上腔静脉阻塞综合征患者肝脏CT异常强化灶(附12例分析)

目的 分析上腔静脉阻塞综合征(SVCS)患者CT增强扫描肝内异常强化灶的影像学特征,以提高对该征象的认识.资料与方法 回顾性分析12例SVCS CT肝内出现异常强化灶的患者资料,以电影回放(CT Cine)方式对所有CT图像进行复阅,结合调窗功能观察肝内强化灶位置、数目、形态、大小及强化特征,并追踪供血的侧支血管.将SVCS上腔静脉狭窄分为3度,并结合复诊情况评价上腔静脉受压情况与肝内出现异常强化灶的关系.结果 所有强化灶均位于肝左叶,单发多见,共计检出强化灶20个.强化灶呈不规则片状或类圆形结节状,1例呈多发结节状强化.10例表现为中心高、周边低的分层强化特征.全部病例均可显示供血的侧支静脉,分别来自内乳静脉和下段食管静脉.6例复诊病例中,2例上腔静脉狭窄减轻,肝内异常强化灶消失或缩小;2例上腔静脉受压加重,肝内出现强化灶或范围扩大.结论 SVCS患者CT肝内异常强化灶具有一定影像学特征,复查时可随上腔静脉阻塞程度的变化而发生改变,正确认识相关征象可减少误诊.     

上腔静脉综合征侧支循环解剖及CT诊断研究

上腔静脉综合征(superior vena cavasyndrome,SVCS)又称上腔静脉阻塞综合征或纵隔综合征,是由于多种原因引起的完全或不全性上腔静脉及其主要分支阻塞,导致上腔静脉系统血液回流受阻,侧支循环形成为主要临床表现的一组症候群Ⅲ。其侧支循环是近年来SVCS研究中的热点之一,现就其解剖及CT诊断作一综述。     

心包膈静脉扩张引起左心旁肿块

作者复习了4例心包膈静脉扩张的病例,并分析了其病因和X线征象及临床意义。心包膈静脉引流心包、胸膜和膈肌的静脉血,沿左心缘伴随膈神经上行于纵隔胸膜和心包之间,心包膈静脉回流到或内乳静脉、或左侧肋间上静脉,或直接回流到左侧头臂静脉。上腔静脉或下腔静脉阻塞时,其可成为侧支循环通路。但是除了下腔静脉膜性梗阻外,很少有报道心包隔静脉在腔静脉梗阻时作为主要的侧支循环通路者。作者的4例心包膈静脉扩张病因     

血管内支架治疗上腔静脉综合征

上腔静脉综合征(superior vena cava syndrome,SVCS)又称上腔静脉阻塞综合征或纵隔综合征,是由多种原因引起的完全或不全性上腔静脉及其主要分支阻塞,导致上腔静脉系统血液回流受阻,侧支循环形成为主要临床征象的一组症候群。     

上腔静脉综合征继发改变的CT评价

目的:探讨肺癌致上腔静脉综合征(SVCS)继发改变的CT表现类型及CT价值。方法:经病理证实肺癌致SVCS51例,其中7例行上腔静脉支架植入术,回顾分析上腔静脉梗阻程度、继发改变CT表现,并作统计分析。结果:①上腔静脉梗阻程度:轻~中度18例,重度28例,完全闭塞5例;②继发改变CT表现:单纯侧枝循环建立与开放14例,单纯胸壁肿胀12例,侧支循环建立并胸壁水肿16例,两种表现均未发现9例。肺癌致SVCS时上腔静脉梗阻程度不同,胸部侧枝循环和/或胸壁水肿CT显示率不同(P<0.05)。肺癌致SVCS时血栓形成7例。结论:胸部CT增强扫描是显示肺癌致SVCS继发改变的一种很有价值的影像学方法。     

