细粒棘球蚴原头节18ku纯化抗原ELISA的建立及其对两型包虫病鉴别诊断的意义

目的 用细粒棘球蚴原头节18ku纯化抗原建立ELISA诊断方法,用于两型包虫病的鉴别诊断。方法 用18ku纯化抗原ELISA方法对44例泡型包虫病（AE）、70例囊型包虫病（CE）、29例囊虫病和30例健康人血清中特异性抗体进行检测,同时用羊包囊液抗原（Bu)常规ELISA法检测上述血清做比较。结果 18ku纯化抗原检测不同血清的阳性率为：AE90．91％、CE111．43％、囊虫病和健康人血清均为阴性;Bu抗原分别为：AE97．73％、CE88．57％、囊虫病51．72％和健康人10．0％。18ku-ELISA对AE血清诊断敏感性为90．91％、特异性93．80％、阳性预示值为83．33％、阴性预示值96．80％。结论 两型包虫病患者体内18ku抗体水平存在明显差异,纯化抗原18ku-ELISA可用于两型包虫病的鉴别诊断、较免疫印渍法简便快速。     

滴金免疫测定法用于检测囊虫病患者循环抗原的研究

目的　建立一种敏感、快速、简便的囊虫病诊断方法。方法　应用两株抗猪囊尾蚴囊液抗原的单克隆抗体(McAb) ,一株滴于硝酸纤维素膜上 ,另一株与胶体金结合为探针 ,建立了检测囊虫病患者血清中循环抗原 (CA)的滴金免疫测定法 ,抗原、抗体通过渗滤在膜上进行反应 ,10min内即可用肉眼观察结果。对不同稀释度的猪囊尾蚴囊液抗原进行检测 ,确定本法的最低抗原检出量 (0 .4 5ng/ml)。将本法与ELISA作了比较。 结果　对 78例囊虫病患者血清进行检测 ,循环抗原阳性率为 87.18%。其中活动型脑囊虫病患者 5 2例 ,循环抗原阳性率为 98.0 8% ;非活动型脑囊虫病患者 2 0例 ,循环抗原阳性率为 6 5 .0 0 % ;单纯皮肌型囊虫病患者 6例 ,循环抗原阳性率为 6 6 .6 7%。 4 0份健康人血清仅有 1例 (2 .5 0 % )出现假阳性 ,与10例华支睾吸虫病患者血清、15例血吸虫病患者血清及 2 3例非囊虫病的脑部疾病患者血清均无交叉反应。该方法检出最低猪囊尾蚴囊液抗原量为 0 .4 5ng/ml。本法与ELISA的符合率为 98.19%。结论　DIGFA简便、快速 ,结果客观 ,对囊虫病特别是活动型脑囊虫病敏感性高 ,特异性强 ,值得进一步推广应用。     

检测血清、脑脊液中循环抗原用于脑囊虫病诊断及疗效评估的研究

以猪囊尾蚴囊液抗原免疫家兔制备抗体,用常规ELISA法和斑点ELISA法(Dot-ELISA分别检测脑囊虫病人血清和脑脊液(CSF)中循环抗原(CAg),结果两法用于检测的敏感性与特异性相近。以Dot-ELISA法检测,脑囊虫病人血清和(CSF中CAg检出率分别为72.2％和77.7％,特异性为93.7％。吡喹酮治疗后,CSF中循环抗原消失较血清中明显缓慢,2疗程治疗后CSF中CAg检出率仍达74％,而血清中CAg检出率为40.7％,说明常规吡喹酮治疗后脑囊虫较外周组织中囊虫死亡缓慢,因此治疗后检测CSF中CAg更能判定疗效。     

细粒棘球蚴原头节18 kU纯化抗原ELISA的建立及其对两型包虫病鉴别诊断的意义

目的用细粒棘球蚴原头节18ku纯化抗原建立ELISA诊断方法,用于两型包虫病的鉴别诊断.方法用18ku纯化抗原ELISA方法对44例泡型包虫病(AE)、70例囊型包虫病(CE)、29例囊虫病和30例健康人血清中特异性抗体进行检测,同时用羊包囊液抗原(Bu)常规ELISA法检测上述血清做比较.结果18ku纯化抗原检测不同血清的阳性率为AE90.91%、CE11.43%、囊虫病和健康人血清均为阴性;Bu抗原分别为AE97.73%、CE88.57%、囊虫病51.72%和健康人10.0%.18ku-ELISA对AE血清诊断敏感性为90.91%、特异性93.80%、阳性预示值为83.33%、阴性预示值96.80%.结论两型包虫病患者体内18ku抗体水平存在明显差异,纯化抗原18ku-ELISA可用于两型包虫病的鉴别诊断,较免疫印渍法简便快速.     

