睡眠呼吸障碍对儿童体格及智能发育的影响

目的通过观察儿童的身高、体质量及认知功能指标,探讨睡眠呼吸障碍(SDB)对儿童体格和智能发育的影响。方法抽取2014年1月—2015年12月本院收治的SDB儿童86例,其中原发性打鼾患儿45例设为PS组,阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患儿41例设为OSAHS组。另选取同期接受检查的健康儿童30例为对照组。比较3组儿童的身高、体质量、体质量指数(BMI);应用中国版韦氏幼儿智力量表评价儿童智能发育情况。结果与对照组比较,PS组和OSAHS组儿童的体质量、BMI均显著增高,身高显著降低(P0.05)。OSAHS组患儿言语智商(VIQ)和总智商(FIQ)显著低于PS组和对照组(P0.05或P0.01)。PS组儿童智力表分项目测验结果中仅在算术、动物下蛋、画图填充、迷津评分方面显著低于对照组(P0.05)。OSAHS组除几何图形评分外,其他项目评分显著低于对照组评分(P0.05或P0.01)。OSAHS组在知识、算术、图片概括、领悟及动物下蛋得分方面均低于PS组(P0.05)。结论 OSAHS与PS患儿均存在多种认知功能方面的缺陷,严重影响儿童智力发育,因此,应尽早给予干预措施保障儿童健康成长。     

Diagnosis,follow-up and management of sleep-disordered breathing in children with osteogenesis imperfecta

Objectives

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is the most common genetic skeletal disorder. Extraskeletal findings are common but an association with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) has never been described. The aim of this study was to investigate clinical features of children with OI and suspected SDB.

伴有行为异常的儿童睡眠呼吸障碍65例围术期护理

目的:探讨腺样体扁桃体切除术对伴有行为异常的睡眠呼吸障碍(SDB)儿童的治疗效果及护理方法.方法:对65例SDB儿童行腺样体扁桃体切除术,采用多导睡眠仪进行睡眠监测,并应用conners简明症状问卷评定儿童行为问题,比较手术治疗前后异常行为的改善情况和伴有行为异常的睡眠呼吸障碍儿童的护理特点.结果:OSAHS及单纯打鼾儿童存在行为问题的比率分别是52.8%和48.3%.行腺样体扁桃体切除术后,36例OSAHS儿童中存在行为异常者由术前的19例(52.8%)减少到术后的6例(16.7%),差异有显著性意义(x2=4.3478,P=0.0371);在29例单纯打鼾儿童中存在行为异常者由术前的14例(48.3%)减少到术后的4例(13.8%),差异有显著性意义(x2=5.2632,P=0.0218).结论:OSAHS及单纯打鼾儿童有较多的行为问题出现,腺样体扁桃体切除术对SDB儿童行为异常有明显的治疗作用,加强患儿的围术期护理对其临床症状的恢复具有重要的价值.     

Association of sleep-disordered breathing with diabetes-associated kidney disease

Introduction: Diabetes-associated kidney disease is characterized by impairment of renal function and albuminuria. The aim of the present study was to assess whether sleep-disordered breathing is associated with decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate or increased urine-albumin-to-creatinine-ratio independently from known modulators of diabetes-associated kidney disease.

Material and methods: Estimated glomerular filtration rate and urine-albumin-to-creatinine-ratio were determined in the baseline survey of the DIACORE-SDB substudy, a prospectively planned study of Diabetes mellitus 2 patients. As a measure of the severity of sleep-disordered breathing, the apnea-hypopnea-index was assessed using a 2-channel ambulatory SDB-monitoring device.

Results: A total of 679 patients (mean age 66 years, men 61%, mean body-mass-index 31.2?kg/m²) were analyzed. In multivariable linear regression models adjusting for known modulators of diabetes-associated kidney disease, such as sex, age, body-mass-index, systolic blood pressure, duration of diabetes and HbA1c, apnea-hypopnea-index [beta-estimate –0.2?ml/min/1.73 m², 95% CI (–0.3; –0.1), p?=?.004], duration of diabetes and age were associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate. Apnea-hypopnea-index [beta-estimate 0.01?mg/g, 95% CI (0.00; 0.02), p?=?.009], duration of diabetes, HbA1c and systolic blood pressure were associated with ln(urine-albumin-to-creatinine-ratio).

