971名性罪错妇女STD感染情况调查

目的：了解北京地区高危女性人群中性传播疾病的流行状况。方法：于2000年1月－12月，对北京市高危女性进行体检，并做淋病，梅毒，尖锐湿疣，沙眼衣原体，阴道毛滴虫和HIV的实验室检查。结果：淋病，梅毒，尖锐湿疣，沙眼衣原体，阴道毛滴虫感染率分别为7．31％，6．80％，1．44％，1．34％。发现1例HIV阳性者。结论：虽然淋病是感染率最高的性传播疾病。但是在调查的几种STD中，增幅最快的是梅毒，提示加强对高危人群性传播疾病，HIV的筛查是防治STD传播的重点。     

云南省某市女性性工作者HIV感染及其危险因素调查

目的 了解云南省某市女性性工作者（FSWs）艾滋病病毒（HIV）和性传播疾病（盯D）韵感染情况及HIV感染相关危险因素。方法 招募FSWs调查其一般人口学及行为学资料，采集静脉血进行HIV、单纯疱疹病毒2型（HSV-2）和梅毒血清学检测，采集尿液进行尿吗啡检测，采集宫颈分泌物进行淋球菌和沙眼衣原体检测，采集阴道分泌物进行阴道毛滴虫检测。结果 共收集血液标本737份，其中76份经确认为HIV抗体阳性，感染率为10．3％，梅毒感染率为7．5％，HSV-2感染率为68．1％。共收集阴道和宫颈分泌物标本各737份，淋病感染率为8．3％，沙眼衣原体感染率为25．9％，阴道毛滴虫感染率为10．6％。共收集尿标本739份，吗啡阳性率为15．6％。多因素logistic回归模型分析显示，与HIV感染有关的危险因素是：低档性服务场所服务，静脉注射吸毒，过去一年出现下腹部疼痛，生殖器溃疡，外阴增生物，从事性服务时间≥5年，HSV-2阳性。结论 当地FSWs的HIV和STD感染率较高，需针对该人群采取有效的干预措施，及时治疗STD，控制HIV的传播流行。     

1999年全国性病监测系统不同人群性病患病率调查

目的了解不同人群的性病患病率.方法在性乱人群、供血员和孕妇中分别连续抽样采集标本,直到完成要求的监测样本量,并统一进行检测.结果性乱人群淋病、梅毒病患病率分别为6.64%和4.32%,HIV感染率为1.06%;供血员梅毒感染率为0.32%,HIV感染率为0.22%;孕妇淋病感染率为0.37%;梅毒感染率为0.13%.结论性乱人群为性病感染的高危人群,应加强主动发现病人的筛查工作;供血员、产前检查妇女为STD感染的低危人群,但这两种人群易于接近,可将STD检测纳入常规工作中.     

男性性病门诊就诊者HIV感染状况的调查及分析

目的了解综合医院性病门诊男性就诊者中,艾滋病病毒(HIV)的感染状况,分析其流行病学特征。方法 2009年1月-2010年12月,对性病门诊就诊的男性患者进行问卷调查及相应的性病学检测,对自愿接受HIV血清学检测者采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)进行HIV初筛,阳性者用蛋白印迹(WB)法进行确认。结果 1 653例就诊者中,发现梅毒107例,淋病56例,沙眼衣原体感染67例,尖锐湿疣72例,生殖器疱疹30例,共332例。共发现14例HIV感染者,均为男男性行为人群(MSM),且同时合并感染其他性病。梅毒患者合并HIV感染率为35.29%(6/17),尖锐湿疣患者的HIV感染率为32.0%(8/25)。结论 MSM的性病患者是HIV感染的重要高危人群。对临床上有男男性行为的梅毒及肛周尖锐湿疣的患者,应加强HIV的检测。     

台州市吸毒人群STD监测结果分析

目的了解台州市吸毒人群中性传播疾病(STD)感染状况,为寻求有效干预措施提供依据。方法对台州市某戒毒所内2428名吸毒人员进行STD感染调查。结果2428人中,检出STD感染者143人,STD总感染率5.89%。其中男性占66.43%;无业者占64.33%;外省籍占50.35%。女性STD感染率为8.11%,明显高于男性(5.17%)(χ2=6.95,P<0.01)。以梅毒感染率最高(2.47%),其次为淋病(1.28%)、尖锐湿疣(0.99%)、生殖器疱疹(0.82%)、艾滋病病毒(0.33%)。结论吸毒人员,尤其外来吸毒人员,是STD感染高危人群,要有效遏制STD传播,干预重点应落实安全套的“百分之百”使用和注射毒品使用一次性无菌注射器。     

