T细胞亚群及粘附分子在实验性变态反应性神经炎中的作用

目的探讨Ｔ细胞亚群及粘附分子在实验性变态反应性神经炎（ＥＡＮ）中的作用。方法用兔坐骨神经匀浆免疫Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠，建立ＥＡＮ模型；同时用抗细胞间粘附分子－１（ＩＣＡＭ－１）单抗注入大鼠后再诱导ＥＡＮ。观察自然病程组、抗体注射组及对照组动物的临床病理。用双重酶标免疫组化技术检测ＣＤ４＋、ＣＤ８＋Ｔ细胞分布以及粘附分子ＣＤ５４、ＣＤ１１ａ、ＣＤ６２在ＣＤ４＋及ＣＤ８＋细胞上的表达。结果抗体注射组发病率及发病程度明显低于自然病程组；组织中粘附分子在ＣＤ４＋细胞上的表达及ＣＤ４＋／ＣＤ８＋自然病程组高于抗体注射组；ＣＤ５４、ＣＤ１１ａ在ＣＤ４＋细胞上的表达高于ＣＤ８＋细胞。结论ＣＤ４＋细胞是主要的效应细胞，ＣＤ４＋细胞上粘附分子的表达对效应Ｔ细胞进入病变组织起主导作用；抗ＩＣＡＭ－１抗体能够预防ＥＡＮ发生。     

急性缺血性脑血管病患者血ICAM—1,VCAM—1,CD62p的改变？…

目的 探讨急性缺血性脑血管病患者中性粒细胞表面细胞间粘附分子（ＩＣＡＭ－１）、血管粘附分子（ＶＣＡＭ－１）和血小板Ｐ选择素（ＣＤ６２ｐ）的改变及其临床意义。方法应用流式细胞术测定１２１例缺血患者发病４８小时内ＩＣＡＭ－１、ＶＣＡＭ－１、ＣＤ６２ｐ的改变。结果 （１）各种急性脑缺血患者ＩＣＡＭ－１均较对照组升高，Ｐ〈０．０１）；脑血全形成和腔隙性脑梗死ＣＤ６２ｐ升高，Ｐ〈０．０５；脑血栓形成ＶＣＡＭ     

抑郁症病人外周血T淋巴细胞内游离钙离子浓度

为了探讨抑郁症病人Ｔ淋巴细胞功能状况，应用ＡＲ－ＣＭ－ＭＪＣ阳离子测定系统，测定抑郁症病人外周血Ｔ淋巴细胞静息状态下及在植物凝集素（ＰＨＡ）和抗ＣＤ３单克隆抗体刺激下细胞内游离钙离子浓度。结果表明，在静息状态下，１０例抑郁症病人４０个Ｔ淋巴细胞内游离Ｃａ２＋浓度与正常对照没有差异，但在ＰＨＡ和抗ＣＤ３单克隆抗体刺激后，抑郁症病人Ｔ淋巴细胞胞内游离Ｃａ２＋上升到的最大值显著低于正常对照，且升高至２００ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ及以上的细胞比例亦显著低于正常对照。提示抑郁症病人可能存在潜在的Ｔ淋巴细胞功能异常；由于Ｔ淋巴细胞与神经内分泌系统的复杂关系，结果亦可能揭示抑郁症的某些发病机制     

Alzheimer病的T淋巴细胞功能活性检测

目的　探讨外周Ｔ淋巴细胞功能活性与Ａｌｚｈｅｉｍ ｅｒ病（ＡＤ）病情的关系。方法　流式细胞仪测定Ｔ细胞亚群;ＭＴＴ法检测ＣｏｎＡ刺激ＡＤ外周淋巴细胞的增殖功能;ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测细胞因子及其受体表达。结果　（１）ＣＤ４＋ 、ＣＤ８＋ Ｔ细胞比例和ＣＤ４＋ ／ＣＤ８＋ 比值各组间无统计学差异。（２）淋巴细胞增值在轻、重ＡＤ组略下降,但刺激指数（ＳＩ）都大于２,与对照无明显差异。（３）ＩＬ－２的分泌在重度ＡＤ组和ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ表达在轻、重度ＡＤ组明显升高（Ｐ＜ ０．０５）,ＩＬ－２Ｒ的表达各组间差异无显著性。结论　Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群变化与ＡＤ病情的联系不明显,细胞因子分泌功能与ＡＤ进展有关。     