Conclusion: In patients with diabetes mellitus type 2, more severe sleep-disordered breathing is significantly associated with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and increased albuminuria, independent of known modulators of diabetes-associated kidney disease.     

Resistive inspiratory muscle training in sleep-disordered breathing of traumatic tetraplegia

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of resistive inspiratory muscle training (RIMT) on the static pulmonary function and sleep-induced breathing disorder of individuals with chronic cervical cord injury. DESIGN: Before-after training. SETTING: Home-setting training program. PATIENTS: Fourteen complete traumatic tetraplegic patients (12 men, 2 women; mean age, 41.1 +/- 14y; range, 19-56y) injured for more than 6 months. INTERVENTION: Subjects participated in a 6-week RIMT program for 15 minutes twice daily at a training intensity of 60% of maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP). The participants were reevaluated at the end of 6-week training. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Lung volume, peak expiratory flow (PEF), MIP, and maximum expiratory pressure (MEP) were measured by using a spirometry and inspiratory force meter, respectively. Capnography was used to monitor nocturnal pulse oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO(2)) and end-tidal carbon dioxide tension level (ETCO(2)) of the patients. RESULTS: The maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) and MIP of individuals with chronic cervical cord injury substantially improved after RIMT. MIP increased from -68.7 +/- 27.4cmH(2)O to -77.3 +/- 24.0cmH(2)O and MVV rose from 62.7 +/- 33.2L to 73.4 +/- 31.3L (P <.05). Despite increasing from 3.5 +/- 1.8L/s to 4.0 +/- 1.7L/s, PEF was statistically insignificant. For the individuals with improved MIP, the duration of ETCO(2) greater than 48mmHg reduced from 2.2% +/- 3.3% to 1.0% +/- 2.0% of total sleep time (P =.05) and that of SpO(2) less than 90% significantly declined from 1.8% +/- 2.8% to 1.3% +/- 2.4% of total sleep time (P <.05). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that RIMT can enhance the respiratory muscle strength and endurance of chronic tetraplegia and further ameliorate the sleep-induced breathing disorder. Therefore, RIMT is suggested as a home program for patients with sleep-disordered breathing.     

Stroke and sleep-disordered breathing: A relationship under construction

The association between sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and cardiovascular risk has been the focus of attention in recent years. Sleep disorders are emerging risk factors for cardiovascular disease and have been related to the whole spectrum of stroke, including transient ischemic attack, ischemic cerebral infarction and intracerebral haemorrhage. It has been shown that lacunar stroke or lacunar infarctions affecting the internal capsule or the protuberance are associated with a higher frequency of SDB. Acute stroke patients with associated SDB have a worse prognosis and a higher mortality as compared to patients with first-ever stroke without SDB. Preliminary studies provide evidence of the usefulness of treatment with continuous positive airway pressure when SDB is present in stroke patients.     

