NPC, there remains 10 approximately 20% of patients who would die of their cervical lesions, either residual or recurrent after irradiation. It is well known that the skin of the neck can not tolerate too high a dose of radiation and the cervical metastatic lymph nodes of NPC may be less sensitive to radiation than the primary. From April 1977 to March 1987, 79 NPC patients with persistent cervical lymph node metastasis after irradiation were treated by salvage surgery (31 residual and 48 recurrent cancers). Most of the lesions were located in the upper neck (64 cases) and a few along the margin of previous radiation field, such as submaxillary or posterior cervical triangle. Of the 69 patients treated by salvage neck dissection, 38 were confirmed pathologically to have soft tissues involvement, such as sternocleidomastoid, digastric, splenius, and levator scapular muscles, and 2 had hypoglossus nerve and carotid sheath involvement. The authors emphasized that all the involved tissues, such as skin, muscle, nerve or jugular vein should be resected completely. If the neck defect could not be closed primarily, the pectoral major myocutaneous flap (7 cases) or lateral trapezius myocutaneous flap (3 cases) were used for repair. There were no postoperative complications. 32 patients were followed over 3 years with a 3-year survival rate of 34% (11/32). 43 were followed less than 3 years. 31 were alive and 12 were dead.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Irradiation in carcinoma of the vulva: factors affecting outcome

Purpose: This report reviews the increasing role of radiation therapy in the management of patients with histologically confirmed vulvar carcinoma, based on a retrospective analysis of 68 patients with primary disease (2 in situ and 66 invasive) and 18 patients with recurrent tumor treated with irradiation alone or combined with surgery.Methods and Materials: Of the patients with primary tumors, 14 were treated with wide local excision plus irradiation, 19 received irradiation alone after biopsy, 24 were treated with radical vulvectomy followed by irradiation to the operative fields and inguinal–femoral/pelvic lymph nodes, and 11 received postoperative irradiation after partial or simple vulvectomy. The 18 patients with recurrent tumors were treated with irradiation alone. Indications and techniques of irradiation are discussed in detail.Results: In patients treated with biopsy/local excision and irradiation, local tumor control was 92% to 100% in Stages T1-3N0, 40% in similar stages with N1-3, and 27% in recurrent tumors. In patients treated with partial/radical vulvectomy and irradiation, primary tumor control was 90% in patients with T1-3 tumors and any nodal stage, 33% in patients with any T stage and N3 lymph nodes, and 66% with recurrent tumors. The actuarial 5-year disease-free survival rates were 87% for T1N0, 62% for T2-3N0, 30% for T1-3N1 disease, and 11% for patients with recurrent tumors; there were no long-term survivors with T4 or N2-3 tumors. Four of 18 patients (22%) treated for postvulvectomy recurrent disease remain disease-free after local tumor excision and irradiation. In patients with T1-2 tumors treated with biopsy/wide tumor excision and irradiation with doses under 50 Gy, local tumor control was 75% (3 of 4), in contrast to 100% (13 of 13) with 50.1 to 65 Gy. In patients with T3-4 tumors treated with local wide excision and irradiation, tumor control was 0% with doses below 50 Gy (3 patients) and 63% (7 of 11) with 50.1 to 65 Gy. In patients with T1-2 tumors treated with partial/radical vulvectomy and irradiation, local tumor control was 83% (14 of 17), regardless of dose level, and in T3-4 tumors, it was 62% (5 of 8) with 50 to 60 Gy and 80% (8 of 10) with doses higher than 60 Gy. The differences are not statistically significant. There was no significant dose response for tumor control in the inguinal–femoral lymph nodes; doses of 50 Gy were adequate for elective treatment of nonpalpable lymph nodes, and 60 to 70 Gy controlled tumor growth in 75% to 80% of patients with N2-3 nodes when administered postoperatively after partial or radical lymph node dissection. Significant treatment morbidity included one rectovaginal fistula, one case of proctitis, one rectal stricture, four bone/skin necroses, four vaginal necroses, and one groin abscess.Conclusions: Irradiation is playing a greater role in the management of patients with carcinoma of the vulva; combined with wide local tumor excision or used alone in T1-2 tumors, it is an alternative treatment to radical vulvectomy, with significantly less morbidity. Postradical vulvectomy irradiation in locally advanced tumors improves tumor control at the primary site and the regional lymphatics in comparison with reports of surgery alone.     

