婴儿严重肌阵挛癫(癎)分子遗传学研究进展

婴儿严重肌阵挛癫(癎)(severe myoclonic epilepsy of Infancy,SMEI)是一种少见的难治性癫(癎)综合征,由Dravet等于1982年首次报道,由于并不是所有患儿均有肌阵挛发作,2001年国际抗癫(癎)联盟(ILAE)推荐将SMEI命名为Dravet综合征,并将其归为癫(癎)性脑病组.     

婴儿癫癎发作特征的录像脑电图分析

目的 分析婴儿癫癎发作的录像脑电图（Video-EEG)特征。方法 根据癫癎发作分类法对45例婴儿106次癫癎发作的Video-EEG资料进行分析。结果（1）全身性发作包括：①全身性粗大肌阵挛8例32次发作,发作期EEG为阵发性全导棘慢波、多棘慢波或弥漫性低电压,肌阵挛与EEG相关性良好;②散发游走性肌阵挛3例,面部及肢体远端频发间断肌阵挛,EEG为广泛持续慢波及多灶性棘波、尖波、肌阵挛与EEG无相关性;③婴儿痉挛10例17次发作,背景EEG为高峰节律紊乱,发作期为高波幅爆发和（或）低波幅抑制。全身性发作中缺乏完整的全身强直-阵挛性发作及失神发作。（2）部分性发作16例42次发作,突出表现为无动性凝视,其次为简单自动症、植物神经症状及轻微的惊厥性症状。多数意识状态难以准确判断。EEG提示发作起源于额区、中央区、颞区或枕区。部分性继发全身发作5例7次发作,EEG提示阵发性放电分别起源于颞区2例,枕区2例多灶性1例。（3）不能分类的发作3例5次发作,Video-EEG主要表现为1次发作中出现多种发作类型。结论 婴儿期癫癎发作在识别和分类上都比较困难。Video-EEG监测同步分析有助于对婴儿癫癎发作的准确观察与分类。     

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1惊厥与癫痫发作性疾病,尤其是癫痫的诊断、治疗及机制探讨,一直是小儿神经病学的热点和难点问题。近年来随着视频脑电监测技术的日益完善,以前国内较少认识的癫痫综合征不断得到总结报道。邓劼等[1]系统总结了47例肌阵挛失张力癫痫(myoclonic atonic epilepsy,MAE)的临床和脑电图     

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目的 总结肌阵挛失张力癫痫(MAE)的治疗、脑电图(EEG)演变及预后,为选择治疗方案及预后评估提供参考。方法 对2005年11月至2010年12月北京大学第一医院儿科收集的MAE患儿48例,随访其治疗用药、疗效、EEG演变及预后。结果 48例中,男41例,女7例。随访时间8个月至5年5个月。应用抗癫痫药物(AEDs)发作控制42例(87.5%),其中单用或联合应用丙戊酸38例,联合应用拉莫三嗪25例、左乙拉西坦10例、氯硝西泮9例、托吡酯8例。应用促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)发作控制2例。在应用AEDs和ACTH发作控制的44例中,36例EEG全导棘慢波、多棘慢波于病程7～49个月时消失,30例EEG于病程7～44个月时恢复正常,6例遗留背景θ节律。随访发现,有认知损伤11例(22.9%)。病程中出现癫痫持续状态、强直发作、EEG持续痫样放电及发作未控制与出现认知损伤相关(P<0.05或0.01)。结论 丙戊酸和拉莫三嗪对MAE疗效好,ACTH对少数难治性MAE有效;MAE发作控制后,EEG全导棘慢波、多棘慢波发放首先消失,背景θ节律恢复较晚;合理选择AEDs治疗,多数MAE患儿预后良好,仅少数出现认知损伤。     

