镍钛记忆合金食管内支架治疗食管疾病的临床研究

作者应用镍钛记忆合金食管内支架治疗各类食管疾病共９例，置入支加前吞咽困难Ｃｗｉｋｉｅｌ分级均达２－３组，置入后立即缓解，Ｃｗｉｋｉｅｌ０－１级者为１００％。全组病例除有异物感及轻微胸背疼痛外，无严重并发症发生。     

食管支架治疗食管良恶性狭窄：附23例分析

作者总结了采用２７根镍钛合金Ｕｌｔｒａｆｌｅｘ食管支架置入术治疗各种良恶性食管狭窄２３例。其中食管化学烧伤后狭窄１例，食管－胃吻合口狭窄６例，食管和／或贲门癌１６例。将吞咽困难分为０￣３级。２３例中，３级１２例，２级１１例。经治疗后，０级１３例（５６．５２％），１级６级（２６．０８％），２级３例（１３．０４％），３级１例（４．３５％）。其中，２级中的３例治疗前为３级，因此，总有效率为９５．６６％。     

Covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents in patients with benign esophageal strictures: initial experience

PURPOSE: To investigate the safety and clinical effectiveness of covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents in 25 patients with a benign esophageal stricture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Under fluoroscopic guidance, covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents were placed in 25 patients with a benign esophageal stricture and were removed with a retrieval hook 1-8 weeks later. RESULTS: Stent placement was successful in all patients, with no procedural complications. After stent placement, all patients could ingest solid food. The stents were successfully removed from all but two patients. One patient passed the stent via the rectum, and the other regurgitated a high cervical stent. After stent removal, one patient developed a small esophagobronchial fistula, which spontaneously sealed within 1 week of stent removal. After stent removal or migration, all patients could ingest solid food. During follow-up (mean, 13 months; range, 2-25 months) after stent removal or migration, 12 patients maintained their improvement in dysphagia and needed no further treatment. Thirteen patients with recurrence were treated by means of repeat balloon dilation. CONCLUSION: Use of retrievable expandable nitinol stents seems to be a safe and effective method of treatment in selected patients with benign esophageal strictures.     

暂时性食管支架成形术治疗儿童食管良性狭窄

目的 评价儿童食管良性狭窄使用暂时性食管支架成形术治疗的疗效.方法 儿童烧灼性食管狭窄及食管术后吻合口狭窄患儿10例,支架置入前均先行食管吞钡检查,吞咽评分为3,并置入覆膜可回收支架.结果 支架置入后,所有患儿无明显并发症,并安全回收.支架置放期间所有患儿能进食固体食物,无吞咽困难.支架取出后6～12个月随访,患儿均能正常进食,吞咽评分为0.结论 应用暂时性支架成形术治疗儿童食管良性狭窄安全、有效.     

食管内支架置入术后脱落原因分析

目的:针对食管支架治疗食管良恶性狭窄和瘘的置入术后效果及由治疗可能引起的并发症,从中总结出一些经验及体会。方法:本组56例,均为失去手术时机或有手术禁忌症的恶性肿瘤患者,共置入覆膜镍钛合金支架及覆膜不锈钢Z型支架59枚(其中有防返流支架5枚)。结果:56例患者共置入59枚支架均一次成功,支架置入后食管狭窄改善,瘘道封闭,饮食得到恢复。有效率达100%。但在术后一段时间内有5例患者支架发生移位和/或脱落。结论:食管支架治疗食管恶性狭窄应根据患者不同情况制定不同治疗方案以最大程度减少并发症的发生。     

自膨式覆膜支架在食管、十二指肠恶性狭窄及瘘的临床应用

目的 评价食管、十二指肠恶性狭窄及瘘应用自膨式覆膜支架治疗的价值,探讨支架植入后常见的并发症及处理方法 .方法 87例上消化道狭窄或梗阻患者中,50例食管恶性狭窄,23例贲门-胃吻合口狭窄,5例胃、十二指肠恶性狭窄,3例食管瘘,6例食管吻合口瘘,共置入国产带膜网状支架95枚.结果 内支架置入全部一次成功,除1例患者术中急性出血外,余病例无即刻并发症,术后患者狭窄解除,饮食得到恢复,瘘道封闭,远期疗效与疾病性质和相关治疗情况有关.结论 自膨式覆膜支架治疗食管、十二指肠恶性狭窄及瘘疗效可靠,并发症少,术后加放疗和(或)化疗可进一步提高疗效.     