猪囊尾蚴液、固相多种抗原对囊虫病免疫诊断效果评价

目的　筛选适合多种寄生虫病流行区使用的特异性较高的囊虫病免疫诊断抗原。　方法　制备猪囊尾蚴各类型液相抗原和固相抗原 ,用ELISA或IEST检测囊虫病流行区患者阳性血清抗体 ,比较各种抗原的敏感性和特异性。　结果　猪囊尾蚴全囊及囊液尿素溶性抗原与水溶性纯化抗原ELISA检测囊虫抗体的特异性差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。固相抗原IEST有敏感性好、操作简易的特点。　结论　猪囊尾蚴全囊尿素溶性纯化抗原是较理想的囊虫病ELISA诊断抗原 ,有诊断应用价值。固相石腊切片抗原IEST较为适合流行区现场或基层应用。     

囊虫病的免疫诊断

囊虫病的免疫诊断研究已有多年历史，所用方法亦较多[1，2]。近年，随着单克隆抗体（MCAb）等新技术和新方法的应用，囊虫病的免疫诊断研究已由对患者血清和脑脊液中抗体（Ah）的检测，逐渐过渡到循环抗原（CAg）的检测。现将常用的几种＊b和CAg的检测方法综述如下：1酶免疫技术（EIA）EIA有多种，近年在诊断囊虫病方面获得良好效果、①酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）Parkhouse等［’j用等电聚焦分离提纯的囊虫抗原，以ELISA检测囊尾蝴病人血清中抗囊虫Ah，敏感性为SO％，特异性达99．5％。Plancarte等【“将全囊虫经超声粉碎、离心…     

应用酶联免疫吸附试验检测猪囊虫病特异抗体的研究

用猪囊虫粗抗原、B 抗原、等电聚焦技术分离的抗原组份和特异单克隆抗体亲和层析抗原,以ELSA间接法检测猪囊虫病血清抗体,结果特异性均不理想。应用单克隆抗体分析查明,在某些囊虫抗原分子上既有特异性抗原位点,又有非特异性位点。用特异单克隆抗体以ELISA抑制法检测猪囊虫病血清抗体,结果完全消除了假阳性反应,病猪血清检出率为86.41％(89/103)。     

中枢神经系统疾病中弓形虫感染的检测研究

目的 了解中枢神经系统疾病尤其是脑囊中病患者中弓形虫感染情况,研究弓形虫抗体、抗原检测方法的效果和意义。方法 应用ELISA和IFAT抗体检测方法及单克隆抗体（4C10、1E9）夹心ELISA抗原检测方法对270例脑囊虫病、154例疑似脑囊虫病、88例原发性癫痫患者和144例健康人群血清进行弓形虫抗体、抗原检测和比较。结果 ELISA和IFAT检测各组人群抗弓形虫抗体阳性率分别为15．93％、13．64％、12．50％和6．25％、14．07％、13．64％、14．77％和5．56％。各 组弓形虫抗原阳性率分别为2．22％（6／270）、3．25％（5／154）、2．27％（2／88）、0．00％（0／144）。13例循环的阳性者,其抗体滴度为1：1600者1例,等于或高于1：3200者12例。结论 中枢神经系统疾病在脑囊中病患者中弓形虫感染率明显高于健康人群,提示部分脑囊虫病患者并发或继发了弓形虫感染,或脑弓形虫感染误诊为脑囊虫病或原发性癫痫病;与IFAT相比,ELISA检测抗弓形虫抗体较客观、易于定量;当患者血清中抗弓形虫抗体滴度等于或高于1：1600时,提示有弓形虫现症感染的可能性,应进一步进行弓形虫抗原、DNA或其他病原学检查;单克隆抗体（4C10、1E9）夹心ELISA可应用于弓形虫感染的诊断。     

18kDa抗原诊断泡型包虫病的评价

目的：评价１８ｋＤａ抗原在泡型包虫病（ＡＥ）诊断中的价值。方法：用免疫印渍法检测３３例泡型包虫病、６９例囊型包虫病（ＣＥ）、３０例囊虫病和８２例健康人血清对泡型棘球蚴（Ｅｍ）和囊型棘球蚴（Ｅｇ）原头节１８ｋＤａ抗原的抗体反应。同时用羊包囊液抗原常规ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测上述血清。结果：ＥＬＩＳＡ试验,ＡＥ血清阳性率为９３．９％、ＣＥ为８５．５％、囊虫病为５０％、健康人为６．１％。显示３种患者血清存在较强的交叉反应。免疫印渍试验,两种原头节的１８ｋＤａ抗原对ＡＥ血清阳性反应均为９０．９％、ＣＥ分别为１０．１％和１３％、囊虫病患者为１３．３％和１６．７％。与健康人血清不发生反应。结论：１８ｋＤａ抗原可以有效的鉴别两型包虫病。     

温州地区中枢神经系统疾病患者脑囊虫感染情况的调查

目的了解温州地区中枢神经系统疾病患者的脑囊虫感染情况。方法用ELISA法检测温州市部分中枢神经系统疾病患者的囊虫特异性循环抗原和抗体。结果 407例中枢神经系统疾病患者血清囊虫特异性循环抗原阳性率为6.39％,特异性抗体阳性率为5.90％,总阳性率为7.13％。结论脑囊虫感染是温州市人群中枢神经系统疾病的一个重要原因,囊虫特异性循环抗原检测可作为中枢神经系统疾病初诊和疗效考核的诊断依据。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.