肌阵挛失神癫癎临床及脑电图特征

目的 肌阵挛失神癫癎(epilepsy with myoclonic absences,EMA)是一种以肌阵挛失神(myoclonic absences,MA)为主要发作类型的儿童癫癎综合征.本研究旨在探讨EMA的临床及神经电生理特征.方法 对6例EMA患儿均进行视频脑电图(VEEG)监测,2例同步监测双侧三角肌肌电图(EMG).对EMA的临床、神经电生理特征、治疗及预后进行分析.结果 6例中女3例,男3例.起病年龄为2岁3个月～11岁,平均5岁2个月.5例以MA为惟一发作类型,1例以全身强直-阵挛发作起病,后转变为MA.MA临床表现为:不同程度意识改变,上肢为主的节律性肌阵挛抽搐、常伴强直性收缩、有时可见头及身体的偏斜或不对称抽搐,持续时间为2～30 s,发作突发突止,发作频繁时每日可达数次～30余次,过度换气常可诱发.所有患儿发作期EEG为双侧对称同步的3 Hz棘慢波节律性暴发,2例双侧三角肌EMG记录到与发作期放电频率一致的节律性肌电暴发,其中1例还记录到伴随的持续强直性肌电活动.所有患儿发作间期EEG均有醒睡各期全导棘慢波发放,部分存在少量局灶性放电.治疗主要采用丙戊酸单药或联合其他抗癫癎药.随访时年龄为6岁4个月～19岁,4例发作控制8个月～3年;1例因开始治疗晚、1例未及时正规治疗并伴病程中全身强直-阵挛发作,分别随访2年半及5年,目前仍有发作,且有智力受损.结论 EMA为一种少见的儿童癫癎性疾病,发作类型主要为MA.临床表现结合发作期VEEG及同步EMG可确诊MA.早期恰当的选用丙戊酸或联合其他抗癫癎药对EMA有效.治疗不及时或伴有全身强直-阵挛发作时预后相对不良.     

肌阵挛患儿神经电生理的临床研究

目的 借助多项神经电生理技术观测不同起源和不同性质肌阵挛的临床-电生理特征.方法应用视频脑电-肌电多导记录(VEEG-EMG)、抽搐逆向锁定的脑电平均技术(jerk-lockedback averaging,JLA)以及短潜伏期躯体感觉诱发电位(SSEP),对32例肌阵挛发作患儿进行临床和多项电生理的实时联合分析及分类.结果 32例患儿的年龄为1个月～16岁,平均2.8岁,其中皮层性和皮层下性起源各14例,其他肌阵挛4例.(1)皮层性起源组:14例中11例主要表现局灶性或多灶性肌阵挛,3例还同时有全身性肌阵挛发作.11例呈非节律性,3例伴节律性肌阵挛.10例肌阵挛对声响、闪光或叩击肌腱等刺激异常敏感.肌阵挛同步EMG时程为10～52 ms.发作间期脑电图(EEG)有局灶、多灶、或全部性棘-慢波,或高度失律等多种异常.发作期EEG 8例可见全部性1～4 Hz(多)棘-慢波暴发,1例为多灶性1～2.5 Hz棘-慢波,1例无明显改变,其余4例部分肌阵挛发作伴有全部性2～3 Hz棘-慢波.JLA分析13例存在与肌阵挛相关的棘波,1例正常.10例SSEP检测中3例存在巨大皮层反应电位.(2)皮层下起源组:14例中8例为全身性,另6例伴多灶性肌阵挛发作,均为非节律性.对各种感觉刺激皆不敏感.同步EMG时程60～400 ms.间期EEG无恒定异常,包括背景活动正常6例,伴(癎)性放电者8例.9例发作期EEG无明显改变,5例部分肌阵挛发作期伴(癎)性放电.JIA分析12例无异常,2例虽有叠加后棘波,但与肌阵挛发作无锁时关系.14例SSEP皆正常.(3)未能确认起源组:同步EMG时程60～400 ms,EEG及SSEP均正常.根据多项电生理检测结果 ,确认本组32例患儿中,14例为癫(癎)性肌阵挛.结论 (1)对肌阵挛发作及其性质的判定不能仅靠发作间期和发作期EEG;(2)借助多项神经电生理技术,尤其JLA分析,能较好区分不同起源肌阵挛并确认肌阵挛的癫(癎)性质.     