阴道毛滴虫在性传播疾病患者寄生情况的研究

为了解阴道毛滴虫在淋病等性传播疾病（ＳＴＤ）患者寄生的情况,分析阴道毛滴虫寄生与ＳＴＤ之间可能存在的关系,对临床上拟诊的ＳＴＤ患者２２４５人和正常健康女工１９１人,分别采用生理盐水涂片法镜检阴道毛滴虫滋养体。结果显示ＳＴＤ组阴道毛滴虫滋养体的平均检出率为３０．９１％（６９４／２２４５）,高于正常对照组检出率１．０５％（２／１９１）,差异非常显著（Ｐ＜０．００１）。前者以淋病和支原体感染者阴道毛滴虫滋养体的检出率较高,分别为３０．５３％和３８．２２％。此外,ＳＴＤ组受检者中,性罪错妇女阴道毛滴虫滋养体的检出率高于一般病例,并且患淋病和支原体感染的性罪错妇女阴道毛滴虫滋养体的检出率更高,分别为３４．６２％和４３．３２％。沙眼衣原体感染者、梅毒和尖锐湿疣患者阴道毛滴虫滋养体的检出率也高于正常对照组。     

2005-2009年深圳市龙华街道法定报告性传播疾病流行病学特征分析

目的了解深圳龙华街道法定报告性传播疾病（STD）的流行病学特点,为制定针对性防治措施提供依据。方法采用2005-2009年全国疾病监测信息报告管理系统报告的数据进行趋势及描述性分析。结果 2005-2009年,淋病、梅毒、艾滋病（AIDS）发病率和艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染率呈上升趋势;淋病、梅毒和HIV感染率从20岁左右开始迅速上升,至40～49岁达发病高峰,之后呈下降趋势;AIDS发病从30岁后开始上升,50岁以上发病率较高;所有STD病人中,男女性病发病性别比为3.18∶1,淋病、梅毒、HIV/AIDS病人以男性为主;在30岁之前女性梅毒病人和HIV感染者多于男性,30岁之后则男性高于女性。结论深圳龙华街道各类法定性传播疾病仍然呈上升趋势,目前需通过多种途径加强对性传播疾病的防控。     

苏州市男男性行为人群HIV/STD感染状况

目的了解苏州市男男性行为人群（MSM）艾滋病病毒/性传播疾病（HIV/STD）感染状况。方法采用滚雪球方法,开展两轮调查,对MSM进行问卷调查、体检和标本采集,了解HIV、梅毒等性传播疾病的感染情况。结果 2007年5月至2008年1月共调查237人,其中90人（38.0%）只有同性性行为,147人（62.0%）与同性和异性均有性行为。最近6个月内,230人（97.0%）有同性性行为,其中78.9%有2个及以上同性性伴,性行为以插入肛交（63.3%）和被插入肛交（58.9%）为主;最近一次肛交、口交安全套使用比例为46.1%、24.8%。两轮调查HIV/STD阳性检出率分别为：HIV：0.9%、4.2%,梅毒：11.2%、9.1%,肛管/尿道淋球菌：1.0%、0.6%,肛管/尿道沙眼衣原体：12.5%、14.6%,尖锐湿疣：2.9%、3.7%。第二轮调查中疥疮检出率为1.9%,未检出生殖器疱疹和阴虱。结论 MSM中HIV/STD感染率较高,临床医生应将HIV检测和安全套推广纳入MSM人群常规诊疗中。     