双源CT对先天性心脏病纵隔静脉异常的诊断

目的 探讨双源CT(DSCT)心血管成像对先天性心脏病(先心病)纵隔静脉异常的诊断价值.资料与方法 搜集存在纵隔静脉异常的先心病患者62例,男39例,女23例,年龄17天～29岁.使用Siemens双源CT扫描机扫描,运用多种图像后处理方法,重点观察上腔静脉、头臂静脉、奇静脉、半奇静脉、肺静脉及冠状静脉等有无异常.结果 62例中共存在纵隔静脉异常63处(其中1例同时合并永存左上腔静脉和半奇静脉异常),DSCT均正确诊断,可分为6类:永存左上腔静脉29处,24处经冠状静脉窦汇入右心房,4处直接汇入左心房,1处双上腔静脉分别汇入单心房;左头臂静脉异常15处,包括:主动脉弓下左头臂静脉12处、无名动脉后左头臂静脉1处、食管后左头臂静脉1处、左头臂静脉分为上下2支1处;肺静脉畸形引流15处,包括完全型11处和部分型4处;肺静脉曲张1处,为室问隔缺损并肺动脉高压患儿;无顶冠状静脉窦2处,均为法洛四联症患者;下腔静脉中断并半奇静脉扩张、异常引流入永存左上腔静脉1处.结论 DSCT在先心病纵隔静脉异常的诊断及术前评估中具有重要的应用价值.     

以右侧乳房肿胀为首发表现的上腔静脉综合征1例

上腔静脉综合征（superior vena cava syndrome,SVCS）是指多种原因引起的完全或不完全性上腔静脉及其主要属支回流受阻,静脉压升高,或伴侧支循环形成,从而产生头面部、颈部和上肢水肿以及前胸壁淤血和静脉曲张等的临床综合征。     

多排螺旋CT直接法下腔静脉成像诊断布加综合征的临床分析

目的探讨直接法下腔静脉CT成像在布加综合征(Budd-Chiari syndrome, BCS)中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析7例行直接法下腔静脉CT检查,对所有图像进行质量评价分析。结果 7例BCS患者中,下腔静脉型1例,肝静脉2例,混合型4例,其中1例混合型伴下腔静脉血栓形成。7例BCS患者中均出现奇/半奇静脉、膈下静脉、腰升静脉、腰静脉、肋间静脉扩张。结论直接法下腔静脉CT成像图像质量较高,能较准确地反映BCS阻塞的部位、范围、下肢静脉血回流异常的病理生理改变以及侧支循环。     

癌性上腔静脉综合征的诊断与治疗

上腔静脉综合征(SVCS)80%由恶性肿瘤引起。颈、胸部皮下静脉充盈和扩张是SVCS的典型体征,后期可发生面、颈和上肢水肿。恶性肿瘤病人有典型的SVCS症状和体征,诊断上腔静脉综合征并不困难。影像学检查有助于诊断,其中CT或MRI可以确定阻塞部位和性质,静脉造影可发现阻塞范围、程度和侧支循环情况。放射治疗能使70%~90%恶性肿瘤所致的SVCS患者症状缓解。对小细胞肺癌、生殖细胞肿瘤、淋巴瘤等,能快速缓解症状和体征。本文对外科治疗与抗凝、溶栓治疗也作了简要介绍。     

主动脉弓左侧静脉变异的MSCT诊断价值

目的 探讨主动脉弓左侧静脉变异的CT影像特征，提高诊断及鉴别诊断的能力，避免误诊漏诊。方法 选取我院住院患者经彩色多普勒超声心动图及CT共同诊断的18例主动脉弓左侧静脉变异的CT图像。结果 心上型完全型肺静脉异位引流2例，左上肺部分型肺静脉异位引流2例，永存左上腔静脉11例，主动脉弓下左头臂静脉2例，食管后左头臂静脉1例。结论 主动脉弓左侧异常血管断面是心上型完全型肺静脉异位引流、左上肺部分型肺静脉异位引流、永存左上腔静脉、主动脉弓下左头臂静脉、食管后左头臂静脉的共同CT征象，不同的是血管走行，通过此征象可以提高CT对主动脉弓旁先天静脉畸形的诊断水平，避免误诊漏诊。     

肺癌致上腔静脉综合征继发病变类型及介入治疗CT研究

目的探讨肺癌致上腔静脉综合征(SVCS)继发病变CT表现类型及介入治疗价值。方法病理确诊肺癌致SVCS51例,其中7例行上腔静脉(SVC)支架植入术,回顾分析上腔静脉梗阻程度、继发病变CT表现及支架植入术后CT表现的变化,并作统计分析。结果(1)继发病变CT表现:单纯侧枝循环建立与开放14例、单纯胸壁肿胀12例、二者均有16例、二者均无9例,肺癌致SVCS时上腔静脉梗阻程度不同,胸部侧枝循环和/或胸壁水肿CT显示率不同(P<0.05)。肺癌致SVCS时血栓形成(或癌栓)7例。(2)上腔静脉支架植入术后CT表现的变化:7例成功行此治疗后CT示上腔静脉通畅,侧枝循环和胸壁水肿减退。结论肺癌致SVCS继发病变包括侧枝循环建立与开放、胸壁肿胀、上腔静脉梗阻端血栓形成,前二者CT表现与梗阻程度有关,且有助于判断支架植入术近期疗效。     

