危重患者腹腔内高压的发生率及其危险因素评估

目的探讨危重患者腹腔内高压(IAH)的发病率及相关危险因素。 方法采用前瞻性研究方法,对2013年7～11月期间入住广州市第一人民医院重症加强护理病房(ICU)的54例危重患者,经膀胱尿管间接测定腹腔内压力,记录人口学特征、入住ICU时的主要诊断、是否辅助通气及呼气末正压值、腹部手术情况、临床检验结果、腹围、中心静脉压、液体平衡、危重评分等指标,并采用logistic回归分析探讨IAH的危险因素。 结果危重患者的IAH发生率为37.0%(20/54),其中Ⅰ级10例,Ⅱ级8例,Ⅲ级2例,Ⅳ级0例。IAH患者较非IAH患者拥有较高急性生理与慢性健康评分[(20.1±6.2)分,(14.9±5.6)分,t＝8.04,P＝0.000]、贯续器官衰竭估计评分[(10.4±6.4)分,(5.5±4.3)分,t＝7.31,P<0.05]及中心静脉压[(10.4±2.8)mmHg,(8.9±2.0)mmHg,t＝6.21,P<0.05](1mmHg＝0.133kpa),相关危险因素有机械通气、腹腔积液、感染性休克、胆道疾病(均P<0.05)。 结论ICU危重患者的IAH发生率较高,且以轻中度为主,与机械通气、腹腔积液、感染性休克及胆道系统疾病密切相关。     

Prevalence of intra-abdominal hypertension in critically ill patients: a multicentre epidemiological study

Objective Although intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) can cause dysfunction of several organs and raise mortality, little information is available on the incidence and risk factors for IAH in critically ill patients. This study assessed the prevalence of IAH and its risk factors in a mixed population of intensive care patients.Design A multicentre, prospective 1-day point-prevalence epidemiological study conducted in 13 ICUs of six countries.Interventions None.Patients Ninety-seven patients admitted for more than 24 h to one of the ICUs during the 1-day study period.Methods Intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) was measured four times (every 6 h) by the bladder pressure method. Data included the demographics, medical or surgical type of admission, SOFA score, etiological factors such as abdominal surgery, haemoperitoneum, abdominal infection, massive fluid resuscitation, and ileus and predisposing conditions such as hypothermia, acidosis, polytransfusion, coagulopathy, sepsis, liver dysfunction, pneumonia and bacteraemia.Results We enrolled 97 patients, mean age 64±15 years, 57 (59%) medical and 40 (41%) surgical admission, SOFA score of 6.5±4.0. Mean IAP was 9.8±4.7 mmHg. The prevalence of IAH (defined as IAP 12 mmHg or more) was 50.5 and 8.2% had abdominal compartment syndrome (defined as IAP 20 mmHg or more). The only risk factor significantly associated with IAH was the body mass index, while massive fluid resuscitation, renal and coagulation impairment were at limit of significance.Conclusion Although we found a quite high prevalence of IAH, no risk factors were reliably associated with IAH; consequently, to get valid information about IAH, IAP needs to be measured.     

重症患者腹内高压预防与管理的最佳证据总结

目的 检索、评价并总结重症患者腹内高压的相关证据,为临床护理人员预防和管理重症患者腹内高压提供参考依据。方法 系统检索UpToDate、BMJ Best Practice、英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所网站、国际指南协作网、加拿大安大略护士协会网站、苏格兰院际间指南网、乔安娜布里格斯研究所循证卫生保健中心数据库、WHO官网、中国医脉通指南网、世界腹腔间隔室综合征学会网站、Cochrane Library、PubMed、Embase、CINAHL、中国知网、万方数据库等,关于重症患者腹内高压的证据,包括指南、推荐实践、证据总结、专家共识、系统评价、随机对照试验、最佳实践信息手册等,检索时限为建库至2021年12月。由2名研究者独立进行文献质量评价和资料提取。结果 共纳入证据15篇,包括指南5篇、专家推荐1篇、专家共识2篇、最佳实践1篇、系统评价6篇,汇总、提取21条最佳证据,包括评估、监测管理、治疗管理、体位管理、肠内营养管理、容量复苏和液体管理6类。结论 该研究总结的重症患者腹内高压预防和管理的最佳证据具有科学性和全面性,为医护人员规范化监测、管理重症患者腹内高压提供了循证依据。     

Sublingual microcirculation in patients with intra-abdominal hypertension: A pilot study in 15 critically ill patients

Purpose

The purpose of the study is to clarify whether increased intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) is associated with sublingual microcirculatory alterations in intensive care patients.

