尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂

目的探讨尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术（Snodgrass手术）治疗尿道下裂的临床效果。方法对采用尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术治疗31例尿道下裂患者进行同颐性分析。,尿道下裂患者31例,年龄1～14岁,其中阴茎头型5例、阴茎体型14例、阴茎阴囊型4例,二期尿道成形术8例。结果本组31例患者,一次性治愈26例,术后出现尿瘘2例,均已修补成功。尿道口狭窄3例,经尿道扩张后治愈.结论尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术可应用于多种类型的尿道下裂治疗。手术操作简便易行,手术成功率高。     

改良尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂

目的 总结改良尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术(Snodgrass手术)治疗尿道下裂的经验体会.方法 对46例首诊病例及再次手术病例采用改良Snodgrass手术.结果 成功40例,4例尿道狭窄,行尿道扩张后痊愈,2例尿瘘,予以行二期尿瘘修补术痊愈.结论 改良Snodgrass手术适用于尿道板发育好,轻度或中度阴茎下弯尿道下裂病例以及残余尿道板条件好的二次手术病例,手术效果满意.     

尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术治疗儿童尿道下裂

目的总结尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术（tubalarized incised plate urethroplasty，TIP或Snodgrass手术）矫治尿道下裂的经验。方法回顾性总结分析2001年5月～2004年11月采用Snodgrass手术治疗的尿道下裂82例，年龄1岁6个月～16岁，平均5岁。将资料按前后时期、不同的病情特点分为前期手术组34例，后期手术组48例；其中近侧型组19例，远侧型和中段型组63例；初次手术组49例，再次手术组33例，对并发症发生情况进行分析。结果术后并发尿瘘12例，尿瘘发生率14．6％；阴茎头裂开1例。各组尿瘘情况：前期手术组11例（32．4％），后期手术组1例（2．1％）；近侧型组2例（10．5％），远侧型和中段型组10例（15．9％）；初次手术组8例（16．3％），再次手术组4例（12．1％）。尿瘘发生率，前期手术组与后期手术组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），近侧型组与远侧型和中段型组、初次手术组与再次手术组之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。术后随访均在1个月以上，阴茎外观满意，尿道开口正位，排尿功能良好。其中15例连续随访1．5～6个月，平均3个月，平均尿流率7．8ml／s（6．8～10．5ml／s），最大尿流率均值10．5ml／s（8．8～14．5ml／s）结论Snodgrass手术适用于无弯曲或伴有轻度弯曲的各型尿道下裂以及再手术者，术后具有阴茎外观好、尿道口正位垂直裂隙状、排尿功能良好、并发症低的优点，但对有明显阴茎下曲、尿道板短缩者仍应首选带蒂包皮瓣手术。     

保留尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂的体会(附56例报告)

目的 探讨保留尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术(TIP)在尿道下裂治疗中的价值.方法 回顾性总结分析本院2005年7月～2009年9月采用保留尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂56例(成人3例,儿童53例).结果 术后8例出现尿瘘;13例尿道口狭窄;无阴茎向下弯曲.结论 对于尿道及阴茎发育条件好的尿道下裂患者,TIP可以一期完成修复.保留尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形手术操作相对简单,易掌握,成功率高,对于尿道下裂者是一种非常有效的治疗方法.     

尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂38例体会

尿道下裂是男性外生殖器最常见的泌尿生殖系先天性畸形,其发病率约为1/300,属常染色体显性遗传性疾病,需要手术矫正治疗,且手术是矫治本病的唯一手段。现将我科2001年1月～2008年9月采用尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术（Snodgrass术）治疗尿道下裂38例,效果满意。     

尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术在尿道下裂术后尿道裂开中的应用

尿道裂开是发生于尿道下裂术后较严重的并发症，因多无可利用的包皮材料修补尿道，给再次手术带来困难。Snodgrass在1994年首先介绍了“尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形法”治疗尿道下裂的手术方法。我院近年开展用此方法治疗尿道下裂，并且从2001年1月～2002年12月应用尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术(Snodgrass法)治疗尿道下裂术后尿道裂开患儿24例，效果良好，报告如下。     

尿道下裂保留尿道板与带蒂包皮内板一期尿道成形术

从１９９１～１９９６年，应用保留尿道板与带蒂包皮内板组成尿道，一期成形治疗先天性阴茎体形尿道下裂４５例，术后除６例（１３％）出现尿道瘘外，余一次手术成功，无尿道狭窄等并发症。认为大多数尿道下裂其尿道板不是引起阴茎弯曲的原因。由此组成的新尿道血供好，不易形成瘢痕狭窄及尿漏。     

尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形在尿道下裂中的应用

目的：总结尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术（Snodgrass法）治疗尿道下裂的经验，方法：对43例尿道下裂患儿行Snodgrass尿道成形术，其中阴茎体型35例，阴茎阴囊交界型8例，9例为上次尿道成形失败者；10例阴茎下弯者先行阴茎背侧折叠；患儿尿道置管10天，拔管后常规前尿道扩张，结果：43例随访4－11个月，阴茎外观正常，无下弯；尿道开口于阴茎头前端，呈纵行裂隙状，排尿通畅，无尿道狭窄，术后5例发生尿瘘，4例已做修补，均成功，结论：Snodgrass尿道成形术可应用于近，远端型及有阴茎下弯的尿道下裂患儿，对尿道成形失败而阴茎皮肤所剩极少者也是一种非常有效的方法。     

尿道板纵形切开卷管尿道成形术治疗小儿尿道下裂

目的探讨尿道板纵形切开卷管（TIP）尿道成形术治疗小儿尿道下裂的适用范围和疗效。方法2000年3月至2005年12月,收治尿道下裂患儿171例,手术年龄10个月～16岁,中位数3岁。尿道下裂程度按Barcat分型：前型65例（38．0％）、中间型29例（17．0％）、后型77例（45．0％）。术中根据病因分类,将尿道下裂阴茎下弯程度分为0～4级。原则上首选TIP尿道成形术式,少数无法一期完成手术者,在矫正阴茎下弯后中转其他方法。结果171例患儿中,完成了TIP手术161例（94．2％）。术中测量尿道板宽度0．6～0．9cm,平均（0．72±0．06）cm,修复尿道缺失长度0．4～4．5cm,平均（1．87±0．78）cm。阴茎下弯彻底矫正129例,新建尿道口位于阴茎头部,阴茎外观类似于包皮环切术后形态,一次性手术成功率80．1％（29/161）。1例阴茎阴囊型尿道下裂伴4级阴茎下弯者,术后1年阴茎下弯复发,行前尿道延伸再手术治愈。术后并发尿道口狭窄2例（1．2％）,经定期尿道口扩张后治愈。并发尿瘘26例（16．1％）,14例经再手术修补治愈。新建尿道裂开1例（0．6％）、新建尿道口裂开后移2例（1．2％）。结论TIP尿道成形术适用于大多数小儿尿道下裂病例的治疗。对于尿道板下组织有明显纤维索带造成严重阴茎下弯者,需横断尿道板才能彻底矫正阴茎下弯,不适用TIP手术。     

尿道板宽度对尿道下裂行尿道板纵切卷管成形术疗效的影响

目的 探讨尿道板宽度对尿道下裂行尿道板纵切卷管成形术（tubularized incised plate,TIP）术后并发症、外观、排尿功能等的影响。方法 回顾性分析2018年4月至2019年6月山东省立医院收治的行TIP尿道成形术的89例尿道下裂患儿的临床资料。根据尿道板宽度分为A组（尿道板平均宽度≥6 mm） 52例和B组（尿道板平均宽度<6 mm） 37例,通过随访并发症的发生率、阴茎外观及排尿情况,观察对比两组患儿的术后疗效。结果 A组患儿尿道板平均宽度6.15（6.00～7.45） mm,B组平均宽度5.00（3.50～5.30） mm。两组患儿手术年龄（P=0.28）、尿道下裂类型（P=0.10）、阴茎头直径（P=0.11）、是否行背侧白膜紧缩（P=0.05）及留置尿管型号（P=0.30）等差异均无统计学意义。A组术后并发症10例（19.23%）,包括尿道瘘7例,阴茎头裂开2例和尿道外口狭窄1例;B组术后并发症7例（18.92%）,包括尿道瘘5例,尿道外口狭窄2例;两组术后总并发症发生率（P=0.97）和尿道瘘的发生率（P=0.99）均无明显统计学差异。两组无并发症患...     