轻度胃肠炎伴婴幼儿惊厥患儿粪便及脑脊液轮状病毒及诺沃克病毒的检测及意义

目的 探讨轻度胃肠炎伴婴幼儿惊厥常见感染病原及轮状病毒(RV)、诺沃克病毒(NoV)导致惊厥发生的差异.方法 用RT-PCR方法对30例轻度胃肠炎伴婴幼儿惊厥患儿的大便及脑脊液中RV、NoV进行检测,分析两种病毒所导致惊厥发作频率的差异.结果 30例中,RV粪便阳性17例(56.7%),脑脊液阳性3例(17.7%);NoV粪便阳性6例(25.0%),脑脊液阳性1例(16.7%).NoV感染患儿惊厥的发生次数为(4.33±1.75)次,明显高于RV感染患儿[(2.53±1.12)次],差异有非常显著性(P＜0.01).脑脊液中病毒阳性患儿的惊厥发生次数为(4.75±1.71)次,明显高于阴性患儿[(2.63±1.21)次](P＜0.01).结论 RV、NoV是导致轻度胃肠炎伴婴幼儿惊厥的常见病原;NoV感染对中枢神经系统的影响程度可能大于RV感染;脑脊液中病毒存在可能与惊厥的频繁发生有关,其具体机制有待进一步研究.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the common pathogen of infantile convulsions associated with mild gastroenteritis, and to study the differences between the seizures caused by the two kinds of virus.Methods RT-PCR was used to detect Rotavirus (RV) and Norwalkvirus (NoV) in stool and cerebrospinal fluid of 30 cases with infantile convulsions associated with mild gastroenteritis. The differences between the frequency of seizures caused by two kinds of virus were analyzed by statistical methods (two-sample t-test).Results 17/30 (56. 7%) were RV-positive in stool and 3/17 (17. 7%) in cerebrospinal fluid; 6/30 (25.0%) were NoV-positive in stool and 1/6 (16. 7%) in cerebrospinal fluid. The seizure frequency with NoV infection was (4. 33 ± 1.75) times, and RV infection patients was (2. 53 ± 1.12) times (P ＜ 0. 01).The seizure frequency of CSF virus-positive children was (4. 75 ± 1.71) times compared to (2. 63 ± 1.21)times in virus-negative children (P ＜ 0.01). Conclusion The common pathogens causing infantile convulsions associated with mild gastroenteritis were RV and NoV. The degree of NoV infection affecting the central nervous system may be greater than RV. The presence of the virus in cerebrospinal fluid may lead to higher incidence of seizures,but their exact roles related to the occurrence of seizures remain to be further studied.     

Clinical and laboratory features,treatment,and outcomes of macrophage activation syndrome in 80 children:a multi-center study in China