重症肌无力患者周围血中CD4+T淋巴细胞亚群的研究

目的研究ＣＤ４＋Ｔ淋巴细胞的功能亚群在重症肌无力（ｍｙａｓｔｈｅｎｉａｇｒａｖｉｓ，ＭＧ）发病中的作用。方法采用免荧光双标记技术和流式细胞仪对３９例ＭＧ患者和１８例健康对照者周围血中ＣＤ４＋Ｔ淋巴细胞的两个亚群（ＣＤ４＋ＣＤ４５ＲＡ＋、ＣＤ４＋ＣＤ４５ＲＡ－）的百分率进行测定。结果ＣＤ４＋ＣＤ４５ＲＡ＋亚群的百分率在ＭＧ组和ＡＣｈＲＡｂ阳性组明显低于对照组和ＡＣｈＲＡｂ阴性组；而ＣＤ４＋ＣＤ４５ＲＡ－细胞的百分率在ＭＧ组和ＡＣｈＲＡｂ阳性组显著高于对照组和ＡＣｈＲＡｂ阴性组。结论表明ＣＤ４＋Ｔ淋巴细胞的两个功能不同亚群在ＭＧ患者体内发生了异常改变，与ＡＣｈＲＡｂ的产生有关。     

体液细胞免疫在进行性肌营养不良症发病过程中的作用

探讨体液免疫和细胞免疫在进行性肌营养不良症（ＰＭＤ）发病过程中的作用。方法应用免疫组化ＳＰ法及免疫荧光一步法。结果ＰＭＤ肌组织中免疫球蛋白ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＧ和补体Ｃ３的阳性表达率分别为５０．０％、３１．１％和１１．１％，ＩｇＭ与对照组相比，差异有显著性意义（Ｐ＜０．０５），主要定位于肌膜和间质小血管壁上，与肌纤维萎缩性病变有关；ＰＭＤ肌组织中有巨噬细胞和Ｔ淋巴细胞浸润，阳性反应率分别为１００．０％和５５．５％，巨噬细胞聚集在坏死灶中，Ｔ细胞分布于退变肌纤维和血管周围，以ＣＤ８＋Ｔ细胞为主，多数表达ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ。结论提示免疫因素可能参与ＰＭＤ的病变过程。     

CD8^＋细胞删除对实验性重症肌无力大鼠的保护作用（简报）

ＣＤ_８~＋细胞删除对实验性重症肌无力大鼠的保护作用（简报）张光先，马存根，肖保国，方树友Ｔ细胞在重症肌无力（ＭＧ）和实验性自身免疫性重症肌无力（ＥＡＭＧ）的发病中起介导作用。其中对ＣＤ４＋Ｔ细胞研究较深入，对ＣＤ８＋细胞的作用了解较少。本研究用抗ＣＤ...     

阿尔茨海默病患者外周淋巴细胞对Aβ1-40刺激反应性研究

目的 探讨阿尔茨海默病（ＡＤ）外周淋巴细胞免疫功能的变化。方法 淀粉样蛋白肽（Ａβ１－４０）等刺激ＡＤ患者外周淋巴细胞,测定其增殖功能和凋亡细胞比例;异硫氰酸荧光素（ＦＩＴＣ）标记单抗直接标记,流式细胞仪测定Ｔ细胞亚群。结果 轻、中～重ＡＤ组淋巴细胞对Ａβ１－４０刺激的增殖能力都显著低于对照;白介素－２（ＩＬ－２）分泌、白介素－２受体（ＩＬ－２Ｒ,ＣＤ２５）表达和Ｔ细胞亚群及细胞凋亡在各组间无差异。结论 ＡＤ病人淋巴细胞对Ａβ１－４０刺激增殖反应低下,提示ＡＤ患者对Ａβ１－４０清除能力减弱可能与ＡＤ发病有关。     

丹参对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤保护机制的实验研究

目的进一步了解丹参的神经保护作用是否与它能抑制白细胞的粘附有关。方法ＳＤ大鼠大脑中动脉（ＭＣＡ）栓塞２ｈ再灌注１ｈ后，给予丹参（１５ｇ／ｋｇ，ｉｐ）或同等容量的生理盐水（ＮＳ），用激光多谱勒血流仪及流式细胞仪分别测量给药或ＮＳ后１ｈ、６ｈ、１２ｈ脑缺血区的血流量及１２ｈ外周血中白细胞表面ＣＤ１８、ＣＤ１１ｂ免疫阳性细胞数，在再灌注２４ｈ后行脑组织ＨＥ染色。结果丹参明显增加缺血侧ＭＣＡ分布区血流量，降低外周血中白细胞ＣＤ１８及ＣＤ１１ｂ免疫阳性细胞数，抑制ＭＣＡ缺血区白细胞浸润及神经元的坏死。结论丹参的神经保护作用机制可能与封闭外周血中白细胞粘附分子结合位点，抑制白细胞与血管内皮细胞的粘附有关。     