Methods

Fifteen adult, mechanically ventilated patients were included if their IAP was at least 12 mm Hg for at least 12 hours within the first 3 days after admission to the intensive care unit. Sublingual sidestream dark field (SDF) images were recorded twice a day for 7 days.

Results

Median (interquartile range) IAP at inclusion was 14.5 (12.5-16.0) mm Hg. The total vascular density of small vessels at the sublingual area was 13.1 (10.6-14.3) per square millimeter at baseline; the proportion of perfused vessels, 78.9% (69.6%-86.2%); and perfused vessels density, 12.4 (10.8-13.8) per square millimeter. The calculated indices suggested relatively good blood flow in the capillaries, with a De Backer score of 9.0 (8.3-10.2) and a microvascular blood flow of 3.0 (2.9-3.0). Blood flow heterogeneity index was 0.3 (0.1-0.5) at study entry. Despite that IAP, vasopressors dose, and arterial lactate decreased significantly over time, no significant changes were observed in sublingual microvascular density or blood flow. Weak correlations of microvascular blood flow (positive) and heterogeneity index (negative) were detected with both mean arterial pressure and abdominal perfusion pressure.

Conclusions

Neither grade I or II intra-abdominal hypertension (IAP from 12 to 18 mm Hg) is associated with significant changes of sublingual microcirculation in intensive care patients. Correlation analysis indicates better microvascular blood flow at higher mean arterial pressure and abdominal perfusion pressure levels.     

Cardiovascular, pulmonary, and renal effects of massively increased intra-abdominal pressure in critically ill patients

Massive elevation of intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) causes cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal dysfunction. We managed eight patients with high IAP (mean 51 +/- 7 cm H2O), six of whom had hemodynamic measurements; a clinical syndrome, characterized by hemodynamic, respiratory, and renal dysfunction, then became apparent. We report a) a baseline cardiopulmonary profile and response to an acute vascular volume challenge in six patients and b) surgical decompression of the abdomen in four patients. The clinical impression of hypovolemia was confused by small to normal left ventricular end-diastolic volume (64 +/- 14 ml) and normal ejection fraction (55 +/- 6%) despite very high right and left atrial filling pressures. Complete ventilatory support was necessary to maintain oxygenation and ventilation; oliguria (urine output less than 10 ml/h) was present. Pericardial effusion was absent. After fluid challenge (10 ml/kg of colloid or crystalloid infused iv over 10 min), filling pressures, cardiac output, and stroke volume all increased significantly (p less than .025) while heart rate decreased. Surgical decompression of the abdomen improved oxygenation, ventilation, cardiac output, atrial filling pressures, and urine output within 15 min. The cardiovascular effects of massively elevated IAP compounded by the requisite supportive care may require surgical relief.     

Diagnosis of intra-abdominal infection in the critically ill patient

Intra-abdominal infection continues to pose a significant threat to critically ill patients in the year 2000. A review of the current literature reveals that despite remarkable developments in critical care medicine and extensive study of patients with tertiary peritonitis, the associated mortality rate remains nearly 30%. Progress has been limited by the difficulty of comparing heterogeneous patient populations, groups that manifest a host of comorbid, potentially confounding illnesses. Additionally, debate persists regarding the definitions of secondary and tertiary peritonitis, resulting in varied study inclusion criteria, and further complicating data analysis and interpretation. Scoring systems developed to identify those patients at risk for progression to tertiary peritonitis, the more chronic, lethal form of intra-abdominal infection associated with multisystem organ failure, reflect the current emphasis in the literature on the importance of early diagnosis and early intervention. This has led to a renewed interest in conservative, data-dependent surgical management employing radiographic and microbiologic evidence to guide therapy.     

