遵义市城区3种生吃蔬菜中肠道致病菌调查

目的 了解遵义市城区生吃蔬菜中沙门菌和志贺菌的污染状况,为该市生吃蔬菜卫生状况做出评价,以预防食源性疾病的暴发. 方法 样品采自遵义市较大的农贸市场中的个体菜农,按照卫生部有关规定,采取随机抽样的方法进行采集样品,对样本进行不同次数的日常清洗后,依据GB/T4789-2008,分别进行大肠菌群、沙门菌以及志贺菌分离培养、革兰染色、生化反应及因子血清学鉴定. 结果 检测葱、香菜以及生菜共135份,共检测出大肠菌群106株,总检出率78.52％,其95％置信区间为77.83％～85.45％,肠道致病菌47株,总检出率34.81％,其95％置信区间为26.78％～42.85％;其中两次清洗组大肠菌群检出率86.78％,肠道致病菌检出率53.33％,检出沙门菌15株,检出率33.33％,志贺菌9株,检出率20.00％;三次清洗组中大肠菌群检出率68.93％,肠道致病菌检出率37.78％,其中检出沙门菌11株,检出率24.44％,志贺菌6株,检出率13.34％;五次清洗组中大肠菌群检出率30.23％,肠道致病菌检出率13.33％,其中检出沙门菌5株,检出率11.11％,志贺菌1株,检出率2.22％.沙门菌在生吃蔬菜中污染率最高（22.96％）,而生菜带菌率较高;在不同清洗组中,清洗次数越多的组,其致病菌检出率越低（P＜0.005）. 结论 遵义市城区生吃蔬菜存在明显的食源性致病菌污染,建议有关部门加强对生食蔬菜安全监督和管理,制定相关标准,建立完善的食品安全监测体系.     

遵义市城区3种生吃蔬菜中肠道致病菌调查

目的 了解遵义市城区生吃蔬菜中沙门菌和志贺菌的污染状况,为该市生吃蔬菜卫生状况做出评价,以预防食源性疾病的暴发. 方法 样品采自遵义市较大的农贸市场中的个体菜农,按照卫生部有关规定,采取随机抽样的方法进行采集样品,对样本进行不同次数的日常清洗后,依据GB/T4789-2008,分别进行大肠菌群、沙门菌以及志贺菌分离培养、革兰染色、生化反应及因子血清学鉴定. 结果 检测葱、香菜以及生菜共135份,共检测出大肠菌群106株,总检出率78.52％,其95％置信区间为77.83％～85.45％,肠道致病菌47株,总检出率34.81％,其95％置信区间为26.78％～42.85％;其中两次清洗组大肠菌群检出率86.78％,肠道致病菌检出率53.33％,检出沙门菌15株,检出率33.33％,志贺菌9株,检出率20.00％;三次清洗组中大肠菌群检出率68.93％,肠道致病菌检出率37.78％,其中检出沙门菌11株,检出率24.44％,志贺菌6株,检出率13.34％;五次清洗组中大肠菌群检出率30.23％,肠道致病菌检出率13.33％,其中检出沙门菌5株,检出率11.11％,志贺菌1株,检出率2.22％.沙门菌在生吃蔬菜中污染率最高（22.96％）,而生菜带菌率较高;在不同清洗组中,清洗次数越多的组,其致病菌检出率越低（P＜0.005）. 结论 遵义市城区生吃蔬菜存在明显的食源性致病菌污染,建议有关部门加强对生食蔬菜安全监督和管理,制定相关标准,建立完善的食品安全监测体系.     

2011年沧州市食源性致病菌污染状况调查

目的了解2011年沧州市食品中致病菌的污染状况,为该市食源性疾病和食物中毒监测提供科学依据。方法依据2011年全国食源性致病菌监测技术指南,对10类食品进行菌落总数、大肠菌群、霉菌、沙门菌、副溶血性弧菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、大肠杆菌O157:H7、金黄色葡萄球菌、志贺菌、阪崎肠杆菌等11种致病菌分离、生化及血清型鉴定。结果 466份样品分别检测不同致病菌2 030份,检出致病菌24株,致病菌检出率为1.2%(24/2 030)。其中沙门菌8株,检出率为1.7%(8/466);副溶血性弧菌2株,检出率9.5%(2/21);单核细胞增生李斯特菌11株,检出率为2.6%(11/426);金黄色葡萄球菌1株,检出率为0.2%(1/445);蜡样芽孢杆菌2株,检出率为2.2%(2/90);大肠杆菌O157:H7、志贺菌、阪崎肠杆菌未检出。结论 2011年沧州市食品中存在食源性致病菌的污染,其中凉拌菜污染较重。希望卫生监督部门加大对上述产品流通、销售和餐饮的管理,防止食源性疾病的发生。     

广州市海珠区网吧微生物污染状况调查

目的：了解广州市海珠区网吧微生物污染状况。方法：抽取广州市海珠区24间网吧，采集24份空气样品和72台计算机的键盘、鼠标样品，参照《公共场所卫生标准检验方法》检测以下指标：空气中细菌、空气中溶血性链球菌、细菌总数、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠菌群、沙门菌、乙肝表面抗原。结果：24间网吧空气沉降的细菌总数及溶血性链球菌数均值分别为819cfu/m^3和34cfu/m^3；72台计算机键盘和鼠标表面细菌总数均值分别为5787cfu/份和1738cfu/份；键盘、鼠标表面共144份样品中金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠菌群、沙门菌、乙肝表面抗原的检出率分别为5．6％、9．0％、2．1％、0．0％。结论：广州市海珠区网吧的卫生状况不容乐观，各有关部门应加强管理和做好消毒工作。     

