高龄心房颤动患者导管消融围术期不同抗凝方案的对比观察

目的：观察大于75岁的高龄心房颤动（房颤）患者围导管消融期三种抗凝方案的安全有效性。方法选取2011年7月到2013年12月行房颤导管消融治疗的高龄（＞75岁）房颤患者85例,术前常规华法林抗凝后经食管超声检查排除左心耳血栓,分为三组：传统抗凝组30例,消融前停用华法林,以低分子肝素桥接,术中用普通肝素抗凝,术后桥接低分子肝素联合华法林过渡到单用华法林;华法林持续使用组32例,围消融期正常使用华法林,术中使用普通肝素抗凝;新型口服抗凝药物组23例（达比加群组12例,利伐沙班组11例）,术前、术中同传统抗凝组,术后4h开始服用达比加群或利伐沙班抗凝。比较三组抗凝方案围术期到术后3个月的出血和栓塞事件发生率及其他并发症。结果传统抗凝组住院期间新发脑梗死1例,下肢血肿7例,假性动脉瘤1例,出院后3个月内内脏出血1例,小出血事件6例;华法林持续使用组院内下肢血肿4例,出院后3个月内小出血事件4例;新型口服抗凝药物院内下肢血肿2例,出院后无小出血事件。结论高龄房颤患者行导管消融治疗,总体安全有效。与传统抗凝治疗方案对比,持续使用华法林方案或采用新型口服抗凝药物能进一步降低出血并发症风险,并未增加血栓栓塞的风险。     

持续性与阵发性心房颤动导管射频消融肺静脉电隔离的抗凝治疗

目的探讨持续性心房颤动(简称房颤)患者导管射频消融肺静脉电隔离前后的抗凝治疗。方法2004年7月到2006年1月连续收治行射频消融治疗的持续性房颤64例,导管射频消融前需华法林抗凝治疗的阵发性房颤患者84例。所有患者术前华法林抗凝治疗使国际标准比率2.0~3.0维持至少3周。术中完成房间隔穿刺后,静脉给予肝素5000~8000U或75~100U/kg,以后每小时追加1000U或12U/kg。术后华法林抗凝治疗至少3个月。结果持续性房颤患者中1例术中心腔内超声发现消融时消融导管顶端血栓形成,术后无血栓栓塞表现,3例术后出现血栓栓塞表现,血栓栓塞发生率4.7%。阵发性房颤患者中未见血栓形成和栓塞表现。两组病例血栓形成和栓塞比较有显著差异(4/64vs0/84,P=0.033)。结论持续性房颤患者行导管射频消融肺静脉电隔离术易血栓形成和栓塞,应加强术中及术后肝素抗凝治疗。     

心脏瓣膜置换并射频消融术后华法林抗凝治疗的方法探讨

目的探讨心脏瓣膜置换并直视射频消融术后华法林的抗凝治疗方法。方法将130例心脏瓣膜病合并房颤患者分为2组,A组(60例)行瓣膜置换并射频消融术治疗,术后服用胺碘酮治疗6个月,同时服用华法林抗凝治疗;B组(70例)单纯行瓣膜置换术治疗,术后仅服用华法林抗凝治疗。结果术后随访3～16个月,A、B组死亡各1例,均为非抗凝相关死亡。A组出现抗凝所致轻度出血5例、血栓栓塞0例,INR异常升高4例;B组分别为3、3、1例。两组比较,P均>0.05。达抗凝稳态时,两组不同术式患者华法林剂量比较,P均>0.05。达到抗凝稳态时,A组华法林剂量为(2.43±0.58)mg/d,INR为1.83±0.55。结论瓣膜置换同期直视射频消融术后患者应加强抗凝监测,根据INR适度减少华法林用量,避免发生出血。     