82例男性肛周尖锐湿疣病人合并其他STD/HIV感染状况

目的了解男性肛周尖锐湿疣病人合并其他性传播疾病（STD）/艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染状况,对其性行为进行调查分析,为制定有效的防治措施提供信息和依据。方法 2008年9月-2010年2月,对江西省皮肤病专科医院性病科门诊及南昌市疾病预防控制中心介绍的共82例男性肛周尖锐湿疣病人进行问卷调查,并采集血液、分泌物进行检测。结果 82例男性肛周尖锐湿疣病人中,HIV感染9例,占10.98%;合并感染梅毒6例,占7.32%;4例合并感染衣原体,占4.88%。男性肛周尖锐湿疣病人合并HIV/其他STD呈低龄化趋势;过去一年内同性性伴人数与男性肛周尖锐湿疣病人合并HIV和其他STD的感染率差异有统计学意义,（χ2=11.86,0.01〈P〈0.05）;与同性认识到发生性行为的时间与男性肛周尖锐湿疣病人合并HIV和其他STD的感染率差异有统计学意义（χ2=41.61,0.01〈P〈0.05）;无保护性行为的肛周尖锐湿疣病人合并HIV（χ2=8.45,P〈0.05）或/及梅毒（χ2=13.47,P〈0.05）的感染率较高。结论无保护的危险性行为导致STD/HIV的传播,需要采取有针对性且易为该人群接受的防治措施加以干预,并通过对性病的控制来遏制艾滋病向青少年人群蔓延。     

518名卖淫妇女STD感染状况调查分析

目的调查了解珠海市在强制状态下的518例卖淫妇女主要性传播疾病（STD）的感染状况，并为制定该人群性病防治及干预措施提供依据。方法由专业医师对518名卖淫妇女进行调查，取血标本和宫颈分泌物，用相应的方法检测。结果沙眼衣原体、解脲支原体、梅毒螺旋体、淋球菌、念珠菌、尖锐湿疣、生殖器疱疹、HIV等的感染率分别是21．04％、44．59％、4．83％、0．58％、2．51％、4．63％、0．19％、0．77％。结论卖淫妇女存在高危性行为，应针对高危人群早期进行检查、诊断、治疗，并广泛开展性教育，改变不良性行为，以降低性病和艾滋病的危害。     

402例混合性病感染情况分析

对402例性病病例感染病原进行分析,结果显示,同一STD患者可以同时感染两种以上性病,其中男性前4位混合感染病原依次为:NG CT,118例;NG UU,42例;CT UU,24例;NG CA,17例。女性前4位混合感染病原依次为:NG CA,37例;NG CT,16例;NG UU,14例,CA CT,14例。男性混合性病感染高于女性2.4倍(P<0.005)。以21～50岁居多,占94.03％,经性接触传染达95.03％。     

一般妇女人群中STD感染状况调查

目的：了解近年来新疆维吾尔自治区(新疆)一般妇女人群中性传播疾病(STD)感染状况。方法：2001年5月在奎屯市2个农场随机对110名普通农村妇女进行STD感染状况调查，取宫颈分泌物检测解脲支原体(UU)、人型支原体(MH)、沙眼衣原体(CT)、淋球菌(NG)等，并采血做梅毒快速血浆反应素试验(RPR)及检测艾滋病病毒(HIV)。结果：UU、CT、MH、NG的阳性率分别为30．0％、21．8％、5．5％、5．5％；29例(26．4％)有≥2种病原体感染合并存在。在宫颈炎或／和附件炎病人(59例)中，CT或／和UU阳性率为59．3％，极显著高于正常组；所有人HIV检测阴性，RPR l例阳性。结论：应加强在一般妇女人群中STD的筛查和治疗。     

Prevalence and incidence of sexually transmitted infections among South Indians at increased risk of HIV infection

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have been identified as cofactors of HIV transmission. Greater understanding of local STI burdens can assist in the development of more effective STI and HIV prevention strategies. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and incidence of STIs among South Indian men and women identified to be at increased risk for HIV infection. Individuals at increased risk for HIV infection were enrolled in a prospective longitudinal study in Chennai, India (n = 480) between August 2002 and December 2003. Participants were enrolled from patients seeking services at an sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic and a confidential HIV testing and counseling program. The most common prevalent STIs were herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 (50% of women, 29% of men), syphilis (11% of women, 8% of men), and Trichomonas vaginalis (6% of women). At enrollment, women, participants with no schooling, participants with greater than four sex partners, and single participants were found to be at increased risk for HSV-2 infection (p < 0.05). The two most common incident STIs at 12 months were HSV-2 with 12% of men and 8% of women testing positive and hepatitis B with 2% of men and 5% of women testing hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive. In this cohort of South Indian men and women with a high background prevalence of HSV-2, suppressive therapy against herpes replication may have a substantial impact in reducing both HSV-2 transmission and HIV acquisition. With the high incidence of STIs, targeted prevention and clinical management strategies among individuals practicing high risk behaviors may help to slow the continued spread of HIV in India.     

