头颈部恶性肿瘤的术后调强放射治疗

对中晚期头颈部恶性肿瘤而言，手术联合术后放疗能够改善肿瘤的局部控制率。由于腮腺等器官紧贴头颈部癌的放射靶区，常规放射治疗会造成持续性口干症、其他口腔并发症和患者生活质量下降。调强放射治疗是一种高度适形的技术，能在肿瘤接受高剂量放射的同时，保护周围正常组织。近年来研究结果表明，头颈部调强放疗改善了肿瘤的局部控制、减少了口干症等放疗副作用，提升了患者的生活质量。本文对头颈部恶性肿瘤的术后调强放疗的治疗适应证、手术与放疗的间隔时间、临床和计划靶区定义、患者的固定、CT定位扫描、靶区勾画、逆向放疗计划、耙区和危险器官容积剂量评价（DVH）等进行了阐述。     

头颈部皮肤恶性肿瘤的手术切除与修复

目的：总结头颈部皮肤恶性肿瘤手术和修复的临床经验。方法：回顾性分析我科手术治疗的头面部皮肤恶性肿瘤患者125例，术中作冰冻切片监测手术切缘，术后缺损根据患者的情况采用邻近随意皮瓣、直接拉拢、血管化游离皮瓣、带蒂皮瓣、植皮方法修复。结果：本组所有病例均一期修复，甲级愈合。结论：头面部皮肤恶性肿瘤术中作冰冻切片监测手术切缘有助于保证肿瘤的彻底切除。术后缺损的修复方法应根据患者的具体情况而定，其中以邻近随意皮瓣的效果较好。     

PET／CT对头颈部癌放射治疗计划的临床价值

目的前瞻性研究以评估PET／CT对头颈部癌患者CT放射治疗计划和治疗模式的临床价值。方法24例头颈部癌患者（鼻咽癌6例、上颌窦癌5例、舌癌8例、牙龈癌5例）进入本研究。每例患者先在治疗体位下作CT平扫和增强扫描，然后行FDG-PET／CT检查。由同一放疗医师和物理师作CT和PET／CT放射治疗计划。每例患者的二个计划作对比，以评估PE丁／CT对CT放疗计划肿瘤区（GTV）体积、放疗野和治疗模式的影响。结果PET／CT检查后54．2％（13／24）的患者GTV体积变化≥15％。125％（3／24）的患者发生放射野改变：2例患者增加下颈部放射野（原CT扫描颈部阴性，PET／CT显示下颈部淋巴结阳性浓聚）；1例鼻咽癌放疗后复发患者原计划放射鼻咽部和颈部，PET／CT显示鼻咽部阴性和颈部阳性，取消鼻咽部放射野仅放疗颈部。该患者随访1年以上未发现肿瘤病灶。另2例患者PET／CT检查确定有远处转移（1例肺转移，1例骨转移），从而改变治疗方案为始息放疗和化疗。结论PET／CT检查使本组头颈部放疗患者的CT放疗计划和治疗模式产生明显改变，增加PET／CT检查具有很大的临床价值。     

非常规分割放疗治疗头颈部肿瘤的系统评价

目的系统评价非常规分割放疗治疗头颈部肿瘤的疗效和副反应,为临床实践提供证据。方法计算机检索CENTRAL、MEDLINE、EMbase、CBMdisc和VIP数据库,并手工检索10种中文医学期刊,纳入非常规分割放疗与常规分割放疗比较,或非常规分割放疗 同步化疗与单纯非常规分割放疗比较治疗头颈部肿瘤的随机对照试验(RCT)。由两位研究者进行资料提取和质量评价,并采用RevMan4.2.8软件进行Meta分析。结果共检索到551篇文献,最终纳入23个RCT,包含8411例患者。其中13个是高质量研究,其余为低质量研究。Meta分析结果显示:①非常规分割放疗与常规分割放疗比较,仅分段加速超分割放疗(S-HART)与连续加速放疗(CAIR)组的完全缓解率较高,其RR分别为1.21[95%CI(1.02,1.44)]和3.31[95%CI(1.03,1.57)];随访2年时,仅超分割放疗(HRT)可提高2年总生存率[RR=1.32,95%CI(1.13,1.54)];随访5年时,总生存率差异无统计学意义;大多数非常规分割放疗会增加急性放射性副反应的发生率,但均不会增加晚期放射性副反应的发生率;②非常规分割放疗 同步化疗与单纯非常规分割放疗比较,仅连续超分割放疗(C-HRT)组的完全缓解率较高[RR=1.58,95%CI(1.18,2.11)];随访2年时,非常规分割放疗 同步化疗组提高了2年总生存率[RR=1.35,95%C(I1.18,1.54)];随访5年时,仅C-HRT组提高5年总生存率[RR=1.57,95%CI(1.19,2.07)];两组急性和晚期放射性副反应的发生率差异均无统计学意义。结论本系统评价由于例数偏少,尚不能证明非常规分割放疗可以提高头颈部肿瘤患者的完全缓解率和总生存率;但与同步化疗联合时,可以在不增加急性和晚期放疗并发症的同时取得更好的疗效,其中HRT和C-HRT的作用尤其值得关注。     