神经肌肉疾病患者睡眠呼吸障碍特点与干预措施

目的:睡眠呼吸障碍在神经肌肉疾病患者中相当普遍,严重影响了患者的生活质量,综述有关神经肌肉病睡眠呼吸障碍的文献,总结神经肌肉疾病患者睡眠呼吸障碍的特点、发病机制及其干预措施。资料来源:应用计算机检索Pubmed和Neurology数据库2000-01/2005-12有关神经肌肉疾病睡眠呼吸障碍方面的文章,检索词“sleep-disorderedbreathing,neuromusculardisease”,并限定文章语言种类为English。资料选择:选取包括神经肌肉疾病睡眠呼吸障碍的特点,治疗进展等相关方面的文献。纳入标准:①设立对照,②临床试验详细介绍了观察参数及结果;综述类的文章被排除在外。资料提炼:共检索88篇关于神经肌肉疾病方面的文章,17篇符合纳入标准,其余71篇或因不涉及睡眠呼吸障碍,或因是综述类、个案报道和护理方面文章故没有采用。资料综合:①睡眠呼吸障碍即睡眠期出现的呼吸暂停或低通气表现。神经肌肉疾病睡眠呼吸障碍最易发生在快眼动相睡眠期,其最常见的表现形式是通气不足。②神经肌肉疾病睡眠呼吸障碍不仅与疾病本身有关还与其他许多可能的机制有关。许多神经肌肉疾病引起睡眠障碍夜间通气不足和慢性呼吸衰竭。③有睡眠呼吸障碍的神经肌肉病患者往往是通过临床来早期诊断的,肺活量的测定是判定呼吸肌无力最简单最快的方法。神经肌肉疾病睡眠呼吸障碍可通过全夜多导睡眠仪确诊。④神经肌肉疾病睡眠呼吸障碍在早期诊断后可通过使用非侵袭性正压通气辅助治疗,改善患者生活质量,延长生命。结论:神经肌肉疾病睡眠呼吸障碍不仅与疾病本身有关还与其他许多可能的机制有关。近5年关于神经肌肉疾病睡眠呼吸障碍特点,发病机制及干预方面均取得了一定进展。弄清楚治疗的对象、时间、长期效果、受益于非创伤性正压通气的生理机制、患者下一次治疗的间隔时间、患者对正压通气的耐受性和顺应性以及对血气异常的长期影响等将是以后尚需进一步研究的内容。     

Common sleep problems in ICU: heart failure and sleep-disordered breathing syndromes

Ventilation during sleep is under tight metabolic control, and can be destabilized by upper airway obstruction leading to snoring or obstructive apneas, inadequate respiratory pump muscle activity leading to hypoventilation, and central control instability leading to changes in metabolic feedback and loop gain. These three physiologic disturbances can lead to obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS), hypoventilation syndromes, and periodic breathing. OSAHS places a strain on the cardiac output by virtue of hypoxemia, large negative intrathoracic pressures, and high swings in systemic blood pressure. Periodic breathing, also known as central sleep apnea with Cheyne-Stokes pattern of respiration, is likely to be a product of advanced heart failure.     

神经肌肉疾病患者睡眠呼吸障碍特点与干预措施

目的：睡眠呼吸障碍在神经肌肉疾病患者中相当普遍，严重影响了患者的生活质量，综述有关神经肌肉病睡眠呼吸障碍的文献，总结神经肌肉疾病患者睡眠呼吸障碍的特点、发病机制及其干预措施。资料来源：应用计算机检索Pubmed和Neurology数据库2000-01／2005—12有关神经肌肉疾病睡眠呼吸障碍方面的文章。检索词“sleep-disordered breathing，neuromuscular disease”，并限定文章语言种类为English。资料选择：选取包括神经肌肉疾病睡眠呼吸障碍的特点，治疗进展等相关方面的文献。纳入标准：①设立对照，②临床试验详细介绍了观察参数及结果；综述类的文章被排除在外。资料提炼：共检索88篇关于神经肌肉疾病方面的文章，17篇符合纳入标准，其余71篇或因不涉及睡眠呼吸障碍，或因是综述类、个案报道和护理方面文章故没有采用。资料综合：①睡眠呼吸障碍即睡眠期出现的呼吸暂停或低通气表现。神经肌肉疾病睡眠呼吸障碍最易发生在快眼动相睡眠期，其最常见的表现形式是通气不足。②神经肌肉疾病睡眠呼吸障碍不仅与疾病本身有关还与其他许多可能的机制有关。许多神经肌肉疾病引起睡眠障碍夜间通气不足和慢性呼吸衰竭。③有睡眠呼吸障碍的神经肌肉病患者往往是通过临床来早期诊断的，肺活量的测定是判定呼吸肌无力最简单最快的方法。神经肌肉疾病睡眠呼吸障碍可通过全夜多导睡眠仪确诊。④神经肌肉疾病睡眠呼吸障碍在早期诊断后可通过使用非侵袭性正压通气辅助治疗，改善患者生活质量，延长生命。结论：神经肌肉疾病睡眠呼吸障碍不仅与疾病本身有关还与其他许多可能的机制有关。近5年关于神经肌肉疾病睡眠呼吸障碍特点，发病机制及干预方面均取得了一定进展。弄清楚治疗的对象、时间、长期效果、受益于非刨伤性正压通气的生理机制、患者下一次治疗的间隔时间、患者对正压通气的耐受性和顺应性以及对血气异常的长期影响等将是以后尚需进一步研究的内容。     