Disease prevalence in women attending the STD clinic in Mumbai (formerly Bombay), India

Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and its association with other STD causing organisms. Three hundred and thirty-six consecutive women (female sex workers (FSWs) and married contacts), attending a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic in Mumbai, were screened for N. gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and Trichomonas vaginalis. Per speculum examination was performed and clinical signs were recorded. Symptoms perceived by the women were also recorded. The mean age for married contacts, FSWs and gonorrhoea-positive women was 27.9, 29.7 and 27.5, respectively. 9.7% of the women were positive for N. gonorrhoeae, 23.2% were chlamydia-positive and 5.9% had trichomoniasis. N. gonorrhoeae was isolated more frequently from FSWs as compared to the married contacts. The prevalence of HIV was significantly higher among women with multiple sex partners (FSWs) (P<0.001). Gonococcal infection is significantly associated with the presence of HIV. A significant association between sexual habits and prevalence of gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and HIV was observed. The prevalence of gonorrhoea over 1988 to 1996 remained approximately the same.     

Pelvic inflammatory disease in the People's Republic of China: aetiology and management

OBJECTIVES: To study the causes of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in Shenyang, Northeastern China, and to assess the efficacy of the syndromic management flowchart for PID recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). METHODS: 200 outpatients with PID attending Gynaecologic Clinic of No. 1 and No. 2 hospital of China Medical University in Shenyang, and 155 control women without symptoms underwent pelvic examination, and were tested for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Mycoplasma hominis (MH), bacterial vaginosis (BV), Candida albicans (CA) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV). RESULTS: In PID patients, the prevalence of MH was 26%, of BV 26%, of CT 16%, of CA 11%, of TV 4% and of NG 2.5%. In the control population, prevalences were 5.2%, 8.4%, 0%, 5.2%, 0.7%, 0% respectively. MH, BV and CT were significantly more common in PID patients than in controls (P<0.01). One hundred and thirty-seven of the 200 patients with PID (68.5%) returned for follow-up. Symptoms had resolved completely in 64 (47%), and had improved in 68 (50%). There was no improvement in five (4%). CONCLUSIONS: The management protocol for female lower abdominal pain recommended by WHO is effective in this setting.     

Differential of HIV prevalence in women and men who attended sexually transmitted disease clinics at HIV sentinel surveillance sites in Kenya, 1990-2001

Several studies in sub-Saharan Africa have reported that HIV prevalence in young women is higher than in young men. We used data from Kenya HIV sentinel surveillance conducted from 1990 to 2001 among sexually transmitted disease (STD) patients (15-49 years old) to investigate consistency of gender differentials over time and their risk factors. Of the 15,889 STD patients, the HIV prevalence ranged from 16.0% in 1990 to 41.8% in 1997. The odds ratios (ORs) of HIV infection for women compared to men decreased by age; women 15-24 years were nearly twice as likely as men of the same ages to be HIV infected (OR 1.7 [1.5-2.0]), but risk in those >44 years was almost equal (OR 0.8 [95% CI 0.7-1.2]). The odds of HIV infection for women compared to men were twice in unmarried patients (OR 2.1 [95% CI 1.8-2.3]). This association persisted after controlling for age groups or marital status, residence, level of education, and presence of STD syndromes. This pattern had been consistent over 12 years. Adolescent women with symptoms of STDs should be a focus for the HIV/STD intervention programmes because of their high risk for HIV.     

Prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases and human immunodeficiency virus among women attending prenatal services in Apia, Samoa

There is no routine prenatal screening for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in pregnancy in Samoa. Testing for chlamydial infection is not available. To gather information on pregnant women, a prevalence survey was conducted in Apia, Samoa, utilizing two prenatal hospital clinics. Pregnant (n=427) women were tested for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and Trichomonas vaginalis using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and for syphilis (n=441) by rapid plasmid reagin (RPR) and HIV (n=441) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results were: chlamydia 30.9% (132); trichomoniasis 20.8%; gonorrhoea 3.3%; syphilis 0.5%; and HIV 0%. Overall 42.7% had at least 1 STD. Young women aged <25 years were three times more likely to have a STD than older women (odds ratio=3.0, 95% confidence intervals 2.0, 4.5). The lack of inexpensive, reliable field diagnostics remain a barrier to sustainable STD control programmes for pregnant women living in developing countries.     