椎基底动脉供血不足ENG,BAEP,TCD的对照研究

目的：探讨眼震电图（ＥＧＮ）脑干听觉诱发电位（ＢＡＥＰ）及脑超声波（ＴＣＤ）三项检查联合用于椎基底动脉供血不足（ＶＢＩ）的诊断价值。方法：５２例临床诊断为ＶＢＩ的病人均在发病一周内行ＥＮＧ、ＢＡＥＰ及ＴＣＤ检查。结果：ＥＮＧ异常率为８８％ＢＡＥＰ异常率为５３％，ＴＣＤ异常率为７６％，结论：三项检查联合应用，可以反应小脑及脑干的功能，为评估小脑及脑干的供血情况提供有益的信息。     

Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 modulation by tumor necrosis factor in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis

Anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antibodies inhibit passively transferred experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in SJL mice. The possibility that this occurs through interference in TNF's upregulation of endothelial cell adhesion molecules was investigated. Expression of both vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on spinal cord vessels increased during EAE. The upregulation of VCAM-1 was markedly reduced or prevented by anti-TNF treatment. Leukocytic infiltration was 15-fold lower in anti-TNF-treated than diseased animals. Spinal cord endothelial expression of VCAM-1, though not ICAM-1 or fibronectin, positively correlated with the extent of T cell, B cell or monocyte infiltration in each animal.     

黏附分子CD44在实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎中的作用

目的 探讨黏附分子CD44在实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎（EAE）发病中的作用。方法 将20只大鼠随机分为正常对照组及EAE组,EAE组采用粗制髓鞘碱性蛋白（MBP）抗原注入大鼠后足掌皮下（0.2 ml/100 g）制作EAE模型,观察大鼠的发病情况及病理表现;并采用免疫组织化学法检测两组大鼠脑组织CD44的含量。结果 正常对照组大鼠未发病,EAE组大鼠均有不同程度的发病。HE染色后,光镜下观察,正常对照组大鼠脑和脊髓无异常;EAE组大鼠可见脑及脊髓实质内小血管充血,小静脉周围有大量炎性细胞浸润,血管周围白质脱髓鞘改变。免疫组化显示,正常对照组大鼠脑和脊髓组织未发现CD44阳性细胞;EAE组大鼠中枢神经系统（CNS）白质及灰白质交界处可见大量CD44阳性细胞。结论 EAE模型中存在黏附分子CD44的高表达,其对EAE的发病可能起到促进作用。     

Expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, L-selectin, and leukosialin in the mouse central nervous system during the induction and remission stages of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis

Adhesion molecules facilitate infiltration of leukocytes into the central nervous system (CNS) of mice with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Expression of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1 (CD54), VCAM-1 (CD106), L-selectin (CD62L), and leukosialin (CD43) was analyzed via immunocytochemistry 4–28 days after the injection of encephalitogen into EAE-susceptible SWXJ mice. Constitutive ICAM-1 expression on large-diameter CNS vessels was upregulated on post-injection days 8, 11, 14 and 18 (concurrent with de novo expression on smaller capillaries and glial cells), partially downregulated by day 23, and back to control levels by day 28, Constitutive VCAM-1 expression was upregulated by day 14 and back to control levels by day 28. Upregulation of ICAM-1 temporally coincided with the immigration of CD4⁺ lymphocytes and L-selectin⁺ leukocytes into the CNS, while downregulation coincided with their emigration. The infiltration of CDA3⁺ leukocytes also coincided with the upregulation of vascular adhesion molecules, but CDA3⁺ cells remained in the CNS after ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 had returned to control levels. Cellular infiltration and adhesion-molecule expression preceded EAE clinical symptoms by a minimum of 3 days, suggesting a causal role of adhesion molecules in the initiation of CNS inflammation. However, prophylactic injections of monoclonal antibodies against either ICAM-1, L-selectin, or CD43, did not ameliorate the clinical severity of EAE in this model.     