Background Macrophage activation syndrome(MAS)is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric rheumatology.We aimed to further understand the clinical features,treatment,and outcome of MAS in China.Methods A multi-center cohort study was performed in seven hospitals in China from 2012 to 2018.Eighty patients with MAS were enrolled,including 53 cases with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis(SJIA-MAS),10 cases of Kawasaki disease(KD-MAS),and 17 cases of connective tissue disease(CTD-MAS).The clinical and laboratory data were collected before(pre-),at onset,and during full-blown stages of MAS.We compared the data among the SJIA-MAS,KD-MAS,and CTD-MAS subjects.Results 51.2%of patients developed MAS when the underlying disease was first diagnosed.In patients with SJIA,22.6%(12/53)were found to have hypotension before the onset of SJIA-MAS.These patients were also found to have significantly increased aspartate aminotransferase(AST)and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),as well as decreased albumin(P<0.05),but no difference in alanine aminotransferase,ferdtin,and ratio of ferritin/erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR)at onset of MAS when compared to pre-MAS stages of the disease.In addition,ferritin and ratio of ferritin/ESR were significantly elevated in patients at full-blown stages of SJIA-MAS compared to pre-MAS stage.Significantly increased ferritin and ratio of ferritin/ESR were also observed in patients with SJIA compared to in KD and CTD.Receiver-operating characteristic analysis showed that 12,217.5μg/L of ferritin and 267.5 of ferritin/ESR ratio had sensitivity(80.0%and 90.5%)and specificity(88.2%and 86.7%),respectively,for predicting full-blown SJIA-MAS.The majority of the patients received corticosteroids(79/80),while biologic agents were used in 12.5%(10/80)of cases.Tocilizumab was the most commonly selected biologic agent.The overall mortality rate was 7.5%.Conclusions About half of MAS occurred when the underlying autoimmune diseases(SJIA,KD,and CTD)were first diagnosed.Hypotension could be an important manifestation before MAS diagnosis.Decreased albumin and increased AST,LDH,ferritin,and ratio of ferritin/ESR could predict the onset or full blown of MAS in patient with SJIA.     

全面性癫伴热性惊厥附加症研究进展

全面性癫(癎)伴热性惊厥附加症(GEFS+)是国际抗癫(癎)联盟新近提出的一种新的癫(癎)综合征.GEFS+的发作形式具有惊人的异质性,既可呈典型的热性惊厥,也可为热性惊厥附加症(FS+),还可为FS+伴失神发作、FS+伴肌阵挛发作、FS+伴失张力发作、FS+伴颞叶癫(癎)及更为严重的肌阵挛站立不能性癫(癎)和婴儿严重肌阵挛性癫(癎)等发作形式.在家系分析的基础上,目前GEFS+的遗传学研究主要集中在基因定位方面,许多研究表明GEFS+与编码电压依赖性Na+通道的基因(SCNIA、SCNIB、SCN2A)和r-氨基丁酸(GABA)受体基因(GABRG2、GABRD)的突变有关.现就GEFS+的概念、临床表现、遗传学研究、诊断等进行综述,旨在提高对本病的认识.     

特发性儿童枕叶癫伴睡眠期癫性电持续状态的临床特征及预后

目的探讨特发性枕叶癫伴睡眠期癫性电持续状态(ESES)患儿的临床表现、EEG特征、治疗反应及预后。方法对8例特发性儿童枕叶癫伴ESES患儿的临床及EEG资料进行分析,并随访其治疗效果及预后。结果本组8例患儿起病年龄为5岁8个月～8岁4个月。8例患儿就诊时均有神经心理损伤及运动倒退,均无相关家族癫病史,头颅影像学检查均未见明显异常。7例有癫发作,表现为醒后局限运动性发作;清醒期亦可发作,发作形式包括局限运动性发作(5/7例)、全面强直-阵挛发作(2/7例)。4例患儿经抗癫药物(AEDs)治疗发作减少,但其神经心理损伤及运动倒退无明显改善;3例患儿经单药奥卡西平治疗神经心理损伤及EEG有轻度改善;7例静脉应用甲泼尼龙冲击治疗,其中6例癫发作控制理想,1例神经心理损伤及运动倒退明显好转。随访8例患儿EEG 0.5～2.0 a,2例ESES现象有改善。至随访时患儿智力均较健康同龄儿低下。结论特发性儿童枕叶癫是一种年龄依赖性的儿童良性癫,若其EEG显示ESES现象,AEDs治疗往往难以显效;激素可减少临床发作,但对神经心理损伤及EEG ESES现象改善不明显。对皮质激素反应欠佳的儿童可尝试单药奥卡西平或联合治疗。     