肺癌致上腔静脉综合征的CT诊断

目的:探讨肺癌致上腔静脉综合征(SVCS)的CT表现。材料和方法:病理确诊肺癌致SVCS51例,回顾性分析肺癌、上腔静脉梗阻及SVCS继发病变的CT特征,并作统计分析。结果:(1)原发疾病特征:致SVCS肺癌位于右上肺叶32例、右中肺叶3例、右下肺叶5例、左上肺叶2例、左下肺叶5例、右全肺4例;大体类型:中央型35例、右上纵隔型12例、周围型4例。(2)上腔静脉梗阻征:环状包埋11例、半环状包埋5例、夹心状包埋5例、推移10例、向左推压15例、完全闭塞5例。梗阻程度不同,前五者发生率有差异(P<0.05)。(3)继发病变征:单纯侧枝循环建立与开放14例、单纯胸壁肿胀12例、二者均有16例、二者均无9例,上腔静脉梗阻程度不同,侧枝循环和/或胸壁水肿CT显示率不同(P<0.05)。结论:CT增强扫描能全面诊断肺癌致SVCS。     

Collateral pathways in superior vena caval obstruction as seen on CT

PURPOSE: Collateral venous pathways occurring with superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction were examined based on CT scans obtained from the thoracic inlet to the pubic symphysis. Similarities and variations from the prior classification scheme were analyzed. METHOD: A retrospective review of our database resulted in a cohort comprising 21 CT scans from 19 patients. The location and frequency of each collateral pathway and the level of the SVC obstruction were tabulated. An accepted classification scheme was applied to the collateral patterns in each case. Additional and atypical features were noted. RESULTS: Fifteen common collateral veins were found that could be grouped into one to four collateral pathways. Unusual shunts, including hepatic parenchymal and pulmonary pathways, were found. Thirteen cases (62%) varied from the standard classification owing to different occlusion levels or presence of other collaterals. No statistically significant relationship between the level of occlusion and the number of collateral pathway groups was found. The most common abdominal collateral veins were those along the liver surface (52.3% of cases), although 18 patients (94.7%) had at least one collateral vein visible in the abdomen. CONCLUSION: The spectrum of venous collateral formations as seen on thoracoabdominal CT scans often includes collaterals at or below the level of the diaphragm, including intrahepatic shunts. Many collateral patterns found in this series could not be classified with the existent classification scheme.     

Computed tomography assessment of myocardial perfusion, viability, and function

In addition to coronary artery assessment, contrast-enhanced multidetector spiral computed tomography (CE-MDCT) can provide valuable information about myocardial perfusion. Using CE-MDCT, myocardial perfusion defects are often observed in the early phase of the contrast bolus (early defect (ED)), with residual defects (RDs) and late enhancement (LE) observed in the late phase in myocardial infarction (MI). However, the clinical significance of EDs, RDs, and LE has not yet been fully described. This work reviews myocardial viability and function by CE-MDCT based on our prior data by including contrast-enhanced single-slice (detector) CT (CE-SSCT) and CE-MDCT. Recently, equivalent results were obtained, as seen in CE-SSCT with images by CE-MDCT. In this review, images that were acquired by MDCT will be presented. In this work, the following items will be the focus: myocardial enhancement patterns (EDs, LE, and RDs), early perfusion defects and their relationship to wall thickness (WT) and wall motion, early CT perfusion defects vs. Tl-201 single photon emission CT (SPECT), the protocol for performing dual-phase contrast CT, classification of enhancement patterns, enhancement patterns on dual-phase CE-MDCT vs. left ventricular functional recovery and WT, changes in enhancement patterns in conjunction with healing stage, enhancement patterns on dual-phase CE-MDCT vs. 201Tl/99mTc-pyrophosphate (dual-isotope SPECT), the clinical meaning of each enhancement pattern, pitfalls of enhancement patterns and other diseases, and study limitations and the future of MDCT.     