鼻咽癌靶体积划分的前瞻性临床验证

[目的]验证鼻咽癌靶体积划分的合理性和临床疗效。[方法]150例初治鼻咽癌患者,69例单纯放疗,81例放化综合治疗。根据靶体积划分方法勾画靶体积,并分别设置相应的计划靶体积;针对靶体积逐步缩野照射。分析治疗后局部区域控制情况以及影像学显示的残留和复发部位与靶体积的关系。[结果]治疗后单纯鼻咽残留2例,单纯颈部残留3例,两部位同时残留2例,鼻咽原发灶及颈部转移灶消退率分别为97.3%和96.7%。中位随访时间35.5个月,鼻咽复发6例,颈部复发3例,3年局部和区域控制率分别为95.1%和97.2%。影像学分析显示,鼻咽残留灶和复发灶均位于鼻咽大体肿瘤体积(GTVnx)内;颈部残留病灶均位于颈部大体肿瘤体积(GTVnd)内;颈部复发灶1例位于GTVnd内,2例位于CTV2内。[结论]依据该靶体积划分进行放疗,获得较好的局部区域控制,未观察到靶体积外和边缘复发,进一步显示了该靶体积划分较为合理,针对不同靶体积逐步缩野的照射方法是可行的。     

鼻咽旁区插植配合体外放射治疗鼻咽癌

目的探讨鼻咽旁区插植近距离放射治疗技术在鼻咽癌治疗中的作用。方法初治鼻咽癌患者体外照射56～70Gy（T2期56～60Gy,T3期66～70Gy）后复查CT或MRI发现鼻咽旁区残留病例67例,以腔内+鼻咽旁区插植放射治疗增量,咽旁区在模拟机引导下插入1～4根施源管,采用荷兰核通公司生产的192Ir高剂量率近距离治疗机,放射剂量2.5～4.0Gy/次,2次/d,间隔>6h,总剂量12～20Gy,3～4?d完成。插植组与同期的类似病例（67例）配对进行研究。结果鼻咽旁区插植组和对照组的3年生存率分别为92.4%,84.5%（P>0.05);3年无局部复发生存率分别为97.0%、76.4%（P<0.05);3年无远地转移生存率分别为76.6%、69.1%（P>0.05)。鼻咽旁区插植组的晚期放射反应如口干、张口困难发生率均低于对照组。结论鼻咽旁区插植放射治疗可以显著提高鼻咽癌咽旁区残留的局部控制率,拓宽了鼻咽癌近距离放射治疗的适应证,是一种有效的补充治疗手段。     

N0期鼻咽癌颈部可疑阳性淋巴结放疗剂量的探讨

目的 观察N0期鼻咽癌患者颈部可疑阳性淋巴结（最大横断面短径≥0.5 cm但＜1 cm、包膜完整、无中央坏死）放疗剂量为64 Gy时淋巴结的消退情况、有无局部复发,以及患者的不良反应及预后。方法 回顾性分析2008年1月-2011年1月我院80例有颈部可疑阳性淋巴结的N0期鼻咽癌患者,按中国鼻咽癌2008年分期标准,T1期4例,T2期15例,T3期36例,T4期25例。所有患者均采用调强放疗,其中T1、T2患者采用单纯放疗,T3、T4患者配合单药铂类方案同步化疗。鼻咽大体肿瘤体积 （GTVnx）处方剂量70~74 Gy,颈部未达标可疑阳性淋巴结（GTVnd可疑阳性）处方剂量64 Gy,临床靶体积1（CTV1）处方剂量60~64 Gy,临床靶体积2（CTV2）处方剂量50~54 Gy,分30次进行照射,照射时间6周。采用配对t检验比较放疗前后淋巴结的消退有无统计学意义。结果 随访率为98.8%。80例患者129个淋巴结,放疗后颈部可疑阳性淋巴结CR 117个,PR 6个,NC 6个,有效率95.3%。放疗前后淋巴结消退有意义（P<0.05)。4年局部控制率、无远处转移率、总生存率分别为94.6%、95.9%、93.7%。有4例GTVnx内复发,3例出现远处转移。颈部放射性皮肤反应1、2级分别占77.5%、22.5%。颈部纤维化1级占15%。结论 64 Gy的放疗剂量是鼻咽癌颈部可疑阳性淋巴结转移很好的控制剂量,且不良反应较轻,患者可耐受。     

Combined external irradiation and interstitial implantation for T1 and T2 epidermoid carcinomas of base of tongue: the Creteil experience (1971-1981)

Forty-eight patients with T1 or T2 epidermoid carcinomas of the base of tongue were treated at the Henri Mondor Hospital between 1971 and 1981. Forty-one patients received moderate dose 60Co external beam irradiation (mean: 48.6 Gy) to the primary tumor and regional nodes, followed by an interstitial iridium 192 implant to the primary tumor (mean: 32 Gy). This completed the treatment for the 30 node negative patients, but those with clinically positive nodes were managed by either an additional electron beam boost to the involved nodes or a neck dissection. Seven tumors were treated exclusively by implantation to the base of tongue (mean: 63 Gy). Five-year crude disease-free survival is 50% with 35% of patients dying of recurrent disease. Definitive local control for T1 lesions is 85% (11/13) and for T2 is 71% (25/35). A dose response effect was observed with local control of 79% (26/33) obtained with a combined dose greater than or equal to 75 Gy, but only 50% (4/8) for less than or equal to 70 Gy. For N0 patients definitive regional control is 97% and for N1-3 is 89%. Minor or moderate soft tissue ulceration was observed in 12 patients, including 3 cases that progressed to osteonecrosis. None required surgical intervention. No correlation exists between necrosis and tumor size or total dose.