耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌医院感染现状及监测

目的探讨耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌医院感染现状及其对13种常用抗菌药物的耐药性,指导临床合理选用抗菌药物. 方法用常规方法对289株铜绿假单胞菌临床株进行鉴定,并采用Kirty-Bauer法选用13种抗菌药物进行药物敏感试验. 结果 106株耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的分离率为36.7%,主要来源于痰标本,占78.3%;其在临床病区分布中居前3位者依次为呼吸内科、神经外科、老年病科;106株铜绿假单胞菌对氯霉素、复方新诺明等8种抗菌药物均表现出＞50%的耐药率. 结论耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌医院感染严重,对抗菌药物呈多重耐药,治疗此类细菌感染宜参考细菌药敏结果合理选用抗菌药物.     

Antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Jamaica.

OBJECTIVE: To assess antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Jamaica, and to obtain baseline information on the presence of this important pathogen. METHODS: A total of 51 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, obtained from 162 clinical specimens from major hospitals and laboratories in seven parishes in Jamaica, were analyzed between May and August 2002. Isolates were tested against 18 different antibiotics by a disk diffusion method. RESULTS: Organisms were cultured from wound swabs (56%), high vaginal swabs (10.5%) and ear swabs (42.5%). Overall, the highest percentage rates of resistance were found for cefaclor (100% of all isolates), nalidixic acid (82.4%), kanamycin (76.5%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (56.9%). Resistance rates were 25.5% or lower for tobramycin, gentamicin and polymyxin B, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin, piperacillin, carbapenems and amikacin. Forty-one isolates showed intermediate sensitivity to most of the antipseudomonal antibiotics, and the remaining 10 isolates were resistant to eight or more antibiotics. The multiresistant isolates, most of which were hospital isolates, were all resistant to tetracycline, nalidixic acid and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and highly (80%-90%) resistant to kanamycin, ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that antibiotic resistance in this clinical pathogen is emerging in Jamaica, and suggests that due care must be taken in hospital settings to adequately diagnose pseudomonal infections and prescribe the antibiotic treatment most effective in preventing the increase in multidrug resistant organisms.     

外排泵系统介导的铜绿假单胞菌多重耐药性研究

目的调查镇江地区临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性率,检测外排泵系统M exAB-OprM和M exXY-OprM的调控基因m exR和m exZ的表达情况。方法纸片扩散法(K-B法)测定其对12种常用抗菌药物的耐药性,用PCR扩增m exR和m exZ全长基因。结果药敏结果显示该菌对头孢类抗生素耐药情况严重,铜绿假单胞菌对复方新诺明、头孢唑林、头孢西丁完全耐药,对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟的耐药率在40.0%~60.0%之间。对亚胺培南、阿米卡星、美罗培南的耐药率达到40.0%。对左氧氟沙星、哌拉西林、头孢噻肟的耐药率均在60%以上。多重耐药率达75.0%。但98.0%的铜绿假单胞菌(71株)对多粘菌素B敏感。72株铜绿假单胞菌中91.0%(65株)同时表达m exR和m exZ基因,5.8%(4株)单独表达m exR基因,4.0%(3株)单独表达m exZ基因。结论m exR和m exZ基因与铜绿假单胞菌多重耐药密切相关。     

Endemic carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa with acquired metallo-beta-lactamase determinants in European hospital

Acquired metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) can confer broad-spectrum beta-lactam resistance (including carbapenems) not reversible by conventional beta-lactamase inhibitors and are emerging resistance determinants of remarkable clinical importance. In 2001, multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa carrying bla(VIM) MBL genes were found to be widespread (approximately 20% of all P. aeruginosa isolates and 70% of the carbapenem-resistant isolates) at Trieste University Hospital. Clonal diversity and heterogeneity of resistance determinants (either bla(VIM-1)-like or bla(VIM-2)-like) were detected among MBL producers. This evidence is the first that acquired MBLs can rapidly emerge and establish a condition of endemicity in certain epidemiologic settings.     