Malignant esophageal-tracheobronchial strictures: parallel placement of covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents

Purpose: To assess the safety and clinical effectiveness of the parallel placement of covered retrievable expandable metallic stents in the palliative treatment of malignant esophageal and tracheobronchial strictures.

Material and Methods: Under fluoroscopic guidance, parallel stents were placed in 12 symptomatic patients with both malignant esophageal and tracheobronchial strictures. Seven of these 12 patients also had an esophagorespiratory fistula (ERF) and one patient had an esophagocutaneous fistula. Technical success, clinical improvement, complications, and survival rates were evaluated.

Results: A total of 28 esophageal and airway stents were successfully placed. The grade of dysphagia and dyspnea score significantly decreased after stent placement (P = 0.002 and 0.003, respectively). ERF and esophagocutaneous fistula were sealed off in all eight patients after esophageal stent placement; however, the esophagocutaneous fistula reopened 1 month later. Complications included stent migration or expectoration (n = 3), tracheal compression by the esophageal stent (n = 3), new fistula development due to covering membrane degradation of the esophageal stent (n = 1), and symptomatic sputum retention (n = 1). Stent removal was easily performed for two stents; one migrated stent and the other with covering membrane degradation. All 12 patients died within the mean survival period of 72.50 days (range 7-375 days).

Conclusion: Parallel placement of covered retrievable expandable metallic stents is safe and effective for the palliative treatment of malignant esophageal and tracheobronchial strictures.     

食管肿瘤引起的气管狭窄支架置入治疗

目的探讨气管内支架置入治疗由食管肿瘤或食管金属内支架放置术后引起的气管狭窄的疗效和安全性。方法本组11例气管狭窄患者,8例由食管恶性肿瘤引起,3例为食管金属内支架放置术后压迫气管造成。X线透视下在气管内共植入11枚镍钛合金支架,其中7枚为裸支架,4枚为带膜支架。支架直径16～18mm,长度40～60mm。结果所有患者均成功置入内支架(成功率100%)。术后患者气促、呼吸困难和窒息感均立即缓解或消失,血氧饱和度上升。部分患者在术后1～3d可有少量咳嗽和血痰,经对症治疗后消失,无其他并发症。结论采用气管内金属内支架置入的方法治疗由食管恶性肿瘤或食管金属内支架放置术后引起的气管狭窄是一种作用迅速且安全、有效的方法。     

食管内置放金属支架的选择

目的　严格掌握食管内支架置放适应证 ,提高金属支架的放置效果。方法　经胃镜在X线电视下植入 ,选用 2种材料支架 ,对 72例食管 (食管、胃连接部 )良恶性狭窄 ,共置放 83根金属支架。结果　置放支架均一次成功。以被覆镍钛合金支架效果较好。患者的生活质量均得到提高。结论　失去手术治疗机会 (包括放射治疗 )的晚期肿瘤或肿瘤手术后 (复发 ) ,而引起管腔狭窄的患者可首选食管内支架置放术 ,良性狭窄慎用此术 ,无被覆支架不宜采用。     

国产金属内支架置入治疗良恶性食管狭窄(附25例分析)

目的 :采用国产金属内支架置入治疗良恶性食管狭窄。方法 :2 5例良恶性食管狭窄患者 ,均在 X线监视下 ,经口将导丝安全通过狭窄段 ,行球囊扩张后置入金属支架。结果 :全部病例均顺利置入支架 ,不仅有效地缓解了进食困难 ,改善了营养状况 ,同时还使食管气管瘘及食管纵隔瘘患者瘘口封闭 ,为其减轻感染及进一步治疗造成狭窄的原发病提供了时机。结论 :食管内支架置入术是治疗良恶性食管狭窄的一种安全有效地方法、应用国产金属内支架 ,既可减轻患者经济负担 ,又可达到进口支架同样的效果而成首选。     

加膜支架对食管气管瘘的临床应用

目的：探讨加膜食管支架对食管并发食管－气管瘘的实用价值。方法：X线引导下为18例患者置入18个另膜支架，并在其中6个支架加膜部分的外周包裹了一薄层明胶海绵，以防支架与食管壁间形成不规则腔隙。同时对装置进行了改良。结果：支架置入顺利，中中无严重并发症发生。术后呛咳即刻消失，吞咽困难明显缓解，由要前平均3．4级降至0．9级。结论：加膜支架治疗食管癌并发食管－气管瘘安全有效，改良加膜支架有效地防止了支架与食管壁之间不规则腔隙的形成。     