急性脑血管病与睡眠呼吸障碍的关系研究

目的　探讨急性脑血管病与睡眠呼吸障碍(SDB)的关系。方法　利用多导睡眠图(PSG)对86例急性脑血管病患者进行睡眠全程监测,并选择年龄、性别和体重指数(BMI)相当的健康体检者50例作为正常对照组。结果　研究组睡眠结构紊乱,表现为睡眠效率降低、深睡期和快速眼动(REM)睡眠时间减少、浅睡时间延长,与正常对照组比较,均有显著性差异(均为P<0. 01);同时与正常对照组比较,研究组夜间鼾声指数和呼吸紊乱指数(RDI)明显增高(均为P<0. 01),氧减指数(ODI)和动脉血氧饱和度(SaO2 )明显降低(均为P<0. 01),其中58例(67. 44% )诊断为阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征。研究组中睡眠发病率明显高于清晨觉醒后和活动时(均为P<0. 01)。结论　睡眠呼吸障碍,尤其是阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)与急性脑血管病的关系密切,既是其发病的独立危险因素,又是其结果;早期诊治睡眠呼吸障碍对于脑血管病的预防、治疗和康复有重要意义。     

Obstructive sleep apnea in children

Obstructive sleep-disordered breathing is common in children. From 3 percent to 12 percent of children snore, while obstructive sleep apnea syndrome affects 1 percent to 10 percent of children. The majority of these children have mild symptoms, and many outgrow the condition. Consequences of untreated obstructive sleep apnea include failure to thrive, enuresis, attention-deficit disorder, behavior problems, poor academic performance, and cardiopulmonary disease. The most common etiology of obstructive sleep apnea is adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Clinical diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea is reliable; however, the gold standard evaluation is overnight polysomnography. Treatment includes the use of continuous positive airway pressure and weight loss in obese children. These alternatives are tolerated poorly in children and rarely are considered primary therapy. Adenotonsillectomy is curative in most patients. Children with craniofacial syndromes, neuromuscular diseases, medical comorbidities, or severe obstructive sleep apnea, and those younger than three years are at increased risk of developing postoperative complications and should be monitored overnight in the hospital.     

Use of thoracic impedance sensors to screen for sleep-disordered breathing in patients with cardiovascular disease

Screening patients for the possibility of sleep apnoea, one of the most common forms of sleep-disordered breathing, requires measurement of respiration. We propose a simple method to estimate the amplitude modulation of a respiratory tidal volume, using a semi-quantitative measure of respiration based on thoracic impedance (TI). Because respiratory volume changes may be accommodated by varying displacements of the rib cage (RC) and abdomen (AB), the latter produced by outward motion of the diaphragm, it is necessary for any useful measure of respiration to be closely related to both RC and AB displacements. Because the relative contributions of RC and AB displacements to respiratory tidal volume vary in different body positions, the present measurements were recorded from subjects in supine, and right and left lateral decubitus postures. We observed a clear linear relationship between TI and both RC and AB signals in all three body positions. There were no statistically significant differences between observed relationships between TI and AB and between TI and RC, and these relationships were independent of the body position. TI sensors appear to be a useful candidate for a simple method of screening for sleep apnoea, especially in a cardiology clinical setting. Further investigation is warranted for the refinement of algorithms to detect changes in amplitude modulation occurring with apnoeas and to remove artefacts due to gross body movements.     

一体化诊疗服务模式在睡眠呼吸疾患2100例诊疗中的应用

目的 探讨睡眠呼吸疾患的诊疗服务模式.方法 采用多学科参与的一体化诊疗服务模式对"四川省睡眠呼吸疾患诊疗中心"2100例睡眠呼吸疾患患者进行诊断与治疗.结果 诊断单纯性鼾症482例,OSAHS轻度275例、中度527例、重度816例;治疗半年后复查疗效,显效926例(63%),有效413例(28%),无效127例(9%),失访152例.结论 一体化诊疗服务模式方便了患者,把控了诊疗质量,有着良好发展前景.