持续性心房颤动射频消融术中不同抗凝方案与围术期血栓事件的关系

目的探讨持续性心房颤动（房颤）患者经导管射频消融术中不同抗凝方案与围术期血栓事件的关系。方法2004年7月至2007年10月连续收治行导管射频消融治疗的持续性房颤145例。所有患者术前均口服华法林抗凝,使国际标准化比率（INR）控制在2．0—3．0至少1个月。消融前停用华法林并用低分子肝素替代抗凝。2004年7月至2006年1月消融的患者（组Ⅰ）64例,完成房间隔穿刺后,静脉给予普通肝素5000U;2006年2月至2007年10月消融的患者（组Ⅱ）81例,完成房间隔穿刺后根据患者体重予以肝素（100U／kg）,两组患者消融术中每小时均追加肝素1000U。消融后行低分子肝素抗凝3d并口服华法林治疗至少3个月。结果组Ⅰ有4例患者于围术期出现血栓形成或血栓栓塞;组Ⅱ1例持续性房颤患者因消融后第3天自行停用华法林出现短暂性脑缺血发作,其余严格抗凝的患者均未出现血栓事件。组Ⅰ与组Ⅱ消融术前后达到抗凝要求的持续性房颤患者血栓事件发生率差异有统计学意义（4／64对0／80,P=0．037）。结论消融中根据患者体重调整抗凝强度可以显著减少持续性房颤患者围术期血栓事件并发症的发生。     

利伐沙班与华法林预防心房颤动导管消融术后血栓事件的对比研究

目的对比研究利伐沙班与华法林预防心房颤动(简称房颤)导管消融术后血栓形成的疗效及安全性。方法入选符合标准的226例房颤患者,随机分为治疗组和对照组,两组患者均行房颤导管消融治疗。治疗组108例导管消融术后口服利伐沙班15 mg/d或20 mg/d,对照组118例术后给予华法林抗凝,华法林均是3 mg/d起始,根据国际标准化比值调整华法林剂量。两组患者随访3个月,比较两组患者栓塞发生率、死亡率和出血发生率。结果两组均无栓塞及死亡发生。两组均无大出血及脑出血事件发生,轻度出血事件治疗组与对照组无差异(7.4%vs 8.5%,P0.05)。结论与华法林相比,利伐沙班预防房颤导管消融术后患者栓塞事件同样有效。     

利伐沙班用于心房颤动导管消融术后抗凝治疗有效性及安全性

目的 评估利伐沙班用于心房颤动导管消融术后抗凝治疗的有效性及安全性。方法 将接受房颤射频导管消融的患者分为利伐沙班组(57例)和华法林组(100例)。利伐沙班组:房颤导管消融术后给予10 mg,2次/d或20 mg,1次/d口服,服用1个月后根据不同临床情况调整剂量,给予10 mg 1次/d或20 mg 1次/d再服用1个月。华法林组:房颤导管消融术后给予华法林3~6 mg/d,根据国际标准化比值(INR)调整剂量,控制INR在2.0~3.0,共服用2个月。所有患者从抗凝开始到抗凝结束选用同一种抗凝药物。结果 基线水平的比较除性别外其他指标均无统计学差异。两组有效性及安全性比较:华法林组和利伐沙班组均未发生血栓栓塞事件(死亡、脑栓塞、肺栓塞、体循环栓塞)。两组均无大出血事件发生;不明显出血事件利伐沙班组为5%(3/57)、华法林组为11%(11/100),差异无统计学意义。结论 口服利伐沙班用于血栓栓塞低、中危房颤患者导管消融术后抗凝安全有效。     

服用华法林治疗静脉血栓栓塞患者焦虑抑郁情况的调查

目的 研究门诊服用华法林抗凝治疗的静脉血栓栓塞患者焦虑抑郁情况.方法 连续收集因下肢深静脉血栓栓塞或肺栓塞、服用或曾服用华法林抗凝治疗的患者71例,其中正在服用华法林治疗患者(服药组)41例,已经停用华法林治疗患者(停药组)30例,分别采用贝克抑郁量表、状态-特质焦虑量表对其进行抑郁焦虑情况测评.结果 与停药组比较,服药组患者状态-特质焦虑评分明显升高(P＜0.01).2组患者抑郁评分、男性与女性患者贝克抑郁量表、特质焦虑评分、状态焦虑评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 服用华法林抗凝的静脉血栓栓塞患者焦虑程度明显高于停药患者,考虑主要与华法林抗凝治疗容易出现出血副作用有关.     