黏附分子CD44在实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎中的作用

目的探讨黏附分子CD44在实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)发病中的作用。方法将20只大鼠随机分为正常对照组及EAE组,EAE组采用粗制髓鞘碱性蛋白(MBP)抗原注入大鼠后足掌皮下(0. 2 ml/100 g)制作EAE模型,观察大鼠的发病情况及病理表现;并采用免疫组织化学法检测两组大鼠脑组织CD44的含量。结果正常对照组大鼠未发病,EAE组大鼠均有不同程度的发病。HE染色后,光镜下观察,正常对照组大鼠脑和脊髓无异常; EAE组大鼠可见脑及脊髓实质内小血管充血,小静脉周围有大量炎性细胞浸润,血管周围白质脱髓鞘改变。免疫组化显示,正常对照组大鼠脑和脊髓组织未发现CD44阳性细胞; EAE组大鼠中枢神经系统(CNS)白质及灰白质交界处可见大量CD44阳性细胞。结论 EAE模型中存在黏附分子CD44的高表达,其对EAE的发病可能起到促进作用。     

Induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the NIH minipig

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in the NIH minipig to create a large animal model of multiple sclerosis with a well-characterized immune system. Sixteen NIH minipigs were inoculated with minipig spinal cord homogenate (SCH). The clinical course was primarily monophasic, but re-induction was possible. CNS and blood lymphocytes specifically proliferated to SCH. Flow cytometry of CNS-isolated cells and SCH-stimulated PBMC revealed a shift to CD4(+) CD8(+) cells. Pathology demonstrated demyelination in the CNS white matter with perivascular mononuclear cell infiltrates of CD3(+)CD4(+)CD45(+) lymphocytes with a subset CD8(+). Pathology and in vitro SCH responses implicate a central role of CD4(+) lymphocytes in swine EAE.     

PECAM-1 (CD31) expression in the central nervous system and its role in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the rat

The role of T cell activation associated adhesion molecules on lymphocyte traffic and the initiation of inflammation has received considerable attention. This study, using a new monoclonal antibody (mAb) TLD-3A12, describes the distribution of PECAM-1 (CD31), an Ig supergene family adhesion molecule thought to be important in leukocyte transmigration during inflammation, in rat lymphoid organs and spinal cord. PECAM expression within the CNS is confined to endothelial cells of the blood brain barrier (BBB). Induction of inflammation within the CNS using the adoptive transfer of myelin reactive CD4⁺ T cells results in the de novo expression of immune adhesion and accessory molecules in the spinal cord, while the level of PECAM appeared only mildly increased. The distribution of PECAM on CNS endothelial cells became more diffuse during EAE induction, possibly the result of endothelial cell activation. In vitro studies demonstrate a partial inhibition of antigen-specific CD4⁴ T cell proliferation following anti-PECAM mAb treatment. Treatment of Lewis rats with TLD-3A12 antibody prior to T cell injection and throughout EAE induction does not result in a delay in the onset of clinical signs or weight loss, nor does it decrease the incidence and severity of disease. These data suggest that the expression of PECAM by CNS endothelial cells is not a requirement for the initiation of inflammation and clinical signs of EAE following the adoptive transfer of encephalitogenic lymphocytes. Thus, cells requiring PECAM-1 to migrate and perform their pathogenic functions are not critical to the development of rat EAE. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

The immunopathology of acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. IV. An ultrastructural immunocytochemical study of class II major histocompatibility complex molecule (Ia) expression

Cell surface expression of Class II major histocompatibility complex (Ia) molecules is required for antigen recognition by T cells. To determine the ultrastructural cellular distribution of Ia molecules in the autoimmune disease model acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) we studied central nervous system (CNS) tissues from adult Strain 13 guinea pigs (GP). Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis was induced by sensitization with GP spinal cord homogenate in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Nine of 11 sensitized GP had clinical and histologic EAE whereas unsensitized and CFA-sensitized controls were normal. Central nervous system tissues were reacted with monoclonal antibodies to either GP Ia or T cell surface antigen using an avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase technique and studied by electron microscopy; Ia was found on luminal but not abluminal surfaces of many meningeal and parenchymal vascular endothelial cells in GP with EAE. In EAE perivascular lymphocytes and macrophages and processes of unidentified cells in the parenchyma expressed surface Ia and Ia+ macrophages encircled and phagocytosed myelin. T cells were found predominantly in perivascular inflammatory cuffs. These observations indicate that following immunologic challenge Ia is expressed on luminal surfaces of vascular endothelium and on resident CNS cells, suggesting the possibility that these cells may have active antigen-presenting functions in CNS inflammatory reactions.     

Beneficial effect of modified peptide inhibitor of alpha4 integrins on experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats.

