多重聚合酶链反应检测流感嗜血杆菌

目的 建立检测流感嗜血杆菌的多重聚合酶链反应(M-PCR)方法 .方法 合成扩增流感嗜血杆菌编码P6外膜蛋白基因的引物(Hi),鉴定流感嗜血杆菌种特异性;合成扩增流感嗜血杆菌编码荚膜基因的引物(Hi-cap),鉴定菌株是否具有荚膜;设计并合成6对扩增流感嗜血杆菌不同血清型(荚膜型)编码摹因的引物(Hia-Hif),鉴定菌株的血清型,以其他呼吸道常见病原体菌株做对照,应用M-PCR方法 对200株临床分离的疑似流感嗜血杆菌菌株进行鉴定和血清分型.结果 M-PCR方法 检测流感嗜血杆菌具有高度的敏感性和特异性.对照菌株应用种(Hi)、荚膜(Hi-cap)和荚膜型(Hia-Hif)特异引物没有扩增出DNA片段.M-PCR方法 检测DNA的最低检测量为0.935 Pg.对临床分离的200株疑似流感嗜血杆菌鉴定,189株为流感嗜血杆菌,与API R NH鉴定结果 一致.其中1株具有荚膜,为f血清型,与玻片凝集法鉴定结果 一致.结论 M-PCR方法 检测流感嗜血杆菌具有较高的敏感性和特异性,可用于流感嗜血杆菌感染病例标本的快速检测和病例诊断.     

青海省2004年人间鼠疫分离株基因分型及流行病学意义

目的探讨鼠疫耶尔森菌（鼠疫菌）基因分型在鼠疫暴发中的流行病学意义.方法根据已经证实的23个差异区段设计引物,对2004年青海省人间鼠疫流行期间分离到的13株鼠疫菌进行PCR扩增.结果13株鼠疫菌可分为4个基因组型,即Genomovar 8、10、15和16.其中囊谦的8株菌全部为Genomovar 10;乌兰的2株菌分别为Genomovar 8和15;祁连、曲麻莱、称多的3株鼠疫菌的基因组型均为Genomovar 16.结论鼠疫菌基因分型是鼠疫疫情暴发流行病学调查的有力工具.     

鼠疫耶尔森菌的多重PCR检测方法

目的研究一种快速、特异的检测鼠疫耶尔森菌(鼠疫菌)的多重聚合酶链反应(PCR)方法。方法选用针对鼠疫菌F1抗原基因、pla基因、inv基因和一段鼠疫特异染色体序列设计的4对引物,以鼠疫菌及其他肠道致病菌DNA为模板并加入内部对照模板,在同一扩增体系中进行PCR扩增。结果鼠疫菌DNA模板可扩增出预期产物,而其他菌株只能扩增出内部对照模板的片段。结论多重PCR方法具有较高的特异性。可迅速、有效地将鼠疫菌与其他肠道致病菌相鉴别,也可应用于鼠疫监测。     

随机扩增多态性DNA技术用于青藏高原型鼠疫菌的比较

目的对青海、西藏和甘肃省（自治区）境内不同宿主体内分离的21株青藏高原型鼠疫耶尔森菌（鼠疫菌）的基因进行分析,旨在比较不同宿主鼠疫菌之间的关系。方法采用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术。结果扩增产物在凝胶电泳上显示的条带,其中16007、28001、01080号菌株相同,且与其余18株菌株存在差别。结论该实验中不同宿主体内检出的21株青藏高原型鼠疫菌在遗传学上属于同源。     

鼠疫菌聚合酶螺旋反应等温扩增方法的建立

目的用聚合酶螺旋反应(PSR)建立快速、灵敏、特异的鼠疫菌等温扩增方法。方法根据鼠疫菌F1基因设计引物,利用Bst DNA聚合酶链置换活性,通过添加pH指示剂和核酸荧光染料SYBR GreenⅠ,建立可视化PSR检测方法,并用于鼠脏器、血液、环境样本中鼠疫菌的检测。结果建立的PSR方法可在40 min内得到结果,最佳反应温度为64℃,最低检测限为100拷贝/μl,与14株非鼠疫菌无交叉反应。可成功检测模拟阳性样本。结论建立的PSR等温扩增反应为鼠疫菌的快速检测提供了新方法。     