VIM-2-producing Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa ST175 Clone, Spain

A total of 183 patients were colonized or infected with multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates at a hospital in Spain during 2007-2010; prevalence increased over this period from 2.8% to 15.3%. To characterize these isolates, we performed molecular epidemiologic and drug resistance analysis. Genotyping showed that 104 (56.8%) isolates belonged to a single major clone (clone B), which was identified by multilocus sequence typing as sequence type (ST) 175. This clone was initially isolated from 5 patients in 2008, and then isolated from 23 patients in 2009 and 76 patients in 2010. PCR analysis of clone B isolates identified the bla(VIM-2) gene in all but 1 isolate, which harbored bla(IMP-22). ST175 isolates were susceptible to only amikacin (75%) and colistin (100%). Emergence of the ST175 clone represents a major health problem because it compromises therapy for treatment of P. aeruginosa nosocomial infections.     

Antimicrobial Resistance and Molecular Typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Surgical Wounds in Lagos, Nigeria

The aim of the study was to determine the resistance patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates recovered from patients with surgical wounds in hospitals and also to investigate their epidemiological relatedness using molecular typing techniques. Twenty Pseudomonas sp. isolated from surgical wounds were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing by disk diffusion, plasmid profile, SDS-PAGE and PCR using the parC, gyr A gene and RAPD using the 1254 primer. The isolates showed resistance to 12 different antibiotics with six being 100% resistant. Plasmids were detected in 16 (80%) of the isolates. The RAPD-PCR using the primer 1254, SDS-PAGE classified the 20 Pseudomonas spp. into 5 and 6 types respectively. Pseudomona aeruginosa strains isolated from surgical wounds were generally resistant to a broad range of antibiotics and this is rather worrisome. The typing techniques classified the 20 isolates into 5 and 6 groups.     

Prevalence and antimicrobial-resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in swimming pools and hot tubs

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunistic pathogen in recreational waters and the primary cause of hot tub folliculitis and otitis externa. The aim of this surveillance study was to determine the background prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of P. aeruginosa in swimming pools and hot tubs. A convenience sample of 108 samples was obtained from three hot tubs and eight indoor swimming pools. Water and swab samples were processed using membrane filtration, followed by confirmation with polymerase chain reaction. Twenty-three samples (21%) were positive for P. aeruginosa, and 23 isolates underwent susceptibility testing using the microdilution method. Resistance was noted to several antibiotic agents, including amikacin (intermediate), aztreonam, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, imipenem, meropenem (intermediate), ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, tobramycin (intermediate), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The results of this surveillance study indicate that 96% of P. aeruginosa isolates tested from swimming pools and hot tubs were multidrug resistant. These results may have important implications for cystic fibrosis patients and other immune-suppressed individuals, for whom infection with multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa would have greater impact. Our results underlie the importance of rigorous facility maintenance, and provide prevalence data on the occurrence of antimicrobial resistant strains of this important recreational water-associated and nosocomial pathogen.     

老年病区非发酵菌感染及耐药分析

目的 探讨引起医院感染的葡萄糖非发酵菌在老年病区的分布与对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况。方法 对从老年病区临床标本分离出的1915株非发酵菌进行对常用抗菌药物的敏感性及其临床感染分布作回顾性分析。结果 l915株非发酵菌中铜绿色假单胞菌、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌分别占70．65％、10．65％、9．14％，对抗菌药物呈多重耐药，非发酵菌主要引起呼吸道、泌尿道和伤口感染。结论 非发酵菌是引起医院感染的最常见的病原菌之一，且易侵袭老年患者，对抗菌药物呈多重耐药，临床实际中应加强对这类细菌感染的认识。     