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目的总结儿童肌阵挛-站立不能性癫痫(MAE)的临床、脑电图特征及治疗。方法对2006年1月至2010年10月北京大学第一医院儿科住院治疗的12例MAE患儿临床表现、脑电图特征及治疗效果、预后进行分析。结果 12例中男11例,女1例;发病年龄1岁3个月至3岁9个月,平均(32.3±9.9)个月。其中5例有热性惊厥或癫痫家族史。所有患儿在发病前智力运动发育正常,颅脑磁共振成像(MRI)未见器质性病变,发病后出现多种全面性癫痫发作形式,包括强直-阵挛、肌阵挛、失张力、肌阵挛-失张力、不典型失神、强直发作。12例患儿均有肌阵挛-失张力及不典型失神发作。6例病程中曾有非惊厥性癫痫持续状态(NCSE)。发作间期脑电图呈慢波背景,广泛性棘慢波或多棘慢波。丙戊酸(VPA)单药或联合其他抗癫痫药如拉莫三嗪(LTG)对部分患儿有效,促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)可能有效。随访1个月至4年7个月,7例发作已控制1个月至3年,5例仍有发作;起病后智力正常7例,精神发育迟滞5例。结论 MAE是一种特发性全面性癫痫综合征,多在5岁前起病。肌阵挛-失张力为其特征性发作形式,病程中常出现NCSE。临床表现结合发作期脑电图及同步肌电图可明确诊断...     

婴儿严重肌阵挛癫痫的临床特征和基因突变分析

目的 探讨婴儿严重肌阵挛癫癎(SMEI)的临床特点和基因诊断.方法分析13例SMEI患儿的临床和脑电图(EEG)特点及钠离子通道SCN1A基因突变筛查结果.结果男10例,女3例.8例有热性惊厥和癫痫家族史.惊厥起病年龄2～9个月,平均5.6个月.首次发作为热性惊厥9例.13例在病程早期均以反复发热诱发的全面性或一侧性阵挛或强直阵挛发作为主,其中8例有热性惊厥持续状态.出现无热惊厥的年龄为2～21个月.病程中均出现多种发作类型.发作均有热敏感的特点,诱发因素包括发热、洗热水澡和疫苗接种.起病后出现智力发育落后11例.共济失调5例,锥体束征阳性2例.EEG在1岁前多数正常,1岁后出现全导或局灶放电.头颅MBI检查异常2例.13例均应用多种抗癫痫药治疗,发作均未完全控制.卡马西平和拉莫三嗪使部分患儿发作加重.10例发现有SCN1A基因突变.结论 SMEI的临床特点是:1岁以内起病,首次发作常为热性惊厥;1岁以后出现多种发作形式和智力发育落后;发作具有热敏感的特点;EEG早期正常,以后出现全导或局灶放电.筛查SCN1A基因突变有助于早期明确诊断,指导选择抗癫癎药物.     

Absence epilepsy of early childhood —genetic aspects

Clinical and EEG family data of 140 cases with early childhood epilepsy with absences are presented. The aim of the study was to evaluate, whether the occurrence of generalized tonic clonic seizures (GTCS) as a presenting symptom might correlate with family data, i.e. whether there are indications of heterogeneity. One hundred and forty cases were selected from the epilepsy family data base of the Neuropaediatric Department. The selection parameter was epilepsy with absences manifesting between the 1 st and 5th year of age. The incidence of seizures was evaluated in siblings, parents and parents' siblings. EEG records were available from 103 parents and 106 siblings. The analysis supports the assumption of heterogeneity within early childhood absence epilepsy. Parents and their sibs of cases manifesting with GTCS had seizures twice as often than parents and their sibs in the non-GTCS group. In the affected relatives of the GTCS group early onset GTCS prevailed, whereas in the relatives of the non-GTCS group absences were found more frequently. The EEG of relatives showed elevated incidences of spikes and waves and photosensitivity in both groups, indicating common genetic factors. In parents of the non-GTCS group, however, EEG pathology was significantly more frequent than in parents of the GTCS group. Comparing EEG pathology in parents with seizure risk in siblings, evidence for maternal preponderance in transmission of the seizure liability was found. Mothers' EEG seems to be the best predictor of the seizure risk in probands' siblings. Early childhood epilepsy with absences can be regarded as an intermediate type, showing overlap with early onset GTCS and myoclonic astatic epilepsy on the one side and with childhood absence epilepsy on the other.     