河北省鼠疫耶尔森菌多位点串联重复序列分析

目的对分离自河北省长爪沙鼠鼠疫疫源地的116株鼠疫菌株进行基因分析研究。方法根据鼠疫基因组比对,选择15对引物对测试菌株进行PCR扩增,并对扩增结果进行分析。结果 15对引物对116株实验菌株均得到相应的扩增结果,同一引物测试菌株扩增结果目标条带长度均一致,串联重复序列的重复数相同。不同引物扩增目标条带长度不同,串联重复序列的重复数也不同,如引物M52对所有菌株扩增产物长度均为153 bp,串联重复序列的重复数均为3,而引物M59的扩增产物长度为250 bp,重复数均为7。结论多位点串联重复序列分析(MLVA)证实河北省鼠疫自然疫源地的鼠疫菌基因稳定,鼠疫菌MLVA数据库将对未来的鼠疫菌变异和溯源提供技术支持。     

志贺菌毒力相关基因的PCR检测分析

目的：利用PCR方法对武汉地区近年来收集的17株志贺菌进行毒力相关基因检测并分析其分布情况。方法：采用8对引物set1A、set1B、shet2A、shet2B、ial、ipaH、stx1与virA分别对志贺菌中毒力相关基因进行检测,结合常规鉴定方法对PCR扩增结果进行分析。结果：SHET1仅在福氏志贺菌（福氏Ⅱ型、福氏Ⅳ型）分离株（包括其标准株）中存在;SH-ET2存在于各型志贺菌（包括其标准株）;ipaH基因存在于各种类型志贺菌（包括其标准株）;17株志贺菌中,引物shet2A和引物shet2B用于检测sen基因分别检出16株和13株;ial、virA在反复复苏的菌株中检出率有所下降,stx1基因只在痢疾志贺菌中检出。结论：志贺菌快速诊断方法（PCR）中应首选检测志贺菌相关毒力基因ipaH基因。     

利用差异区段分型方法对沙鼠型鼠疫菌和鼠疫菌EV76疫苗株进行鉴定

目的利用差异区段(DFR)基因分型方法鉴别沙鼠型鼠疫耶尔森菌(鼠疫菌)和鼠疫菌EV76疫苗株。方法采取水煮法对2015年内蒙古自治区杭锦旗、2013年宁夏回族自治区银川市和2003年河北省康保县分离的6株沙鼠型鼠疫菌和鼠疫菌EV76疫苗株提取DNA,引物选用文献报道中的22个差异区段和pMT1,PCR扩增经琼脂糖凝胶电泳后分析其基因型别。结果沙鼠型鼠疫菌DFR基因型分别为G11、G17和G20。G11缺失位点为DFR01、06、07、13、15、16和17,G17缺失位点较G11增加DFR18,G20缺失位点较G17增加DFR12;鼠疫菌EV76疫苗株的缺失位点则为DFR01、02、04和10。结论利用DFR基因分型方法能快速区分沙鼠型鼠疫菌和鼠疫菌EV76疫苗株,可避免工作中因菌苗污染而造成分离到鼠疫菌的假象,鼠疫菌株基因型别的鉴定可以快速追溯疫情来源。     

四川省132株鼠疫耶尔森菌差异区段基因分型及地理分布研究

目的 分析四川省鼠疫耶尔森菌（Y. pestis）差异区段分型（DFR）及地理分布,为四川鼠疫研究提供科学依据。方法 对分离自四川省鼠疫疫区的132株鼠疫菌,应用23个DFR和PMT1的扩增引物,对被试菌株DNA进行PCR扩增,并使用Mapinfo软件和Excel进行分型,确定四川省鼠疫耶尔森菌DFR基因型和地理分布特征。结果 四川省鼠疫耶尔森菌DFR分型分为3型,其中石渠县有两型,主要为G14型和G43型,其它疫源地为G05型。结论 四川省鼠疫耶尔森菌的DFR分型具有明显的地理分布特征。     

鼠疫耶尔森氏菌三色荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

目的建立一种三色荧光定量PCR检测鼠疫耶尔森氏菌的方法。方法根据鼠疫耶尔森氏菌pPCP1质粒上的pla基因、编码F1抗原在pMT1质粒上的ca f1基因以及菌体染色体上的3a基因序列,设计特异性的引物和不同荧光标记的Taqman荧光探针,优化反应体系和扩增条件,考察该方法检测的敏感度、特异性、重复性和稳定性,最终建立三色荧光定量PCR检测方法。结果本研究所建立的方法对鼠疫耶尔森氏菌DNA的扩增效率高,最低检出限为1×102copies/ml,特异性高,重复性的变异系数在合理范围内,稳定性好。结论建立了一种同时检测鼠疫耶尔森氏菌pla、ca f1和3a基因的三色荧光定量PCR方法,该方法敏感度和特异性高,能够实现快速检测的目的。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.