黏膜下隧道技术

黏膜下隧道技术是在利用内镜下黏膜剥离术在黏膜层与肌层之间建立隧道,利用该隧道空间进行内镜下治疗的技术。黏膜下隧道技术的应用包括:(1)黏膜层疾病的治疗,如食管大面积甚至环周早癌的剥离等。(2)肌层相关病变的治疗,如黏膜下隧道内镜肿瘤切除术(STER)、内镜下食管下段环形肌切开术(POEM)等。(3)诊断与治疗胃肠道管腔外疾病,如淋巴结切除、肿瘤切除、经自然腔道内镜手术(NOTES)等。由于隧道使黏膜层切开部位和操作部位分开,术后入口易关闭,故有"黏膜安全瓣"之称。     

内镜下切除技术对食管胃连接部胃肠间质瘤的治疗价值

目的评价以内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）为基础的内镜下切除术在食管胃连接部（EGJ）胃肠间质瘤（GIST）治疗中的安全性及有效性。方法收集复旦大学附属中山医院内镜中心所有接受ESD治疗的患者资料．筛选出2007年11月至2011年6月间经病理证实的EGJ处GIST患者20例．总结并分析其临床病理及术后随访资料。结果20例EGJ处GIST均起源于固有肌层,其中男性11例,女性9例,年龄29～67（平均54．1）岁,病灶直径8-20（平均14．8）mm。所有病例均成功完成内镜切除手术．其中15例接受了内镜黏膜下挖除术．4例接受了无腹腔镜辅助的内镜全层切除术。1例接受了内镜经黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术。手术时间15-90（平均47．8）min,术中出血量5-200ml,病灶的完整切除率为100％。术中穿孔4例,气腹3例,气胸1例,贲门黏膜撕裂1例,均通过内镜下处理及保守治疗恢复。20例患者术后均接受了3-36（平均13-2）个月的随访,无局部复发和远处转移病例。结论在EGJ处GIST的治疗中,以ESD为基础的内镜下切除技术是一种安全和有效的治疗手段。     

内镜治疗胃胃肠间质瘤的可行性

近年来,随着消化内镜技术的发展,以内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）及其衍生技术包括内镜黏膜下挖除术（ESE）、内镜下全层切除技术（EFR）、内镜经隧道肿瘤切除术（STER）和腹腔镜内镜联合手术（LECS）等的内镜切除技术可治疗绝大多数的胃GIST。本文就内镜治疗胃GIST的指征、方法和疗效评价进行评述。     

麻醉保驾护航——让内镜治疗走得更稳更远

近十年来,在麻醉医师的保驾护航下．我国消化内镜技术飞速发展．已成为最常见的侵入性检查方法之一．许多新技术处于国际领先水平。本文从内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）和经口内镜下肌层切开术（POEM）这两项新技术的操作方法及麻醉相关问题人手,从术前访视、麻醉选择与术中监护等方面分析了新兴内镜治疗技术的围手术期麻醉管理要点。     

内镜经黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术治疗直肠固有肌层肿瘤

目的评价内镜经黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术（STER）治疗来源于固有肌层的直肠黏膜下肿瘤（SMT）的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2011年3月至2013年3月间在复旦大学附属中山医院内镜中心行STER术治疗的8例来源于固有肌层的直肠黏膜下肿瘤的临床病理资料。结果8例STER手术均获成功,肿瘤均一次性完整切除,肿块距肛缘5～15cm,切除标本最大直径1．0～3．5（平均1．8）cm,手术耗时40～70（平均51）min。术中黏膜穿孔1例,予以金属夹夹闭修补成功。术后出现下肢皮下气肿1例,对症支持治疗2周后完全消退。术后病理诊断：神经鞘瘤3例,平滑肌瘤2例,胃肠间质瘤1例,增生胶原纤维伴结节变性2例。术后随访6～30月未见病变残留或复发。结论采用STER技术切除直肠固有肌层来源的SMT是一种安全、可行、有效的治疗方法。     