危重患者腹腔内高压的发生率及其影响因素

目的：观察危重患者腹腔内高压（IAH）的发生率及其影响因素。方法：采用前瞻性队列研究方法,选择我院重症监护病房（ICU）的患者341例,采用经膀胱尿管间接测定方法,每日监测患者lAP,连续监测7d,按IAH的有无分组并进行临床资料比较,计量资料用t检验,计数资料用x^2检验,危险因素以单因素及多因素Logistic回归模型进行分析。结果：341例患者中88例（25．8％）患者发生腹腔内高压（IAH）,15例（4．5％）患者发生腹腔间室综合征（ACS）。腹腔感染,大量液体复苏,肠梗阻,感染性休克,肝功能不全与IAH的发生密切相关（P=0．000,0．000,0．007,0．000,0．000）。结论：IAH的发生在危重患者中较常见,腹腔感染,大量液体复苏,感染性休克,肝功能不全可能是IAH发生的独立危险因素。     

Incidence and prognosis of intraabdominal hypertension in a mixed population of critically ill patients: a multiple-center epidemiological study

OBJECTIVE: Intraabdominal hypertension is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in surgical and trauma patients. The aim of this study was to assess, in a mixed population of critically ill patients, whether intraabdominal pressure at admission was an independent predictor for mortality and to evaluate the effects of intraabdominal hypertension on organ functions. DESIGN: Multiple-center, prospective epidemiologic study. SETTING: Fourteen intensive care units in six countries. PATIENTS: A total of 265 consecutive patients admitted for >24 hrs during the 4-wk study period. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Intraabdominal pressure was measured twice daily via the bladder. Data recorded on admission were the patient demographics with Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, and type of admission; during intensive care stay, Sepsis-Related Organ Failure Assessment score and intraabdominal pressure were measured daily together with fluid balance. Nonsurvivors had a significantly higher mean intraabdominal pressure on admission than survivors: 11.4 +/- 4.8 vs. 9.5 +/- 4.8 mm Hg. Independent predictors for mortality were age (odds ratio, 1.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.06; p = .003), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score (odds ratio, 1.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-1.15; p < .0001), type of intensive care unit admission (odds ratio, 2.5 medical vs. surgical; 95% confidence interval, 1.24-5.16; p = .01), and the presence of liver dysfunction (odds ratio, 2.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-5.8; p = .04). The occurrence of intraabdominal hypertension during the intensive care unit stay was also an independent predictor of mortality (relative risk, 1.85; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-3.06; p = .01). Patients with intraabdominal hypertension at admission had significantly higher Sepsis-Related Organ Failure Assessment scores during the intensive care unit stay than patients without intraabdominal hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: Intraabdominal hypertension on admission was associated with severe organ dysfunction during the intensive care unit stay. The mean intraabdominal pressure on admission was not an independent risk factor for mortality; however, the occurrence of intraabdominal hypertension during the intensive care unit stay was an independent outcome predictor.     

重症患者经膀胱腹内压监测管理的证据总结

目的 评价并总结重症患者经膀胱腹内压监测管理的相关证据,为临床实践提供参考。方法 提出循证问题,并系统检索BMJ循证医学库、UpToDate、Cochrane Library、澳大利亚乔安娜布里格斯研究所循证卫生保健中心数据库、英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所网站、美国国立指南库、国际指南协作网、苏格兰学院间指南网、医脉通、加拿大安大略注册护士协会网站、PubMed、中国知网、中国生物医学文献数据库、万方数据库、维普数据库、世界腹腔间隙综合征协会与中国腹腔重症协作组网站等关于经膀胱腹内压监测管理方面的指南、专家共识、证据总结、系统评价等证据,检索时间为建库至2021年6月,由2名研究人员独立对文献进行质量评价和证据级别评定。结果 共纳入6篇文献,包括4篇指南、1篇专家共识、1篇推荐实践,从体位、零点位置、生理盐水灌注量、监测时机及频率、镇静镇痛方案的使用5个方面汇总11条最佳证据。结论 该研究规范了经膀胱腹内压监测的方法,有利于提高监测结果的准确性,可为重症患者经膀胱腹内压监测提供参考。医护人员需结合临床情境,考虑患者意愿,审慎地选用证据,从而提高经膀胱腹内压监测结果的准确性,提高护理质量...     