Snodgrass尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂

目的评价Snodgrass手术方法在治疗尿道下裂中的效果.方法复习2001年12月至2003年9月19例尿道下裂患者行Snodgrass尿道成形术(尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术)资料.其中再手术者5例.5例在术中行白膜纵切折叠术纠正阴茎下弯.拔管后根据排尿情况,选择行前尿道扩张.结果19例患者中,3例术后出现冠状沟处尿道瘘(其中1例尿瘘于感染后出现),2例尿扩后自行愈合.随访中,10例拔管后2周内出现尿道口狭窄,经尿道口扩张后均缓解.结论Snodgrass尿道成形术操作简便,手术成功率高,整形效果满意,可以作为治疗尿道下裂首选术式,并适合再次手术的病例.     

Tubularized incised plate urethroplasty for proximal hypospadias

OBJECTIVES: Numerous surgical procedures have been used to correct distal hypospadias. Among them, the tubularized incised plate urethroplasty (Snodgrass procedure) has become a mainstay for the repair of distal hypospadias. We applied the procedure to proximal hypospadias. METHODS: Three patients with proximal hypospadias underwent a tubularized incised urethral plate urethroplasty. The location of the meatus was proximal penis in one, penoscrotal margin in one and scrotum in one. A perimeatal incision was made and the two paramedian incisions were extended to the tip of the glans. The skin of the penile shaft was dissected free to the penoscrotal junction and bands of fibrous tissue were excised until the corpus spongiosum proximal to the meatus was completely exposed inside the scrotum. The urethral plate was then incised in its midline from the tip of the glans to the hypospadiac meatus and was tubularized without tension. The neourethra was covered with a pedicle of subcutaneous tissue dissected from the dorsal skin or the scrotal skin to avoid fistula formation. RESULTS: The tubularized incised urethral plate urethroplasty was carried out successfully in one stage on three patients with proximal hypospadias. CONCLUSIONS: The Snodgrass procedure is suitable for correcting hypospadias in patients with a healthy urethral plate. It is also suitable in patients with proximal hypospadias.     

Effect of urethral plate characteristics on tubularized incised plate urethroplasty

PURPOSE: We determined outcomes of tubularized incised plate urethroplasty based on preoperative urethral plate configuration or width. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Records of consecutive prepubertal boys undergoing tubularized incised plate distal hypospadias repair were reviewed. The urethral plate was characterized as flat, cleft or deep, and results in each group were noted. In addition, the width of the plate after separation from the glans wings before midline incision was measured in some patients, with outcomes determined according to those less than 8 mm versus 8 mm or greater. RESULTS: Of 159 patients plate configuration was recorded in 143, widths in 48 and both in 46. Outcomes were determined at a mean of 8 months postoperatively. Overall, there were no cases of meatal stenosis and fistulas occurred in 3 patients (2%). No significant difference in results was predicted by plate configuration or width. CONCLUSIONS: Tubularized incised plate urethroplasty for distal hypospadias repair has a low complication rate regardless of urethral plate configuration or width. Therefore, this procedure is potentially applicable in all cases of primary distal hypospadias.     

Tubularized incised plate urethroplasty: expanded use in primary and repeat surgery for hypospadias

PURPOSE: We evaluated the impact of tubularized incised plate urethroplasty on primary and repeat hypospadias repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all boys who underwent hypospadias repair at our institution during a recent 3-year period. The level of the hypospadias defect, technique of repair, primary repair versus reoperation, age at surgery and complications were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 520 hypospadias repairs were done from May 1996 through June 1999. We began to perform tubularized incised plate urethroplasty in November 1996. During the ensuing consecutive 32 months 181 primary and 25 repeat hypospadias repairs were done using this technique. Mean patient age at surgery was 22 months (range 3 months to 30 years). During the 6 months immediately before we began to use this method the Mathieu flip-flap procedure was the most commonly performed technique, accounting for 38% of all hypospadias repairs. In contrast, during the last 6 months reviewed tubularized incised plate urethroplasty accounted for 63% of all repairs, including 41 of 65 primary operations (63%) and 4 of 6 reoperations (67%), while no Mathieu procedures were performed. Postoperative followup was 6 to 38 months for tubularized incised plate repair. Overall meatal stenosis and a urethrocutaneous fistula developed in 1 and 14 boys, respectively (7% complication rate). CONCLUSIONS: Tubularized incised plate urethroplasty has become the preferred technique of primary and repeat hypospadias repair at our institution. The technique has few complications as well as proved success and versatility that continues to expand its applicability and popularity.     