胸腔镜辅助下隧道内镜切除食管固有肌层肿瘤

近年来．在内镜诊治技术基础上发展起来的内镜黏膜切除术（endoscopie mucosal resection,EMR）和内镜黏膜下剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection．ESD）逐渐在我同开展．广泛应用于消化道黏膜病变、黏膜下肿瘤（submucosal tumor．SMT）等．患者避免了常规开腹和开胸手术的创伤。但该手术的技术难度大．且内镜所见局限于腔内．故对于消化道壁巨大的或者向腔外生长的SMT,治疗价值有限。     

规范开展消化内镜治疗有效防治内镜治疗并发症

以内镜黏膜切除术和内镜黏膜下剥离术为基础的内镜治疗技术近几年发展迅速,内镜治疗的并发症逐渐引起人们的重视。我们在关注内镜技术创新的同时．也要关心内镜治疗的规范化和内镜治疗并发症的防治．进一步提高内镜治疗的安全性、实用性和有效性,从而使患者获益。     

食管胃交界部固有肌层来源黏膜下肿瘤内镜下切除方法的选择与评价

目的评价以内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）为基础的各种内镜切除技术在食管胃交界部（EGJ）固有肌层来源黏膜下肿瘤（SMT）治疗中的临床价值和适应证的选择。方法回顾性分析复旦大学附属中山医院内镜中心所有接受内镜下切除治疗的患者资料库．筛选出2007年3月至2011年6月间经内镜下超声或CT证实固有肌层来源的EGJ处SMT患者143例。详细记录患者的临床病理资料、内镜切除方法、完整切除率、并发症发生率及术后随访资料。结果143例患者中男74例,女69例,平均年龄49．1岁。135例（94-4％）病变成功完成内镜下整块切除,其中接受内镜黏膜下挖除术126例,无腹腔镜辅助的内镜全层切除术6例,内镜经黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术3例：另外8例肿瘤于内镜下部分切除后,基底部尼龙绳套扎。肿瘤平均直径为17．6mm．平均手术时间45．1min．平均出血量50．0ml。术中穿孔6例,贲门黏膜撕裂1例。均通过内镜下处理及保守治疗好转。术后病理示,平滑肌瘤121例,胃肠间质瘤20例。颗粒细胞瘤1例．肌间脂肪瘤1例。术后经3。48个月的随访,未见局部复发和远处转移病例。结论在EGJ固有肌层来源SMT治疗中．各种内镜切除方法均安全有效．临床医师需根据肿瘤的临床特征具体选择．     

利用经口隧道技术切除2.5cm以上病变的可行性研究

目的研究通过隧道技术剥离食管大面积病变的可行性。方法使用常规内镜下黏膜剥离技术与材料,在猪的食管内模拟大面积病变进行标记、远端开口、近端开口、建立隧道直达远端开口、切开两侧,剥离病变等操作。分别记录剥离面积与操作时间。结果 10处病变,直径为8～10cm,切除时间45～100min,平均62min,术中无穿孔、出血等并发症发生。结论利用隧道技术剥离食管大面积病变是可行和安全的。     

消化道黏膜下肿瘤内镜微创切除新技术的开展及评价

消化道黏膜下肿瘤（submucosal tumor,SMT）泛指一类来源于黏膜以下的消化道病变。内镜和超声内镜检查均无法定性诊断．长期随访会造成患者的巨大负担。我国学者在内镜黏膜下剥离术发展的基础上,大胆尝试内镜切除消化道黏膜下肿瘤．既能得到正确的诊断,又能起到治疗的目的．本文就各种内镜下切除消化道SMT的指征、方法以及疗效等作出评价。     

Physical effect of various submucosal elevation solutions for colorectal endoscopic procedure: Measuring the vertical‐to‐horizontal ratio