昌平区餐饮业冷荤间熟肉类制品卫生状况调查

目的:了解本区自开展委托检测以来餐饮业冷荤间熟肉类制品的卫生状况,探索影响熟肉类制品卫生状况的因素。方法:检测所采样品的细菌总数、大肠菌群、致病菌(沙门菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及志贺菌)。结果:熟肉类样品检测合格率由高到低依次为冬季、秋季、春季、夏季;菌落总数、大肠菌群、致病菌的超标率分别为53.4%、17.7%、0%。结论:餐饮业冷荤间熟肉类制品委托检测结果合格率偏低,应加强卫生监管。     

2011年-2013年泰安市市售膨化食品卫生状况检测分析

目的了解泰安市市售膨化食品的卫生状况及食源性致病菌污染状况,为预防和控制食源性疾病提供科学依据。方法依据GB 4789-2010对市售膨化食品进行菌落总数、大肠菌群及致病菌检测。结果 2011年-2013年共检测膨化食品283份,总合格率为84.5%(239/283)。3年合格率差异无统计学意义。薯片、虾条、雪饼、爆米花4类膨化食品合格率差异无统计学意义。不同卫生指标合格率:菌落总数为86.6%、大肠菌群为98.2%、致病菌为95.8%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=35.266,P0.001)。不同致病菌检出情况:沙门菌、志贺菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的检出率分别为0.7%、0.0%、3.5%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=15.755,P0.001)。结论本市市售膨化食品存在卫生安全隐患,污染指标主要是菌落总数,金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门菌是主要污染菌。今后相关监督部门应加强监管,确保食品安全。相关检验机构应加强设备更新与技术培训,做好技术支撑。     

2011年烟台市市售肉及肉制品污染状况调查

目的 了解烟台市市售肉及肉制品安全水平和污染程度.方法 按照相关国标和标准检测方法对2011年市售肉及肉制品中瘦肉精、亚硝酸盐、蛋白质含量、菌落总数、大肠菌群、沙门菌、志贺菌、空肠弯曲菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌和大肠埃希菌O157:H7进行常规监测.结果 化学污染物监测中,生鲜肉及其制品中莱克多巴胺检出率为3.85％,熟肉制品中亚硝酸盐含量合格率为100％,火腿肠蛋白质含量合格率为100％.食源性致病菌监测中熟肉制品菌落总数和大肠菌群检验合格率仅为36.17％;生畜肉合格率88％,其中沙门菌检出率12％,单增李斯特菌阳性检出率为52％;生禽肉合格率为76％,其中沙门菌检出率24％,单增李斯特菌检出率32％.结论 该市市售肉及肉制品莱克多巴胺检出率为3.85％,亚硝酸盐含量和蛋白质含量均符合国家标准.熟肉制品菌落总数和大肠菌群合格率较低,但致病菌检出率为零.生畜肉和生禽肉致病菌污染严重,需要加强监管和监测.     

宿迁市现榨果汁微生物污染情况调查

目的了解宿迁市餐饮业现榨果汁卫生状况。方法2013—2016年,每年4月、7月随机采集大、中型宾馆(饭店)、咖啡馆、美食城等场所制作的苹果汁、西瓜汁、橙汁、梨汁等现榨果汁。根据相关国标方法检测菌落总数、大肠菌群、致病菌(沙门菌、志贺菌、金黄色葡萄球菌)。结果共采集样品64份,合格率43.75%,以2016年合格率(62.50%)最高,不同年份合格率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。菌落总数检测值范围为10~250 000CFU/mL,P_(50)=91 000CFU/mL,合格率为29.69%;大肠菌群检测值范围为<3~>1 100MPN/100mL,P50=200MPN/100mL,合格率为23.44%;金黄色葡萄球菌合格率为76.56%,沙门菌、志贺菌均未检出。苹果汁合格率(64.29%)高于其他类别果汁;3星及以上宾馆合格率(67.86%)高于其他场所,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论宿迁市现榨果汁合格率较低,应加强卫生监督管理。     

白牦牛繁育基地牧草病原性微生物污染状况调查研究

目的:对甘肃省天祝藏族自治县白牦牛繁育基地牧草致病菌的污染状况调查分析。方法:采用GB/T4789-2003。结果:冬春季牧草39份,检出志贺菌、金黄色葡萄球菌,致病菌检出率为17.9%,夏秋季牧草41份,检出志贺菌、沙门菌、致病大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌,致病菌检出率为48.8%。结论:白牦牛繁育基地夏秋季牧草中致病菌的污染较为严重,对白牦牛繁育构成一定危害。     

河南省2010、2012年150家餐饮单位自制鲜榨果蔬汁微生物污染状况分析

目的了解河南省鲜榨果蔬汁微生物污染状况,为制定卫生标准提供科学依据。方法 2010、2012年对河南省18个省辖市150家餐饮单位自制的鲜榨果蔬汁进行抽检,采用GB4789.2.3.4.10-2010、GB/T4789.5-2003规定的方法,分别对菌落总数、大肠菌群、沙门菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和志贺氏菌进行检测。结果两年共检测鲜榨果蔬汁439份,综合评定合格率为25.06%;菌落总数、大肠菌群合格率分别为28.25%和55.58%,志贺菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门菌检出率分别为0.23%、2.28%和0.00%;不同餐饮单位菌落总数和大肠菌群检测结果经统计学处理,差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.68,P0.05;χ2=0.86,P0.05)。结论河南省鲜榨果蔬汁综合评定合格率较低,最主要的问题是菌落总数和大肠菌群超标。建议加大对鲜榨果蔬汁制作环节的卫生管理力度,尽快制定鲜榨果蔬汁食品安全国家标准。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.