不同口服抗凝药物对非瓣膜病心房颤动患者生活质量的影响

目的:对比研究非瓣膜病心房颤动(房颤)患者服用不同抗凝药物前后焦虑、抑郁和生活质量的变化。方法:选取正在接受华法林抗凝治疗的非瓣膜病房颤患者100例,按照医生判断和患者意愿,其中45例患者口服华法林转换为口服达比加群酯抗凝治疗。根据所服用抗凝药物不同,将患者分为华法林组(53例)和达比加群酯组(45例),于治疗之初及转换抗凝药物治疗6个月后填写焦虑自评量表(Self-rating Anxiety Scale,SAS)、抑郁自评量表(Self-rating Depressiong Scale,SDS)和SF-36健康调查表,并进行药物转换前后的比较。结果:基线时两组焦虑和抑郁的发生率以及SAS、SDS、躯体健康总分(PCS)、精神健康总分(MC)均差异无统计学意义。抗凝治疗6个月后,达比加群酯抗凝组SAS评分(42.78±2.91∶46.0±2.20)与SDS评分(37.92±10.06∶46.07±4.77)均低于华法林组,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05),生活质量PCS评分(44.21±3.66∶41.42±3.06)与MCS评分(44.07±3.83∶41.07±3.49)均高于华法林组,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:与传统抗凝药物华法林比,新型口服抗凝药物达比加群酯对非瓣膜病房颤患者的焦虑、抑郁和生活质量有积极影响。     

达比加群酯在阵发性心房颤动射频消融术后抗凝治疗的临床应用

目的探讨达比加群酯在阵发性心房颤动(简称房颤)射频消融术后抗凝治疗的安全性。方法将60例阵发性房颤射频消融术后患者,随机分为达比加群酯组(30例)和华法林组(30例),观察两组患者射频消融术后抗凝治疗的安全性。结果达比加群酯组及华法林组均无血栓栓塞及大出血并发症发生,而少量出血并发症的发生率与华法林相似,两组在血栓栓塞及出血并发症方面差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。与华法林组比较,达比加群酯组的D-二聚体水平减低[(0.25±0.16)mg/L vs(0.45±0.25)mg/L,P0.05],术后住院时间减少[(3.05±0.32)d vs(7.27±0.25)d,P0.05]。结论阵发性房颤射频消融术后应用达比加群酯是安全的。     

高龄非瓣膜病性房颤患者长期应用华法林抗凝治疗的疗效与安全性

目的观察高龄非瓣膜病性房颤(NVAF)患者长期应用华法林抗凝治疗的疗效及安全性。方法入选NVAF患者按年龄分为3组,高龄老年组55例,年龄≥80岁(INR在1.6~2.5之间);老年组45例,年龄65~79岁(INR在l.6~2.5之间);中年组37例,年龄65岁(INR在2.0~3.0)。入选患者长期服用华法林抗凝治疗,根据INR测定值及其变化趋势来调整华法林剂量,使INR达标,比较3组患者口服华法林5年时的不良反应及华法林的安全用药范围及国际标准化比值(INR)。结果 5年随访期间,三组患者均未发生缺血性卒中,三组患者出血及其他不良反应无统计学差异(P0.05)。随访第5年时,高龄老年组华法林组剂量(2.89±0.52)mg,INR(2.15±0.31),老年华法林组剂量(2.99±0.41)mg,INR(2.21±0.30),差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。中年组华法林剂量(3.39±0.61)mg,INR(2.55±0.60),华法林剂量及INR明显高于高龄老年组和老年组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论严密监测INR下,对于高龄老年NVAF患者应用华法林抗凝治疗,INR控制在1.5~2.5安全有效。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.