医院环境物体表面及医务人员手分离病原菌对抗菌药物和消毒剂的耐药性

目的了解医院环境物体表面及医务人员手分离的病原菌种类,及其对医院常用抗菌药物和消毒剂的耐药性。方法对北京市某城区16所医院重症监护病房、普通病房环境物体表面和医务人员手分离的病原菌进行细菌鉴定及药敏试验、消毒剂抗性试验,并检测病原菌对抗菌药物和消毒剂耐药的基因携带情况。结果 16所医院环境物体表面和医务人员手共采集标本979份,检出病原菌75株(7.66%),以革兰阴性(G-)杆菌为主(占78.67%),其中铜绿假单胞菌(24株)、阴沟肠杆菌(14株)和肺炎克雷伯菌(4株)居前3位。有1株铜绿假单胞菌对氨曲南、庆大霉素、妥布霉素、环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星耐药;1株阴沟肠杆菌对哌拉西林耐药,7株对呋喃妥因耐药;4株肺炎克雷伯菌对哌拉西林全耐药,2株对头孢类抗菌药物耐药,1株对美罗培南耐药。铜绿假单胞菌有7个耐药基因阳性,以mir阳性率最高(100.00%);阴沟肠杆菌有4个耐药基因阳性,tem 1和shv阳性率均为100.00%;肺炎克雷伯菌有5个耐药基因阳性,shv和mir阳性率均为100.00%。铜绿假单胞菌和阴沟肠杆菌对葡萄糖酸氯己定(耐药率分别为4.17%、57.14%)和三氯异氰尿酸(均为50.00%)均产生耐药,两种菌消毒剂耐药基因(qac E△1-sul 1)阳性率分别为79.17%、57.14%;肺炎克雷伯菌对两种消毒剂均无耐药性,均未检出耐药基因。结论医院环境物体表面和医务人员手均存在多种引起医院感染的常见病原菌,以G-杆菌为主,且病原菌均出现不同程度的对抗菌药物和消毒剂耐药。     

1001名 HIV感染者鼻腔 MRCoNS与 MS-CoNS耐药谱比较

  目的  探究广州市人类免疫缺陷病毒（human immunodeficiency virus,HIV）感染者鼻腔凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（coagulase-negative staphylococci,CoNS）携带情况和耐药谱特征。  方法  对广州市某医院艾滋病门诊部HIV感染者鼻腔分离出的CoNS进行药敏试验和耐药基因检测。  结果  1 001名HIV感染者鼻腔CoNS和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci,MRCoNS）携带率分别为57.44%和48.15%,MRCoNS对青霉素、红霉素和复方新诺明耐药率较高,主要携带Aac（6'）-aph（2'）、ermC和linA耐药基因。MRCoNS（80.69%）与甲氧西林敏感凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（methicillin-susceptible coagulase-negative staphylococci,MSCoNS）（39.66%）多重耐药率差异有统计学意义（χ2=100.27,P < 0.001）。  结论  广州市HIV感染者鼻腔CoNS和MRCoNS携带率及多重耐药率均较高,与MSCoNS相比MRCoNS可增加6.36倍多重耐药风险。     

Resistance to imipenem among selected gram-negative bacilli in the United States.

OBJECTIVES: Identification of imipenem resistance among selected gram-negative bacilli, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter species. METHODS: We analyzed 1986-1990 National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (NNIS) data from 3,316 P aeruginosa isolates and 1,825 Enterobacter species isolates for which susceptibility results to imipenem were reported. RESULTS: For P aeruginosa, 11.1% of the isolates were resistant to imipenem; 16.1% were either intermediate-susceptible or resistant to the drug. A logistic regression model found that resistance was more common among P aeruginosa isolated from the respiratory tract, patients in intensive care units, and in teaching hospitals. Additionally, resistance to imipenem increased by 25% in teaching hospitals from 1986-1988 to 1989-1990. For Enterobacter species, 1.3% of the isolates were resistant to imipenem; 2.3% were either intermediate-susceptible or resistant to the drug. However, imipenem resistance for these isolates did not differ between the two periods and was not more common in patients in an intensive care unit or infections at any specific site. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of resistance to imipenem is greater among P aeruginosa than among Enterobacter species. Resistance to imipenem among the P aeruginosa isolates is more common from strains isolated from patients with nosocomial infections in an intensive care unit, from the respiratory tract, and from teaching hospitals. Resistance appears to be increasing among nosocomial P aeruginosa isolated in teaching hospitals.     