Paradoxical exacerbation of myoclonic-astatic seizures by levetiracetam in myoclonic astatic epilepsy

Background

Levetiracetam is a broad spectrum antiepileptic drug (AED) with proven efficacy when used as adjunctive therapy against myoclonic seizures. We report two patients suffering from epilepsy with myoclonic-astatic epilepsy (MAE) who experienced a paradoxical worsening of seizures after initiation of treatment with LEV, a finding not previously described.

Case presentation

Patients included were enrolled in an ongoing large prospective study evaluating children and adults with new onset epilepsy in Lebanon conducted at the American University of Beirut Medical Center in association with the Lebanese Chapter of the International League against Epilepsy. Based on an extensive evaluation, these patients were stratified into idiopathic partial, idiopathic generalized, symptomatic partial or symptomatic generalized epilepsies. Whenever possible the electroclinical syndrome was identified according to the ILAE classification of epilepsy syndromes. Patients were subsequently followed up on regular intervals and were assessed for adverse events, and seizure recurrence.MAE was diagnosed in five (1.6%) out of 307 consecutive children enrolled in this study. LEV was used as adjunctive therapy in four of those children with two experiencing a substantial and dose related worsening in the frequency of their myoclonic and atonic seizures.

Conclusion

LEV should be used with caution in children with MAE and an exacerbation of seizure frequency temporally related to the introduction of LEV should alert the clinician to the possibility of a paradoxical seizure exacerbation.     

Landau-Kleffner 综合征的临床特征和远期预后

目的研究Landau-Kleffner综合征（LKS）的临床、脑电图特征、治疗反应和远期预后。方法对10例LKS患儿的临床及脑电图资料进行分析,并随访治疗效果及远期预后。结果起病年龄2～10、5岁。10例患儿均有获得性失语,表现为听觉失认。均有癫癎发作,8例有睡眠中部分运动性发作,其他发作形式还有不典型失神发作和全身强直一阵挛发作。9例伴有精神行为异常。10例均无听力异常、神经影像学异常及家族史。10例均有脑电图异常,9例有颞区限局性棘慢波发放,8例进行录像脑电图（VEEG）监测,4例发现睡眠中癫疴性电持续状态。10例癫疴发作均可用抗癫疴药物控制。经皮质激素治疗,10例失语均有改善。随访8例,癫癎发作控制均良好,5例语言较正常差。6例随访VEEG,2例停用激素后再次出现睡眠中持续放电。结论LKS是一个以获得性失语和癫疴发作为主要临床表现的儿童时期癫癎脑病。失语表现为听觉失认,多伴有其他精神行为异常。EEG常见颞区的限局性放电,睡眠期常泛化全导,并可呈持续发放。抗癫疴药物可控制癫疴发作,但对失语疗效不佳。早期应用足量皮质激素治疗可明显改善失语情况。EEG及癫癎发作转归良好,但常遗留语言障碍。     