Tubularized incised plate for mid shaft and proximal hypospadias repair

PURPOSE: We report outcomes from tubularized incised plate repair of mid shaft and proximal hypospadias by a single surgeon. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chart review of all patients undergoing mid shaft and proximal hypospadias was performed. Those with tubularized incised plate were divided into 2 groups for mid shaft and proximal repairs. Group 1 underwent single layer urethroplasty using chromic catgut suture, while group 2 underwent 2-layer polyglactin subepithelial closure. All patients had a dartos barrier flap, while spongioplasty was also done in group 2 when possible. RESULTS: A total of 30 patients underwent mid shaft repairs, while 35 had more proximal defects. Complication rates for mid shaft repairs did not differ between the 2 groups, and averaged 13%. However, complications in mid shaft vs proximal repairs (37%) were significantly different (p = 0.04). Overall complications (53% vs 25%) and incidence of fistulas (33% vs 10%) decreased in proximal repairs from group 1 to 2. CONCLUSIONS: Tubularized incised plate repair was applicable for all mid shaft hypospadias cases and for those more proximal cases when ventral curvature could be straightened without plate transection and the incised plate was grossly supple. Outcomes were improved using 2-layer subepithelial tubularization of the neourethra. Results of mid shaft vs proximal hypospadias repairs are significantly different and should be reported separately.     

Prepuce-Sparing hypospadias repair with tubularized incised plate urethroplasty

Objectives:   Modifications in surgical methods of hypospadias repair have been influenced by social considerations. Most Japanese parents wish their children to retain their foreskin during hypospadias repair. We report on short-term results of foreskin reconstruction associated with hypospadias repair.
Methods:   Of 44 tubularized incised plate urethroplasty-patients, 42 (95%) underwent foreskin reconstruction at the time of urethroplasty during the last 2 years. After the urethroplasty was completed, the foreskin was re-approximated in three layers.
Results:   Complications related to urethroplasty consisted of fistula in two patients with penoscrotal hypospadia, and mild stenosis of the glandular urethra in one patient. Complications related to foreskin reconstruction included dehiscence of the ventral foreskin in two patients. In all cases parents were well satisfied with the reconstructed prepuce.
Conclusions:   Pre-operative information about preputial reconstruction should be given to parents if they would prefer their son to be uncircumcised.     

Tubularized incised plate urethroplasty for proximal hypospadias

OBJECTIVE: To review our experience of using the tubularized incised plate (TIP) urethroplasty (useful in the treatment of distal hypospadias) to treat proximal hypospadias. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From March 1997 to March 2000 primary repairs were carried out on 40 boys (mean age 4.5 years) with proximal hypospadias. After degloving the penile skin the meatus was at the mid-shaft in 10 boys, at the proximal penile shaft in 11, at the penoscrotal junction in 16, at the scrotum in two and at the perineum in one. The 21 patients with a mid or proximal shaft meatus were categorized as having mid-shaft and the other 19 as having posterior hypospadias. Tunica albuginea plication (TAP) was used to correct residual ventral curvature. The method of urethroplasty was adapted from that described by Snodgrass. The key step of the TIP repair is a midline incision of the urethral plate; a subcutaneous tissue flap dissected from the inner prepuce is used to cover the neourethra. An 8 or 10 F nasogastric tube is used as a urethral stent and removed 7 or 8 days after surgery. Follow-up endoscopy and urethral sounding were carried out in 17 of the patients aged < 6 years; the mean follow-up was 12.5 months. RESULTS: TAP was used to correct penile curvature in nine (23%) of the patients. Excluding stenosis, the TIP repair was successful in 20 (90%) of those with mid-shaft and in 16 of the 19 with posterior hypospadias; for all complications the respective rates were 19 of 22 and 15 of 19. The overall success rate was 88% for all 40 patients with proximal hypospadias; a urethrocutaneous fistula occurred in two of those with mid-shaft and three of those with posterior hypospadias. Urethral meatal stenosis occurred in four (12%) of the patients (two in each group); two were associated with a fistula and the other two had only mild meatal stenosis. The overall complication rate was 17.5% (three and four in the mid and the posterior hypospadias groups, respectively). The meatal stenosis was managed by simple dilatation in three and meatoplasty in one patient. Endoscopically, the mucosa of neourethra was pink and smooth in all 17 patients assessed. The calibre of all 17 neourethra was > or = 8 F and in 13 was > or = 10 F. CONCLUSION: TIP repair is a reliable method for treating both mid-shaft and posterior hypospadias.