Aim: Submucosal elevation solution is an essential element used in endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for colorectal lesions. Therefore, it is important to select a suitable solution for the endoscopic procedure. The aim of the present study was to examine the real time vertical‐to‐horizontal (V–H) ratio physical effect of submucosal elevation solution during colorectal EMR. Methods: This was a prospective randomized study carried out at an endoscopy centre in a Hong Kong hospital. A total of 10 patients with 15 colorectal adenoma requiring EMR were recruited. The studied submucosal elevation solutions included normal saline, glycerol and hyaluronic acid. Before EMR, 3 mL of these solutions were injected in the submucosal space, one solution at a time. The vertical and horizontal length of the elevated submucosal space was measured by miniprobe ultrasound. V–H ratios of different solutions were calculated and compared. Vertical distance, horizontal distance and V–H ratio of the submucosal space after injection of the submucosal elevation agents were measured. Results: The mean size of lesions was 14 mm (range 10–20). Glycerol and hyaluronic acid had a significant higher V–H ratio than normal saline; the V–H ratio of normal saline, glycerol and hyaluronic Acid were 0.29, 0.53 and 0.50, respectively. Limitations: The exact volume of the injection was not certain, and the time between the injection and endoscopic ultrasound assessment was variable. These limitations were overcome by calculating the V–H ratio. Conclusion: Glycerol and hyaluronic acid have a higher V–H ratio, which makes them good submucosal elevation solutions.     

食管疾病内镜手术远期疗效的研究进展

食管疾病包括食管恶性疾病及良性疾病,在我国发病率高.随着内镜技术的发展,许多既往需要药物治疗或外科手术的疾病,现在可以通过内镜手术进行根治.本文对常见食管疾病包括食管早期鳞状细胞癌、食管狭窄、贲门失弛缓症、食管黏膜下肿瘤内镜手术的远期随访做一综述.     

Human applications of submucosal endoscopy under conscious sedation for pure natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery

Background

The submucosal endoscopy provide not only a reliable methods of access and closure for peritoneoscopy, but also an endoscopic working space for full-thickness resection. The aim of this study was to report the clinical outcome of submucosal endoscopy for pure natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery.

Methods

We prospectively evaluated 10 patients who received submucosal endoscopies. The indications of submucosal endoscopy were transgastric peritoneoscopy (TGP) and endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR) of a gastric subepithelial tumor. All procedures were performed with a standard gastroscope under conscious sedation with the balanced propofol method in the endoscopic unit. After a 40 mm submucosal tunnel was created using an endoscopic submucosal dissection technique, (1) in TGP, balloon dilation of a serosal puncture and intraperitoneal exploration was performed; (2) in EFTR, a full-thickness incision and snaring resection was performed. Closure of the mucosal incision was performed by endoclips.

Results

All cases were technically feasible. The mean times for creating the submucosal tunnel, main procedure (peritoneal exploration or resection), and closure were acceptable (10.44 ± 2.42 minutes, 18.80 ± 9.41 minutes, and 5.63 ± 2.17 minutes, respectively). The mean hospital stay was 3.8 ± 1.48 days. All TGPs were diagnostic (4 peritoneal carcinomatosis and 1 tuberculosis). En bloc and complete resections were possible in all EFTRs (3 gastrointestinal stromal tumors and 2 schwannomas; mean tumor size, 20.8 ± 3.27 mm). There were no procedure-related complications, such as significant bleeding or peritonitis.

Conclusions

Human applications of submucosal endoscopy under conscious sedation for pure NOTES were feasible and safe.     

胆源性胰腺炎内镜治疗现状和发展趋势

急性胆源性胰腺炎（ABP）是急性胰腺炎的最主要类型，占急性胰腺炎50%以上。ABP以胆道疾病为诱发因素，其中胆道微结石是最常见的原因。鉴于消化内镜治疗在胆胰疾病中的广泛应用，其在ABP的诊疗全过程中所起的作用越来越重要。从内镜下辅助ABP治疗决策、ABP病因治疗、处理ABP并发症、预防ABP复发以及进行ABP肠道营养5方面对内镜治疗ABP进行剖析：超声内镜（EUS）可从病因诊断和预后判断辅助ABP治疗决策；内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）是目前伴随胆管炎或者胆管梗阻的ABP首选治疗方式；EUS或ERCP下建立通道引流减压及后期内镜下清创可缓解胰周液体积聚和胰腺坏死所带来的严重并发症；腹腔镜下胆囊切除术可显著降低ABP的复发率；内镜下放置肠内营养管可保证ABP肠道屏障功能障碍的营养供给。随着内镜微创理念的普及、内镜微创技术的成熟、内镜器械的研发，有望建立内镜贯穿ABP诊治全过程的微创”升阶梯”治疗模式。     