全面性癫痫伴热性惊厥附加症家系的临床分析

目的：探讨全面性癫癎伴热性惊厥附加症（GEFS+）的临床表型及遗传规律。方法：首先对15个GEFS+家系的先证者进行详细的问诊及体格检查,建立完善的家系图谱,部分患者行EEG、头颅CT或MRI检查,按照国际分类法对癫癎发作和癫癎综合征进行分类,然后进行临床分析。结果：15个家系共196名成员,75例患有癫癎,其中64例表型与GEFS+一致（1例去世）,男性38例,女性26例,性别差异无显著性（P>0.05）。发作起始年龄均在儿童期。表现为热性惊厥(FS)者44例,FS伴肌阵挛1例,热性惊厥附加症(FS+)者13例,FS+伴失神发作2例,FS+伴肌阵挛1例,FS+伴局灶性发作3例。结论：GEFS+具有表型异质性和遗传异质性,常见表型为FS和FS+,少见的表型为FS+伴失神发作、FS+伴肌阵挛发作、FS+伴局灶性发作等。GEFS+家系中父母一方患病,男女发病机率均等,符合常染色体显性遗传。［中国当代儿科杂志,2007,9（5）：436-440］     

GABRA1基因变异相关癫痫的临床表型特点

目的探讨GABRA1基因变异相关癫痫患儿的临床表型特点.方法收集2016年3月至2019年7月在北京大学第一医院儿科就诊的癫痫患儿,并通过靶向捕获二代测序发现GABRA1基因变异的11例患儿(男4例、女7例),回顾性总结其临床表现、脑电图及头颅影像学特点.结果11例患儿中,10例为新生变异,1例为遗传性变异.2例患儿携带相同的变异,6例患儿携带国际未报道的新变异.癫痫起病年龄8(3~14)月龄,其中1岁内起病10例,1岁后起病1例.癫痫发作类型多样,其中局灶性发作10例,全面性强直-阵挛发作3例,肌阵挛发作3例,痉挛发作2例.有5例患儿具有多种发作类型.9例发作有热敏感特点,其中6例因发热诱发癫痫持续状态.2例具有光敏感特点.11例患儿脑电图显示背景异常5例,发作间期有异常放电6例.所有患儿的头颅磁共振成像均未见明显异常.9例患儿有不同程度的发育落后.临床诊断为Dravet综合征5例,婴儿痉挛症2例,不能分类的早发癫痫性脑病1例,其余3例为局灶性癫痫.11例患儿末次随访年龄为8月龄~12岁,8例癫痫发作已缓解6个月~8年,其中1例已停用抗癫痫药物.结论GABRA1基因变异中新生变异较遗传变异常见,其导致的癫痫多数在婴儿期起病,癫痫发作类型多样,局灶性发作最为常见.多数患儿发作预后好,但普遍发育落后.     

婴儿癫发作特征的录像脑电图分析

目的　分析婴儿癫发作的录像脑电图 (Video EEG)特征。方法　根据癫发作分类法对 45例婴儿 10 6次癫发作的Video EEG资料进行分析。结果　 (1)全身性发作包括 :①全身性粗大肌阵挛 8例 32次发作 ,发作期EEG为阵发性全导棘慢波、多棘慢波或弥漫性低电压 ,肌阵挛与EEG相关性良好 ;②散发游走性肌阵挛 3例 ,面部及肢体远端频发间断肌阵挛 ,EEG为广泛持续慢波及多灶性棘波、尖波 ,肌阵挛与EEG无相关性 ;③婴儿痉挛 10例 17次发作 ,背景EEG为高峰节律紊乱 ,发作期为高波幅爆发和 (或 )低波幅抑制。全身性发作中缺乏完整的全身强直 阵挛性发作及失神发作。(2 )部分性发作 16例 42次发作 ,突出表现为无动性凝视 ,其次为简单自动症、植物神经症状及轻微的惊厥性症状。多数意识状态难以准确判断。EEG提示发作起源于额区、中央区、颞区或枕区。部分性继发全身性发作 5例 7次发作 ,EEG提示阵发性放电分别起源于颞区 2例 ,枕区 2例及多灶性 1例。(3)不能分类的发作 3例 5次发作 ,Video EEG主要表现为在 1次发作中出现多种发作类型。结论婴儿期癫发作在识别和分类上都比较困难。Video EEG监测同步分析有助于对婴儿癫发作的准确观察与分类。