An important event in the pathogenesis of the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis (MS) is the recruitment of lymphocytes and inflammatory macrophages to the central nervous system (CNS). Recruitment requires adhesive interactions between the leukocytes and the microvascular endothelium, perivascular cells, and astrocytes in the CNS parenchyma. Previous studies using an animal model of MS, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), have shown the involvement of the alpha4 integrin VLA-4 (beta4beta1). In the present study, the effect of a modified peptide inhibitor of alpha4 integrins on the clinical course and leukocyte infiltration during EAE is investigated. EAE was either induced actively, by immunizing Lewis rats with whole guinea pig MBP, or passively, by transfer of an MBP-specific T cell line. Treatment with the inhibitor (CS1 ligand mimic) completely prevented both clinical signs and cellular infiltration in passively induced EAE. Peptide treatment of actively induced EAE, which has a more severe disease course than the transfer model, significantly reduced clinical signs although the recruitment of inflammatory cells and induction of MHC class II expression was not prevented. The alpha4 inhibitor did inhibit the adhesion of lymphocytes to primary astrocytes in vitro suggesting a role for astrocyte-leukocyte interactions in the pathogenesis of induced EAE. Astrocytes were found to express an extracellular matrix protein distinct from fibronectin, which shows immune cross-reactivity with the CS1 domain of fibronectin. Our results show that small-molecule inhibitors of alpha4 integrins act therapeutically in EAE possibly by interfering with cell adhesion events involved in this autoimmune disease.     

The subarachnoid space as a site for precursor T cell proliferation and effector T cell selection in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

To characterize the phenotype of inflammatory cells in the central nervous system (CNS) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), Lewis rats were immunized with guinea pig myelin basic protein and frozen sections of the spinal cord with EAE were examined immunohistochemically using a panel of monoclonal antibodies against T cells and adhesion molecules. In addition, double immunostaining was performed with glial and T cells markers to examine the interaction between infiltrating T cells and reactive brain cells during the course of EAE. In the early stage of EAE, inflammatory cells first appeared in the subarachnoid space (SAS) and infiltrated the subpial region. The majority of inflammatory cells in SAS expressed TCRaβ and either CD4 or CD8 molecules. However, only CD4⁺ T cells infiltrated the parenchyma while the majority of CD8⁺ cells remained in SAS. A similar differential localization of T cells was observed with regard to CD45RC molecules. Inflammatory cells in SAS consisted of both CD45RC⁺ and CD45RC^- population, while those in the parenchyma were largely CD45RC˜. With regard to adhesion molecules, the leptomeninges constitutively expressed fibronectin (FN) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). Most SAS inflammatory cells expressed very late activation antigen 4 (VLA-4) and, to lesser extent, lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) in the early stage of EAE. On the other hand, parenchyma! infiltrating cells expressed LFA-1 more strongly in the peak stage. Double staining for Vβ8.2 TCR and microglia demonstrated an increase in the number of microglia together with morphological changes into rod-shape cells in the vicinity of infiltrating T cells. Furthermore, these cells expressed adhesion molecules, such as LFA-1, ICAM-1 and CD4. These findings suggest that VLA-4/FN and LFA-1/ICAM-1 interactions between infiltrating cells and brain cells may be involved in the early and peak stages of EAE. Phenotype switching occurring in the process of inflammatory cell infiltration may be regulated by these adhesion molecules and factor(s) provided by the parenchyma, possibly by microglia.     

IL-6 transsignalling modulates the early effector phase of EAE and targets the blood-brain barrier

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). It exerts its cellular effects by a membrane-bound IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), or, alternatively, by forming a complex with the soluble IL-6R (sIL-6R), a process named IL-6 transsignalling. Here we investigate the role of IL-6 transsignalling in myelin basic protein (MBP)-induced EAE in the Lewis rat. In vivo blockade of IL-6 transsignalling by the injection of a specifically designed gp130-Fc fusion protein significantly delayed the onset of adoptively transferred EAE in comparison to control rats injected with PBS or isotype IgG. Histological evaluation on day 3 after immunization revealed reduced numbers of T cells and macrophages in the lumbar spinal cord of gp130-Fc treated rats. At the same time, blockade of IL-6 transsignalling resulted in a reduced expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 on spinal cord microvessels while experiments in cell culture failed to show a direct effect on the regulation of endothelial adhesion molecules. In experiments including active EAE and T cell culture, inhibition of IL-6 transsignalling mildly increased T cell proliferation, but did not change severity of active MBP-EAE or regulate Th1/Th17 responses. We conclude that IL-6 transsignalling may play a role in autoimmune inflammation of the CNS mainly by regulating early expression of adhesion molecules, possibly via cellular networks at the blood-brain barrier.