Contribution of mexAB-oprM and mexXY (-oprA) efflux operons in antibiotic resistance of clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in Tabriz,Iran

Overexpression of efflux pumps is one of the most important mechanisms that contributes to intrinsic and acquired resistance to antibiotics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The present study evaluated the role of MexAB-OprM and MexXY (-OprA) efflux pump overexpression in antibiotics resistance of P. aeruginosa clinical isolates. One-hundred clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were obtained from four hospitals of Tabriz city in Northwest Iran. Isolates were identified and evaluated by the disk diffusion method and agar dilution in order to determine antibiotic resistance. Effect of Phenylalanine Arginine beta-Naphthylamide (PAβN) on susceptibility to various anti-Pseudomonas antimicrobials and expression levels of mexB and mexY using quantitative real-time PCR were determined in the clinical isolates. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Typing (RAPD-PCR) was used for genotyping of the isolates. The most and least effective antibiotics tested were colistin and ofloxacin, respectively. Seventy-one percent of the isolates were found as multidrug resistant (resistant to at least three different classes of antibiotics). Among ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin resistant isolates, 39.6% and 28.5% of them showed four-fold reduction in MIC with PAβN, respectively. Sixty-two percent and 65% of isolates overexpressed mexB and mexY, respectively. Sixty six isolates showed overexpression of both mexB and mexY efflux genes. Moreover, 76% and 88.7% of MDR isolates were mexB and mexY overexpressed, respectively. There were 30 different RAPD types in this study which were clustered into 6 clones. The study indicated that there is a significant correlation between the expression of efflux pumps and the resistance to most anti-pseudomonal antibiotics.     

Antibiotic susceptibility and mechanisms of beta-lactam resistance among clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: first report in Algeria

OBJECTIVE: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major causative agent of hospital infections. Studies on this subject being rare in Algeria, we determined the antibiotic susceptibility of P. aeruginosa and investigated the mechanisms of beta-lactam resistance and the spread of multidrug resistant strains in the university affiliated Hospital of Tlemcen (Algeria). DESIGN: One hundred and ninety-nine consecutive strains of P. aeruginosa were collected between November 2005 and February 2007. MICs of antibiotics were measured by the agar dilution method. The resistance mechanisms to beta-lactams were identified phenotypically or by molecular methods (isoelectrofocusing, PCR and sequencing). Strains expressing a secondary beta-lactamase were serotyped and genotyped (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA). RESULTS: The proportion of susceptible isolates were: ticarcillin (56%), piperacillin-tazobactam (81%), ceftazidime (88%), cefepime (80%), aztreonam (64%), imipenem (65%), amikacin (83%), tobramycin (81%) and ciprofloxacin (97%) according to the French CASFM breakpoints. Resistance to beta-lactams was linked to the production of transferable beta-lactamases (16%), overproduction of cephalosporinase AmpC (12%) and/or non-enzymatic mechanisms such as the loss of porin OprD (35%) and overproduction of the active efflux system MexAB-OprM (24%). High level resistance to ticarcillin was due to the expression of beta- lactamase OXA-10 alone or associated with TEM-110. A genotypic analysis revealed the spread of a multidrug resistant epidemic clone expressing these two acquired beta-lactamases in the surgical ICU. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that resistance to antibiotics, in particular to imipenem of P. aeruginosa, is becoming a cause of concern in the Hospital of Tlemcen.     

铜绿假单胞菌β-内酰胺酶及其相关耐药基因的检测分析

目的 了解医院临床分离的多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌β-内酰胺酶产生情况,以及β-内酰胺类相关耐药基因的存在状况.方法 采用K-B法测定临床分离铜绿假单胞菌对17种抗菌药物的敏感性,筛选出135株多药耐药菌株;采用改良三维试验检测各种β-内酰胺酶;采用聚合酶链反应检测β-内酰胺酶编码基因及oprD2基因.结果 135株多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌所产β-内酰胺酶按检出率依次为AmpC酶占36.3％,ESBLs+ AmpC酶占14.8％,金属β-内酰胺酶占13.3％,ESBLs+ AmpC酶变异子占11.9％,AmpC酶变异子占5.2％,ESBLs占4.4％;β-内酰胺酶编码基因的检出率CTX-M-1群为45.9％、TEM为25.9％、CARB为12.6％、DHA为10.4％、IMP为3.7％,未检出SHV、OXA- 10群、PER、GES、VEB和VIM基因;oprD2基因的缺失率为69.6％.结论 多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌β-内酰胺酶以AmpC酶为主,β-内酰胺类对抗菌药物的耐药主要与CTX-M-1群、TEM、CARB、DHA、IMP型耐药基因有关,对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药主要与oprD2基因缺失有关.     