早期急性胆源性胰腺炎的内镜治疗

目的　评价急性胆源性胰腺炎内镜治疗的临床效果。方法　2 0 0 0年10月至2 0 0 4年3月共收治急性胆源性胰腺炎36例,其中急诊内镜治疗(内镜组) 2 0例,2 4h内行逆行胰胆管造影术、内镜下乳头括约肌切开后用网篮取石或碎石网篮碎石后气囊取石术及内镜下鼻胆管引流术;保守或急诊外科手术治疗(对照组) 16例。结果　内镜组治疗的成功率为95 % ,未发生与内镜操作有关的严重并发症;与对照组相比,内镜组术后腹痛缓解快,住院时间短(P <0 . 0 1) ,从术后第2天开始血及尿淀粉酶明显降低(P <0 .0 5 ) ,第3天降低更为明显(P <0 .0 1)。结论　内镜治疗解除了胆胰管开口的梗阻,通畅了胆胰液的引流,微创、安全、有效,是治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎的理想方法。     

Endoscopic treatment for early rectal cancer

Endoscopic treatment for early rectal cancer was investigated. The characteristics of early rectal cancer were compared with those of early colon cancer, and the advantages of endoscopic treatment were evaluated. The indications for endoscopic resection are mucosal cancer, slight submucosal invasion without vessel or lymphatic involvement, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, and sprouting. The presence of other characteristics indicates the need for surgical resection. Early rectal cancers in the form of laterally spreading tumors of the non-granular, pseudodepressed type should be treated with endoscopic submucosal dissection due to the high incidence of submucosal invasion. The decision on the procedure for the treatment of early rectal cancer may be complicated because of the anatomic character and function of the ano-rectal area, complications of anal dysfunction, and incidence of leakage from the anastomosis after surgery. A precise diagnosis after endoscopic examination based on the pit pattern with magnifying endoscopy may be an effective aid in selecting the most appropriate endoscopic treatment for early rectal cancer.     

食管动力性疾病的内镜诊治

食管动力性疾病包括贲门失弛缓症和胃食管反流病．是临床上常见的一组疾病．严重影响患者的生活质量。虽然食管测压为食管动力性疾病诊断的金标准,但消化内镜在该类疾病的诊断中发挥着重要作用。随着光学和机械学的革新．内镜器械得到了迅猛发展．目前已发展成为兼具治疗的检查手段。本文结合国内外最新研究进展．就近年来发展的内镜下黏膜切除术、内镜下黏膜下层剥离术和经口内镜下肌切开术等技术对食管动力性疾病的临床应用价值进行阐述。     

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内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)作为一种治疗早期胃癌新技术,同样适用于治疗食管胃结合部(esophagogastric junction,EGJ)的浅表癌。ESD治疗食管胃结合部腺癌(adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction,AEG)及EGJ处癌前病变,与外科剖腹手术及内镜黏膜切除术(endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR)等内镜治疗方法相比,具有明显优势。但ESD治疗EGJ处病变,手术难度较高,手术时间更长,手术并发症发生率更高,对操作者的技术要求较高。     

内镜黏膜下挖除术在黏膜下肿瘤中的应用

目的探讨内镜黏膜下挖除术（endoscopic submucosal excavation,ESE）处理消化道黏膜下肿瘤（submucosaltumor,SMT）的疗效和安全性。方法 2009年1~11月内镜发现的22例黏膜下病灶（食管11例、贲门2例、胃8例、结肠1例）作为入选对象,通过内镜超声（endoscopic ultrasonography,EUS）检查明确病灶大小、位置、性质,进行ESE治疗,观察其疗效和并发症情况。结果 20例（91%）完整挖除,2例ESE术后创面仍有肿瘤残留且病理报告低度恶性,转外科手术扩大切除治疗。病灶直径0.5~3.5 cm（平均1.5 cm）,手术时间20~220 min（平均75 min）。3例穿孔均保守治愈。术后随访1~12个月（平均6.5月）,20例完整挖除者均未见复发。结论 ESE对消化道的SMT具有可完整挖除病灶、创伤小、术后恢复快等优点,值得推广。