带膜支架在食管狭窄中的临床应用

目的：本文回顾性分析了金属带膜支架对恶性食管狭窄、吻合口狭窄及食管气管瘘和吻合口瘘的治疗功效,方法：36例吞咽困难患者放置了Gianturco-Z和自彭式金属带膜支架。其中包括恶性食管梗阻（32例）、吻合口狭窄（4例）,合并食管气管瘘（3例）和吻合口瘘（1例）。结果：37根支架被成功释放。吞咽困难在33例患者中获得明显缓解,平均吞咽困难积分从3．02减低到0．81。3例食管气管瘘和1例吻合口瘘完全堵住。并发症包括胸骨后疼痛（23例）、支架移位（21例）、上消化道出血（12例）、返流性食道炎（1例）和气管受压迫（1例）。结论：金属带膜支架是治疗食道梗阻、食管气管瘘及吻合口瘘安全、有效的方法。     

食管内支架置入后的随访研究

目的食管狭窄置入金属支架后长期随访，观察其疗效和并发症。方法４３例食管狭窄放置了金属支架患者有较完整的随访资料。良性狭窄１４例，恶性狭窄２９例。置入Ｕｌｔｒｅｆｌｅｘ支架３２例，ＧｉａｎｔｕｒｃｏＺ型带膜支架４例，国产网状支架６例，Ｗａｌｓｔｅｎｔ支架１例。门诊随访行食管造影和内窥镜检查２７例，电话或信访１６例。结果１～３２个月随访观察，无支架移位。２４例死亡，术后生存时间１７天至２８个月，平均６．８个月。死亡原因：肿瘤广泛转移１９例，肺部感染２例，其他原因引起死亡３例。发生再狭窄１６例，为支架内或两端发生狭窄。肿瘤组织生长造成的狭窄４例，１２例为食管腔内组织过度增生，这类狭窄全部发生在置入支架后４～５个月。支架内狭窄５例，支架两端狭窄１１例，其中１０例为支架上端狭窄。１２例行再次球囊扩张或支架置入。结论肿瘤的生长，特别是粘膜和纤维组织增生是引起再狭窄的主要原因，支架上端狭窄更容易发生吞咽困难。由于再狭窄的发生率较高，对于良性食管狭窄的支架成型术应严格选择病例。     

Use of metallic stents and balloons in the esophagus and gastrointestinal tract

The majority of malignant and benign strictures in the esophagus and GI tract can be treated with use of minimally invasive alternatives to surgery such as balloon dilation or metallic stents. Virtually any obstructing lesion in the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, colon, and rectum can be treated with these methods with use of interventional radiologic or endoscopic techniques. In general, metallic stents are reserved for malignant strictures and balloon dilation is indicated for benign lesions. Patients with malignant esophageal fistulas and perforations can be palliated effectively and promptly by sealing the fistula or leak by deployment of a covered stent. Patients with malignant disease may benefit from a treatment regime that includes metallic stent placement, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and/or brachytherapy, although the efficacy of such combined therapies has yet to be defined. Further refinements to stent design are required. The ideal stent would be resistant to tumor ingrowth and migration. Placing a coating material on uncovered stents to prevent tumor ingrowth may achieve these aims. Finally, a biodegradable stent that dissolves before the development of intimal hyperplasia might enable stents to be used to treat benign strictures.     

Retrievable covered nitinol stents: experiences in 108 patients with malignant esophageal strictures

PURPOSE: The authors report their experience with three types of retrievable covered nitinol stents in patients with malignant esophageal strictures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three types of retrievable covered nitinol stents were designed. Type A stents were placed in 45 patients, type B stents were placed in 29 patients, and type C stents were placed in 34 patients. The stents were removed with use of a stent retrieval set under fluoroscopic guidance when the stents caused complications. Stent patency, symptom relief, survival rate, and complications were analyzed relative to stent type and radiation therapy. RESULTS: The timing of radiation and the stent type have significant effects on occurrence of complications such as stent migration and fistula formation (P =.002 and P = 0.029, respectively). Complications were significantly more frequent in patients with the type B stent than those with type A or type C stents (P =.008). Patients who underwent radiation therapy before stent placement or who underwent no radiation therapy experienced substantially less complications than those who underwent radiation therapy after stent placement (P =.005 and P <.001, respectively). The survival period was significantly longer in patients who underwent radiation therapy after stent placement than in the other groups (P =.034). Stents were removed from 15 patients (14%) 2 days to 16 weeks (mean, 4 weeks) after stent placement as a result of severe pain (n = 7), stent migration (n = 6), or stent deformity (n = 2). Stent removal was well tolerated in all patients. CONCLUSION: Use of retrievable covered nitinol stents seems to be a safe and effective method of treatment in patients with malignant esophageal strictures. However, removal of the stents was needed in 14% of the patients because of complications. Patients who underwent radiation therapy after stent placement and those with the type B stent experienced more complications than other patients.     