Emergence of metallo-β-lactamase IMP-14 and VIM-2 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates from a tertiary-level hospital in Thailand

Seventy-five clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa collected in a tertiary teaching hospital in Thailand were investigated for susceptibility to antimicrobials including imipenem. Metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) enzymes were detected by E-test MBL assay and PCR; class 1 integron genes were also detected by PCR. Strains positive for bla(IMP) and bla(VIM) genes were further characterized by DNA sequencing and examined for clonality by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. High rates of resistance to anti-pseudomonal agents were found. MBL enzymes were found in 13 (17·3%) strains and 24 (32%) carried class 1 integron genes. Twelve of the latter strains harboured the bla(IMP-14) gene and one strain the bla(VIM-2) gene. All of the IMP-14 strains were identical or closely related suggesting clonal dissemination of these genes.     

Molecular characterization of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis isolates from humans by antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis

Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is a major serovar associated with human salmonellosis. A total of 425 clinical S. Enteritidis isolates of human origin were collected between June 2009 and September 2010 from North Carolina. The isolates were further characterized for antimicrobial susceptibility, antimicrobial resistance coding determinants, virulence genes, and fingerprint profiles to determine whether they were similar or different to the S. Enteritidis strain responsible for the human outbreak due to consumption of contaminated eggs. Ten different antimicrobial resistance phenotypes were observed with the highest frequency of resistance exhibited to ampicillin (n=10; 2.35%). The isolates were predominantly pansusceptible (n=409; 96.23%); however, seven isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR; i.e., resistant to three or more antimicrobials). Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) coding genes (bla(TEM) and bla(PSE)) were detected in the ampicillin-resistant isolates, whereas a single MDR isolate tested positive for class 1 integron (1 kb). The majority of the isolates (n=422; 99.3%) carried the invA, mgtC, stn, sopB, sopE1, and sefA virulence genes. However, 37 (8.7%) and 46 (10.82%) S. Enteritidis isolates tested negative for the plasmid encoded genes spvC and rck, respectively. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing of 118 S. Enteritidis isolates by restriction enzymes XbaI and BlnI resulted in seven clusters, each with a discriminatory index (DI) of 0.715 and 0.785, respectively. The combination of XbaI-BlnI patterns generated a dendrogram with 14 clusters and a higher DI of 0.914. The PFGE profile of 80 isolates matched 100% with the S. Enteritidis strain that has been cited for the recent outbreak in the United States due to consumption of contaminated eggs. In conclusion, we identified a genotypic similar S. Enteritidis population in our study based on antimicrobial susceptibility, virulence gene, and PFGE fingerprint profiles.     

Detection of potential risk of wastewater effluents for transmission of antibiotic resistance from Vibrio species as a reservoir in a peri-urban community in South Africa

We assessed the antibiogram characteristics of some Vibrio species isolated from wastewater final effluents in a typical peri-urban community of South Africa. Marked resistances were noted against erythromycin (100%), chloramphenicol (100%), nitrofurantoin, cefuroxime and cephalothin (90-95%) in V. parahaemolyticus, V. fluvialis and V. vulnificus, respectively. Fourteen antibiotypes were identified, with multiresistance to 8-10 antibiotics being common. The antibiotypes AMP, PEN, STR, SUL, TMP, COT, CHL, ERY, CIP and PB demonstrated by V. fluvialis were the most prevalent (17.24%). Eight putative antibiotic resistance genes were identified with floR being the mostly (100%) detected in all the three species while tet(A) was the least with 65% prevalence in V. vulnificus, 7.14% in V. parahaemolyticus and none in V. fluvialis. These results demonstrate that the treated effluent system are reservoirs for various antibiotic resistance genes which could be disseminated to inhabitants downstream the plant and pose health risk to the communities who are dependent upon the watershed for domestic and recreational purposes.     

Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from burned patients hospitalized in a major burn center in Tehran, Iran

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important life-threatening nosocomial pathogen and plays a prominent role in serious infections in burned patients. The current study was undertaken to characterize P. aeruginosa strains isolated from burned patients in Tehran, Iran. The study was conducted in a major burn center in Tehran, Iran in 2007. A total of seventy specimens obtained from different clinical origin with positive culture results for P. aeruginosa were included in the study. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed according to the standard CLSI guideline. The relationship between the strains was also determined using antimicrobial drug resistance pattern analysis and plasmid profiling. All strains were multi drug resistant. The percentage of resistance to tested antibiotics was: imipenem 97.5%, amikacin 90%, piperacillin 87.5%, ceftizoxime 72.7%, gentamicin 67.5%, ciprofloxacin 65%, ceftriaxone 60%, and ceftazidime 57.5%. Thirteen resistant phenotypes were recognized, R3 (TET, IPM, AMK, CIP, PIP, GM, CAZ, CRO, CT) was the predominant resistance pattern seen in 27.5% of isolates. Results obtained from E-test showed that 100% of P. aeruginosa strains were resistant to cefoxitin, 97% to cefotetan, 93% to ticarcillin, 89% to ticarcillin/clav, 76% to gentamicin and imipenem, 63% to piperacillin, 49% to tetracycline, and 20% to meropenem. Nine different plasmid profiles were observed among the strains. The current study showed an increase rate of resistance for some antibiotics tested among P. aeruginosa strains isolated from burned patients in Tehran. A combination of antibiotic susceptibility testing and profile plasmid analysis, which are relatively cheap and available methods, showed to be useful to characterize the clinical strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from burned patients in Iran.     

Distribution of Class 1–3 Integrons in Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Inpatients in Shiraz,South of Iran

BackgroundHealth-care-associated infection (HAI) is effect on patients for the time of staying in the hospital. Opportunistic pathogens including Pseudomonas aeruginosa are the most dangerous biological agents in nosocomial infections. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of 3 classes of integrons carrying to carbapenem resistance in P. aeruginosa strains collected from Nemazee hospital.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted on clinical P. aeruginosa isolates were collected from Nemazee hospital. The identification of the isolates was performed by routine biochemical tests. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing was determined using the disk diffusion method against imipenem and meropenem. The int1, int2 and int3 genes were detected using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).ResultsSeventy-five clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were recovered from various clinical infections. A carbapenem-resistant phenotype was detected in 42.7% (imipenem) and 29.3% (meropenem) of isolates. As the PCR results, 48 (64%) and 15 (20%) isolates were identified as being positive for class 1 and class 2 integrons, respectively. Class 3 integrons were not found among the studied isolates.ConclusionsOur data demonstrate the importance of class 1 and 2 integrons in carbapenem resistant P. aeruginosa strains. Therefore, integrons play an important role in acquisition and dissemination of carbapenem resistance genes among these pathogens, so, management of infection control policies and the appropriate use of antibiotics is essential for control the spreading of antibiotics resistance genes.     

铜绿假单胞菌氨基糖苷类获得性耐药基因研究

目的 研究临床分离铜绿假单胞菌(PAE)氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因及16S rRNA甲基化酶基因的存在状况.方法 对分离自贵阳地区(A组)及江苏苏南地区(B组)的各20株PAE,用纸片扩散法测定其对19种抗菌药物的敏感性,采用聚合酶链反应法,检测9种氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因及6种16S rRNA甲基化酶基因;对阳性基因进行测序,测序结果进行Blast分析.结果 两组PAE均对β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类抗菌药物多药耐药,A组PAE检出aac(6′)-Ⅰb、aac(6′)-Ⅱ、ant(3″)-Ⅰ、rmtB等4种基因,阳性率分别为10.0％、10.0％、10.0％、5.0％;B组PAE检出aac(3)-Ⅱ、aac(6′)-Ⅰb、aac(6′)-Ⅱ、ant(3″)-Ⅰ、ant(2″)-Ⅰ、rmtB等6种基因,阳性率分别为60.0％、35.0％、60.0％、50.0％、45.0％、55.0％.结论 贵阳地区及江苏苏南地区PAE对氨基糖苷类药物的耐药性与携带氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因及16S rRNA甲基化酶基因相关.