Cardiopulmonary effects of Intralipid infusion in critically ill patients

Cardiopulmonary effects of 500 ml of 20% iv fat emulsion (Intralipid) infusion in two groups of patients who required mechanical ventilation were evaluated in our Critical Care Center. Group 1 included ten patients void of signs or symptoms of sepsis. Group 2 consisted of ten patients exhibiting clinical and laboratory signs and symptoms of sepsis. Data were measured before and immediately after Intralipid infusion and when serum lipemia cleared. Intralipid infusion precipitated a significant increase in venous admixture (Qsp/Qt) from 13.7 +/- 3.6 (SEM) to 18.0 +/- 6.5% and from 22.0 +/- 4.8 to 25.8 +/- 7.0% in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) increased from 22.7 +/- 4.2 to 29.2 +/- 8.1 mm Hg and 26.4 +/- 6.8 to 28.0 +/- 4.0 mm Hg in groups 1 and 2, respectively. When serum lipemia cleared, Qsp/Qt and MPAP returned to preinfusion levels. We conclude that Intralipid infusion increases pulmonary artery pressure and venous admixture in critically ill patients. These changes are temporary and coincidental with serum lipemia rather than presence or absence of sepsis. Adequate levels of oxygenation should be confirmed during Intralipid infusion in patients with borderline oxygenation.     

Short-course antibiotic therapy for critically ill patients treated for postoperative intra-abdominal infection: the DURAPOP randomised clinical trial

Purpose

Shortening the duration of antibiotic therapy (ABT) is a key measure in antimicrobial stewardship. The optimal duration of ABT for treatment of postoperative intra-abdominal infections (PIAI) in critically ill patients is unknown.

Methods

A multicentre prospective randomised trial conducted in 21 French intensive care units (ICU) between May 2011 and February 2015 compared the efficacy and safety of 8-day versus 15-day antibiotic therapy in critically ill patients with PIAI. Among 410 eligible patients (adequate source control and ABT on day 0), 249 patients were randomly assigned on day 8 to either stop ABT immediately (n = 126) or to continue ABT until day 15 (n = 123). The primary endpoint was the number of antibiotic-free days between randomisation (day 8) and day 28. Secondary outcomes were death, ICU and hospital length of stay, emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria and reoperation rate, with 45-day follow-up.

Results

Patients treated for 8 days had a higher median number of antibiotic-free days than those treated for 15 days (15 [6–20] vs 12 [6–13] days, respectively; P < 0.0001) (Wilcoxon rank difference 4.99 days [95% CI 2.99–6.00; P < 0.0001). Equivalence was established in terms of 45-day mortality (rate difference 0.038, 95% CI ? 0.013 to 0.061). Treatments did not differ in terms of ICU and hospital length of stay, emergence of MDR bacteria or reoperation rate, while subsequent drainages between day 8 and day 45 were observed following short-course ABT (P = 0.041).

Conclusion

Short-course antibiotic therapy in critically ill ICU patients with PIAI reduces antibiotic exposure. Continuation of treatment until day 15 is not associated with any clinical benefit.

Clinicaltrials.gov identifier

NCT01311765.

     

Semi-recumbent position and body mass percentiles: effects on intra-abdominal pressure measurements in critically ill children

Purpose  

Patient position and body mass index (BMI) affect intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) measured by the intra-vesical method in adults. We sought to determine effects of patient position and BMI on IAP in children because accurate measurement and interpretation of IAP are important for patient management.     

Ivabradine: potential clinical applications in critically ill patients

It has been extensively demonstrated that an elevated heart rate is a modifiable, independent risk factor for cardiovascular events. A high heart rate increases myocardial oxygen consumption and reduces diastolic perfusion time. It can also increase ventricular diastolic pressures and induce ventricular arrhythmias. Critical care patients are prone to develop a stress induced cardiac impairment and consequently an increase in sympathetic tone. This in turn increases heart rate. In this setting, however, heart rate lowering might be difficult because the effects of inotropic drugs could be hindered by heart rate reducing drugs like beta-blockers. Ivabradine is a new selective antagonist of funny channels. It lowers heart rate, reducing the diastolic depolarization slope. Moreover, ivabradine is not active on sympathetic pathways, thus avoiding any interference with inotropic amines. We reviewed the literature available regarding heart rate control in critical care patients, focusing our interest on the use of ivabradine to assess the potential benefits of the drug in this particular setting.     