康复新雾化吸入减轻头颈部肿瘤放射性损伤的护理

目的探讨头颈部恶性肿瘤放射治疗期间口腔、咽粘膜损伤的有效防治措施，减轻其粘膜反应。方法采用随机分组实验组用康复新、维生素B12、生理盐水雾化吸入，对照组采用口腔含漱法。结果粘膜反应程度2组比较差异显著（P〈0．05）。粘膜反应出现时间、平均恢复时间2组比较差异非常显著（P〈0．01）。结论放射治疗期间用康复新雾化吸入能明显减轻口腔、咽粘膜反应，增加食欲。     

Enhancement of Adenovirus Delivery after Ultrasound-Stimulated Therapy in a Cancer Model

Improving the efficiency of adenovirus (Ad) delivery to target tissues has the potential to advance the translation of cancer gene therapy. Ultrasound (US)-stimulated therapy uses microbubbles (MBs) exposed to low-intensity US energy to improve localized delivery. We hypothesize that US-stimulated gene therapy can improve Ad infection in a primary prostate tumor through enhanced tumor uptake and retention of the Ad vector. In vitro studies were performed to analyze the degree of Ad infectivity after application of US-stimulated gene therapy. A luciferase-based Ad on a ubiquitous cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter (Ad5/3-CMV-Luc) was used in an animal model of prostate cancer (bilateral tumor growth) to evaluate Ad transduction efficiency after US-stimulated therapy. Bioluminescence imaging was employed for in vivo analysis to quantify Ad infection within the tumor. In vitro studies revealed no difference in Ad transduction between groups receiving US-stimulated therapy using high, low or sham US intensity exposures at various multiplicities of infection (MOIs) (p = 0.80). In vivo results indicated that tumors receiving US-stimulated therapy after intra-tumoral injection of Ad5/3-CMV-Luc (1 × 10⁶ plaque-forming units) exhibited a 95.1% enhancement in tumor delivery compared with control tumors receiving sham US (p = 0.03). US-stimulated therapy has significant potential to immediately affect Ad-based cancer gene therapy by improving virus bioavailability in target tissues.     

头颈部肿瘤放疗中口腔黏膜反应的治疗

目的探讨2种漱口液治疗肿瘤患者在放射治疗过程中急性上口腔黏膜炎的疗效。方法将87例头颈部肿瘤患者按随机数字表法分为2组,自制漱口液组（n=43例）和口泰漱口液组（n=44例）。2组在放疗过程中分别采用自制漱口液和口泰漱口液含漱,每次10mL,4～5次.d-1,自放射治疗开始后1周内使用,连续使用7周。根据RTOG/EORTC急性放射性黏膜炎分级标准对2组患者的疗效及口腔黏膜损伤情况进行比较。结果自制漱口液组有效率高于口泰漱口液组、Ⅲ级急性放射性黏膜炎发生率低于口泰漱口液组（均P〈0.05）。结论头颈部肿瘤患者在放疗过程中口腔黏膜反应是不可避免的,自制漱口液配制简单、价格便宜、疗效确定,在头颈部肿瘤患者放射治疗过程中可作为预防和治疗用药。     

Clinical Value of Image Fusion from MR and PET in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer

Purpose  This study aimed to evaluate the clinical value of image fusion from magnetic resonance (MR) combined with positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, using 2-deoxy-2-[F-18]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) in head and neck cancer. Methods  Sixty-five consecutive patients underwent MR and FDG-PET scans before or after the treatment of known or suspected head and neck cancer. T1-weighted and T2-weighted images were first assessed by MR interpretation, and then, the fused images of T2-weighted images from MR and PET were evaluated in a blind manner. Diagnostic performance was compared. Procedures  For initial staging, in 48 patients, malignant tumors were histologically confirmed in 45 patients. The interpretation sensitivities of MR alone and fused images for primary tumors were 98% and 100%, respectively. For lymph node metastasis, the sensitivity and specificity of both methods were 85% and 92%, respectively. Of 15 patients with suspected recurrence, ten patients had recurrent tumors, three patients developed second malignant tumors, and two patients had no recurrence. For these patients, the overall sensitivity of MR alone was 67%, whereas that of the fused images was 92%. Eight additional lesions were accurately diagnosed by image fusion only. In two patients with lymph node metastasis from unknown origin, the primary site was not detected in one patient, while tonsilar cancer was identified only by image fusion interpretation. Conclusion  Image fusion from MR with PET might be useful in evaluating head and neck cancer, especially in suspected recurrent cases rather than in fresh cases.     

头颈部错构瘤的诊治(附13例报告)

目的:提高对头颈部错构瘤的认识和诊治水平.方法:对1997年1月-2007年10月收治的13例头颈部错构瘤患者的临床及病理资料作回顾分析.结果:本组13例,其中8例CT检查结果分别提示血管性肿瘤、脂肪肿瘤或骨化斑块等.本组误诊率为76.9%.病理表现为瘤样增生,而免疫组化检查结果显示其主要成分为以脂肪为主和以脉管为主和以软骨为主的良性错构瘤.结论:目前用CT、MRI、B超等有助于临床诊断头颈部错构瘤,但确诊仍需依靠病理检查.临床上需与血管来源、神经来源、脂肪来源的其它良性肿瘤相鉴别.本病手术彻底切除效果满意.