Treatment of a ruptured anastomotic esophageal stricture following bougienage with a dacron-covered nitinol stent

A patient suffering from esophagorespiratory fistula after bougienage of a benign stricture at the site of the anastomosis between a jejunal interposition and the esophagus was referred for interventional treatment. A prototype nitinol stent centrally covered with Dacron was implanted under regional anesthesia and fluoroscopic guidance. The self-expanding prosthesis dilated the stenosis completely and closed the fistula, with consequent improvement in respiratory and nutritional status and thus the general quality of life. The patient was able to eat and drink normally until death 3 months later due to progression of his underlying malignant disease.     

被覆内支架治疗食管-气管瘘和食管狭窄的临床应用

目的评价应用被覆金属内支架治疗食管-气管瘘和食管狭窄病人的疗效。方法根据食管狭窄的程度、长度、瘘口部位及狮窄上缘距食管上端开口处距离，确定支架长度和支架位置。5例患者均在X线电视监视下完成操作。结果5例病人均1次成功放置被覆金属内支架，患者呛咳及吞咽困难症状消失，术后均能进普通流食。正侧位胸片检查，支架位置准确，形状为两头呈喇叭口样，中间狭窄部直径可达1．1cm～1．5cm。管瘘病人的二种很好的非创伤性姑息性治疗手段。结论X线透视下置入被覆金早内支架，是晚期食管癌合并食管-气管瘘病人的二种很好的非创伤性姑息性治疗手段。     

Palliative treatment of inoperable malignant esophageal strictures with metal stents: one center's experience with four different stents

PURPOSE: Our center's experience with Ultraflex, Flamingo, SR stent and Flexstent for the palliation of malignant esophageal strictures is reported, and current pertinent literature is reviewed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Stents have been placed under fluoroscopic guidance between August 1993 and February 2002 for the palliation of malignant dysphagia in 116 patients. 59 patients received Ultraflex, 33 patients received Flamingo Wallstent, 20 patients received the SR stent and four patients received Flexstent. RESULTS: Stent placement was successful in all the patients, with good symptomatic control in 123 out of 126 patients (98%) and no procedure-related complications. Four esophagorespiratory fistulas were successfully closed with covered Flamingo stents. Repeat intervention was necessary in 30 patients (51%) who received the Ultraflex stent, secondary to tumor ingrowth, overgrowth, ulceration, fistula and incomplete expansion. Two patients (6%) who received Flamingo Wallstent died due to gastrointestinal bleeding and one patient had proximal migration. Four patients (20%) who received the SR stent had complete migration of the stent. CONCLUSION: Covered stents were found to provide better long-term palliation compared to uncovered stents. The covered Flamingo Wallstent seems to be the best choice of stent for lesions where crossing the esophagogastric junction is not necessary. For lesions where it is mandatory to cross the junction it may be preferable to use a stent with an antireflux mechanism.     

食管癌性重度狭窄并食管-气道瘘的内支架置入治疗

目的探讨食管癌性重度狭窄合并食管-气道瘘的内支架置入效果。方法透视下,27例食管重度癌性狭窄合并食管-气道瘘患者置入食管覆膜内支架。结果支架全部一次性置入成功,瘘口完全封堵,患者恢复正常进食,肺部感染得以控制。结论内支架置入治疗食管癌性狭窄并食管-气道瘘损伤小、操作简单安全、并发症少、成功率高,控制呛咳具有立竿见影的效果。     

经鼻、食管引流及覆膜支架植入术治疗食管-胸腔瘘

目的 探索经鼻、食管引流及覆膜支架植入术治疗食管-胸腔瘘的可行性及临床价值.方法 7例食管胸腔瘘患者采用5 F猪尾巴多侧孔导管经鼻、食管行胸腔引流,并利用食管覆膜内支架封堵食管瘘口.术后经引流导管定时冲洗脓腔,复查脓腔造影.结果 患者一次性植入引流导管及堵瘘支架均获得成功;引流持续12～22 d,平均15 d;拔管前引流管造影提示脓腔明显变小或闭塞、液气胸得到明显控制,拔管后食管造影示瘘口封堵满意、支架完全复张,未见明显移位、狭窄等征象.结论 经鼻、食管引流及覆膜支架植入术治疗食管胸腔瘘,技术上可行,操作简易、安全,临床疗效肯定.