Prevalence and risk behaviours for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection among female sex workers in an HIV/AIDS high-risk area

The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) infection among female sex workers (FSWs) in an HIV/AIDS high-risk area in China and to examine risk factors associated with CT or NG infection. A cross-sectional study of 568 FSWs was conducted in Kaiyuan City, Yunnan Province, PR China. The prevalence rates of HIV, CT and NG in the study participants were 11.1%, 17.4% and 8.3%, respectively. More than one-fifth (21.3%) of participants tested positive for either CT or NG. This study identifies a relatively high prevalence of CT or NG infection among FSWs in Kaiyuan. Notably, HIV infection was found to be associated with NG infection and study participants who tested positive for NG had a higher rate of CT infection. Further studies are warranted to examine the prevalence and spread of CT and NG in China, and their potential impact on the HIV epidemic.     

Prevalence of HIV and Chlamydia trachomatis infection in 15--19-year olds in rural Tanzania

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of HIV and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infections amongst adolescents in rural Mwanza Region, Tanzania and their association with demographic variables. DESIGN: Population-based cross-sectional survey. METHODS: All 15--19-year olds living in households selected by random cluster sampling were invited to participate. After interview, urine was tested for HIV and CT. RESULTS: 9445 15--19-year olds were enrolled. HIV prevalence was 0.6% (95% CI: 0.4--0.8%) in males and 2.4% (95% CI: 2.0--2.8%) in females, and increased steeply with age (trend: P < 0.006 and P < 0.001, respectively). After adjustment for age, risk of HIV infection was significantly associated with female sex (OR=4.3), never having been to primary school in males (OR=2.7), and current symptoms of genital discharge (OR=2.3) or genital ulcer (OR=5.3) in females. The prevalence of CT was 1.0% (95% CI: 0.8--1.4%) in males and 2.4% (95% CI: 2.0-2.9%) in females. After adjustment for age, CT infection was associated with female sex (OR=2.4), reported current symptoms of STD (males OR=2.5, females OR=1.9) and positive leucocyte esterase (LE) test (males OR=3.1, females OR=2.6). Eighty-two percent of males and 79% of females with CT were asymptomatic. There was no association between CT and HIV infection in either sex. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of HIV and CT amongst adolescents, especially young women, in this rural population, highlighting the need for effective interventions to improve adolescent reproductive health. The high rates of asymptomatic infection imply that innovative strategies are needed to reach and treat young people with STD.     

A community-based study to examine the effect of a youth HIV prevention intervention on young people aged 15-24 in South Africa: results of the baseline survey

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether South African youths living in communities that had either of two youth human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention interventions [(a) loveLife Youth Centre or (b) loveLife National Adolescent Friendly Clinic Initiative] would have a lower prevalence of HIV, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and high risk sexual behaviours than communities without either of these interventions. METHODS: In 2002 the baseline survey of a quasi-experimental, community-based study was conducted in South Africa. In total 33 communities were included in three study arms (11 communities per study arm). The final sample included 8735 youths aged 15-24 years. All participants took part in a behavioural interview and were tested for HIV, gonorrhoea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) and Chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis). RESULTS: HIV prevalence was 20.0% among females and 7.5% among males (OR 3.93 95% CI 2.51-6.15). There were no significant differences between study arms for HIV, NG or CT prevalence at baseline. In multiple regression analyses, HIV was significantly associated with NG infection (OR 1.96 95% CI 1.24-3.12) but not with CT infection. Youths who reported >1 lifetime partner were also significantly more likely to be infected with HIV (OR 1.98 95% CI 1.55-2.52), as were those who reported ever having engaged in transactional sex (OR 1.86 P = 0.02) or having had genital ulcers in the past 12 months (OR 1.71 P < or = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: HIV prevention programmes must ensure that gender inequities that place young women at greater risk for HIV infection are urgently addressed and they must continue to emphasize the importance of reducing the number of sexual partners and STI treatment.