The superior vena cava syndrome caused by malignant disease. Imaging with multi-detector row CT

OBJECTIVE: The superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction by malignant diseases is either by direct invasion and compression or by tumour thrombus of the SVC. Whatever is its cause, obstruction of the SVC causes elevated pressure in the veins draining into the SVC and increased or reversed blood flow through collateral vessels. Severity of the syndrome depends on the collateral vascular system development. Therefore, imaging of the collateral veins with variable location and connection is important in determining the extension and management of the disease. Our aims are to describe collateral vessels of the superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) related with the malignant diseases and to assess the ability of multi-detector row CT with multiplanar and 3D volume rendering techniques in determining and describing collateral circulations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We present CT angiography findings of seven patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung (n = 2), squamous cell carcinoma of the lung (n = 3), Hodgkin disease of the thorax (n = 1), and squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus (n = 1). The patients received contrast-enhanced CT scans of the chest and abdomen on a multi-detector row CT during breath holding at suspended inspiration. RESULTS: CT images revealed the cause and level of the SVC obstruction in all patients with axial and multiplanar reconstructed images. The SVC showed total obstruction in five patients and partial obstruction in two patients. The most common experienced collateral vessels were azygos vein (6), intercostal veins (6), mediastinal veins (6), paravertebral veins (5), hemiazygos vein (5), thoracoepigastric vein (5), internal mammary vein (5), thoracoacromioclavicular venous plexus (5), and anterior chest wall veins (5). While one case showed the portal-systemic shunt, V. cordis media and sinus coronarius with phrenic veins were enlarged in two cases, and the left adrenal vein was enlarged in a patient. In one case, the azygos vein with reversed blood flow was drained into both inferior vena cava and hemiazygos vein with the left renal vein. CONCLUSION: Multi-detector row CT with multiplanar and 3D imaging is an effective tool in evaluation of the SVCS and has a greater advantage than the other imaging techniques. 3D volume rendering is a useful technique in determining and describing collateral circulations in addition to the primary disease process.     

Right thyrocervical trunk bronchial artery collateral: source of type II Endoleak after endovascular repair of thoracic aortic aneurysm

A patient with an enlarging thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) after endovascular repair showed a persistent endoleak on follow-up imaging at three and six months. He subsequently underwent angiography and transcatheter embolization of a right thyrocervical trunk bronchial collateral. Examination of potential anomalous or collateral thoracic pathways is mandatory when considering treatment of a Type II endoleak following endovascular TAA repair.     

冠心病患者冠状动脉侧支循环形成的形态学特点分析

目的:分析国人冠状动脉侧支循环的形态学特点。方法:将265例冠心病病人的冠状动脉造影结果进行分析,按Levin的方法进行分类,并与之比较。结果:不同狭窄程度两组间侧支循环开放率差别有高度统计学意义(X2=14.43,P<0.001)。三支血管间侧支循环开放率差别均有统计学意义(X2=3.96,X2=4.28,P<0.05)。东、西方组冠状动脉各支病变的侧支分布的比较差别有高度统计学意义(右冠状动脉X2=9.68,P<0.01;左冠状动脉X2=41.73,P<0.001;左冠状动脉旋支X2=8.54,P<0.01。结论:冠状动脉侧支循环的形成与冠状动脉狭窄程度及病变血管有关。中国人的冠状动脉侧支循环具有独特性。     

Thoracic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma: imaging and pathologic features

The purpose of this article is to review the imaging features of thoracic epithelioid hemangioendotheliomas with pathologic correlation. The thoracic manifestation of epithelioid hemangioendotheliomas is one of three different CT patterns: multiple pulmonary nodules, multiple pulmonary reticulonodular opacities, or diffuse infiltrative pleural thickening. Without any evidence of histological malignancy, malignant features (multiplicity of pulmonary nodules, hepatic or bone involvement, lymphangitic tumor spread, and infiltrative pleural masses) are characteristic of these infrequent tumors.     

血管内支架置入术治疗肺癌引起的上腔静脉综合征

目的:观察血管内支架置入治疗肺癌引起的上腔静脉综合征的疗效。方法:对56例肺癌引起的上腔静脉综合征患者行经股静脉上腔静脉内支架置入治疗。结果:56例患者均成功置入支架,患者症状缓解。8例支架内继发血栓形成,其中1例支架内再次置入支架,7例经溶栓后症状缓解。结论:血管内支架置入术是一种治疗肺癌引起的上腔静脉综合征安全有效的方法。