危重病患者血清细胞因子水平的动态变化及临床意义

目的 探讨危重患者血清细胞因子IL-6、TNF—α的动态变化及临床意义。方法 采用ELISA法测定35例危重患者IL-6及TNF—α的动态变化并与正常对照组进行比较。结果 35例患者血清IL-6、INF—α于24h内即显著升高，较正常对照组差异显著，以后呈波动性变化，于第6天出现第2次高峰。结论 细胞因子参与了SIRS向MODS的发生发展，IL-6、INF—α水平的变化对MoDs的诊断可能具有重要意义。     

The haemodynamic effects of intermittent haemofiltration in critically ill patients

The haemodynamic effects of intermittent high volume venovenous haemofiltration were studied in 13 critically ill patients. The mean negative fluid balance during filtration was 1.2l and the mean duration of treatment 3 h 40 min. The cardiac index fell initially (4.5±0.2 to 3.8±0.2l/min/m²;p<0.05) but then remained stable throughout treatment before returning to baseline at the end of haemofiltration. The mean arterial pressure was unchanged with an increase in the systemic vascular resistance (651±33 to 765±65 dyne·s/cm⁵;p<0.05) suggesting that vascular responsiveness is maintained during haemofiltration.     

Association between weight change and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients

Purpose

Body weight fluctuates daily throughout a patient’s stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) due to a variety of factors, including fluid balance, nutritional status, type of acute illness, and presence of comorbidities. This study investigated the association between change in body weight and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients during short-term hospitalization in the ICU.

Methods

All patients admitted to the Gyeongsang National University hospital between January 2010 and December 2011 who met the inclusion criteria of age 18 or above and ICU hospitalization for at least 2 days were prospectively enrolled in this study. Body weight was measured at admission and daily thereafter using a bed scale. Univariate and multivariate linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate factors associated with mortality and the association between changes in body weight and clinical outcomes, including duration of mechanical ventilation (MV) use, length of ICU stay, and ICU mortality.

Results

Of the 140 patients examined, 33 died during ICU hospitalization, yielding an ICU mortality rate of 23.6%. Non-survivors experienced higher rates of severe sepsis and septic shock and greater weight gain than survivors on days 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 of ICU hospitalization (P < .05). Increase of body weight on days 2 through 7 on ICU admission was correlated with the longer stay of ICU, and increase on days 3 through 7 on ICU admission was correlated with the prolonged use of mechanical ventilation. Increase of body weight on days 3 through 5 on ICU admission was associated with ICU mortality.

Conclusions

Increase in body weight of critically ill patients may be correlated with duration of mechanical ventilation use and longer stay of ICU hospitalization and be associated with ICU mortality.     

膀胱灌注量对重症患者经膀胱腹内压测量的影响

目的探讨重症患者膀胱灌注量对经膀胱腹内压测量的影响,寻求能反映腹内压的最佳膀胱灌注量,以指导腹腔室隔综合征的早期诊断和治疗。方法 55例有大量腹水并放置腹腔引流管的ICU患者,分别取膀胱灌注量为0、10、20、30、50ml时经膀胱腹内压,即经尿管测定的膀胱压,与用腹腔引流管直接测量的腹内压进行比较。结果膀胱灌注量为10ml时所测得的膀胱压与直接测量的腹内压比较,差异无统计学意义(t=0.216,P=0.83),相关系数r为0.953。其他灌注量下所测得的膀胱压与腹内压比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论当膀胱灌注量为10ml时,膀胱压能准确反映腹内压,膀胱压与腹内压呈明显的正相关关系。     

Hyponatremia in critically ill patients

Disorders of sodium and water metabolism are frequently encountered in hospitalized patients. Hyponatremia in critically ill patients can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Inappropriate treatment of hyponatremia can add to the problem. The diagnosis and management of salt and water abnormalities in critically ill patients is often challenging. The increasing knowledge about aquaporins and the role of vasopressin in water metabolism has enhanced our understanding of these disorders. The authors have outlined the general approach to the diagnosis and management of hyponatremia. A systematic approach by clinicians, using a detailed history, physical examination, and relevant diagnostic tests, will assist in efficient management of salt and water problems.