汽车制造业不同工种工伤事故分布特征的研究

目的 探索汽车制造不同工种工人工伤事故发生的种类,特征及影响因素,为劳动安全部门制定防治对策。方法 对３６５１例工伤档案资料按种类和分布特征进行描述和分析。结果 受伤者中机加工、冲压工、特种工、辅助工、铸造工分别占２０．３％、１６．１％、１６．９％、２０．２％、８．６％。男女工伤人数分别为３０６１人和５９０人,工伤率分别为４．０‰和１．５‰。冲压工工伤率和致残率最高,达２２．４％和３６．５％。结论     

汽车生产工人工伤事故的描述性研究

为了了解汽车生产工人中工伤的种类、分布特征及致伤原因,为劳动部门提供制定策略的依据,我们对东风汽车公司1983～1997年工伤事故情况进行了回顾性调查分析.     

Road accidents in a city in southern Brazil]

The study was conducted in the municipality of Londrina, a medium-sized city of southern Brazil. Analysis was performed in the characteristics of road accidents that had occurred during the first semester of 1996, resulting in 3,643 victims. Car or small truck collisions were the most common type of accident. The rate of motorcycle-related injuries (per 1,000 registered vehicles) was seven times higher than that resulting from cars or small trucks. Fatality rates were higher for motorcyclists who collided with stationary objects (29.4%) and pedestrians who were injured by lorries or buses (22.2%), in comparison with a mean fatality rate of 1.8%. This information may provide a basis for the implementation of public policies aiming at reducing accidents.     

Restructuring of production and occupational accidents in Brazil: structure and trends

During the last two decades, incidence rates of occupational accidents have been decreasing in Brazil. Mortality has also decreased, but not as sharply as incidence. Changes in reporting of occupational accidents have been the main argument used to explain such trends. This time-series study covering occupational accidents from 1970 to 1995 clearly shows the link between occupational accidents and social and economical determinants. Comparing 14 Brazilian States, a positive linear regression (r=0.80) was detected between proportion of workers in industrial production and accidents. In the 1980s, Brazil's economic recession led to an increase in unemployment. The decline in industrial jobs - those with a higher risk of accidents ( was accented by the restructuring of production and increased use of computer and robotics technologies in various manufacturing sectors. The result was a heavy shift of the work force from industry to commerce and services - jobs entailing lower risk of accidents. These factors influenced trends in occupational accidents in Brazil during this 25-year period.     

Prevalence and associated factors to rural occupational accidents, Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the frequency of rural occupational accidents and its association with potential risk factors. METHODS: The study was carried out in a urban area of Pelotas, RS, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted. A representative sample of rural workers was selected using a multi-stage sampling. From January to April 1996, a total of 258 rural families were visited and all the 580 rural workers identified in those households answered a standardized questionnaire. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of rural occupational accidents was 11%. After allowing for potential confounders, the main occupational hazards, as shown by logistic regression, were lower socioeconomic status (OR=1.81), non-white skin color (OR=3.50), and poor work satisfaction (OR=2.77).     

某市加油站作业工人健康现状调查

检测本市48家加油站作业环境的职业病危害因素,对484名作业人员进行职业性健康检查。接触组神经系统症状、皮肤角化皲裂、外周血白细胞总数、心电图异常的检出率明显高于对照组,且随工龄的增加而升高。提示长期接触汽油、苯及苯系物可对作业工人神经、血液、心血管系统及肝肾组织有一定损伤作用。     

Workers' perception of exposure to workload and risks of accidents in a southern Brazilian city]

OBJECTIVE: The study of the association between workers' perceptions of occupational hazards and the risk of occupational accidents. DESIGN: Case control study. POPULATION: The cases were 264 workers who presented a "typical" occupational accident, registered at the National Institute of Social Security in the city of Pelotas, between January and July, 1996. Fatal accidents (two) were excluded, as were those leading to an absence of less than seven days from work. The cases were interviewed in their homes with a standard questionnaire. For each case, three controls were chosen: a fellow-work, a neighbor and a population control. Controls were matched to the cases by age (+/- 5 years) and sex; workers who had suffered an occupational accident in the preceding month were excluded from the control group. All cases and controls were formally employed and lived in the urban area. The data were analyzed using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The risk of occupational accidents was found to double among workers who reported having faced emergency situations at work, working in high places, facing constant danger or noisy environments. Working in uncomfortable positions or intense physical activities were associated with a 50% increase in risk. The remaining occupational hazards under study were not significantly associated with the risk of accidents. All of the above results were adjusted for confounding factors.     

Attributable fraction of work accidents related to occupational noise exposure in a Southeastern city of Brazil

Noise is the most frequent type of occupational exposure and can lead to both auditory and extra-auditory dysfunction as well as increasing the risk of work accidents. The purpose of this study was to estimate the attributable fraction of work accidents related to occupational noise exposure in a medium-sized city in Southeast Brazil. In this hospital-based case-control study, including 600 cases and 822 controls, the odds ratio of work accidents (controlled for several covariables) was obtained classifying occupational noise exposure into four levels and determining the prevalence at each level. Based on these data, the calculated attributable fraction was 0.3041 (95%CI: 0.2341-0.3676), i.e., 30% of work accidents in the study area were statistically associated with occupational noise exposure. The authors discuss the causes of this association and the implications for the prevention of work accidents.     

Child and adolescent labor and smoking: a cross-sectional study in southern Brazil

This cross-sectional study assessed the association between smoking and child and adolescent labor among 3,269 individuals 10 to 17 years of age in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, in southern Brazil (excluding higher income census tracts) in 1998. Adjusted hierarchical analysis was performed using Poisson regression. Prevalence of child labor was 13.8%. Current smoking prevalence was 6.3% in the sample as a whole (15.7% among working versus 3.4% among non-working children). In the multivariate analysis, smoking was significantly associated with child labor, with a prevalence ratio of 1.75 (95%CI: 1.30-2.36). Smoking was also associated with family characteristics (lower maternal schooling, mother currently without husband/partner, household members with alcohol or drug problems, single mother, and history of serious injuries), and the children's characteristics (age greater than 16 years, inadequate school performance, and externalizing behavior). The findings point to smoking as one of the harmful consequences of child labor and suggest the workplace as an appropriate target for smoking prevention.     

Perinatal mortality in southern Brazil: a population-based study of 7392 births

Perinatal, fetal and early neonatal mortality rates were determined in a population of 7392 babies born in hospitals in Pelotas (total population, 260 000) during 1982. These babies represented over 99% of all births in the city in that year. The perinatal mortality rate for singletons was 31.9 per 1000 total births, the fetal mortality rate being 16.2 and the early neonatal mortality rate 15.9 per 1000 total births.     

Epidemiology of leisure-time physical activity: a population-based study in southern Brazil

We aimed to measure the prevalence of physical inactivity (PI) during leisure time and to identify variables associated with it in a southern Brazilian adult population. A population-based cross-sectional study was carried out, covering a multiple-stage sample of 1,968 subjects aged 20-69 years. Weekly participation in leisure-time physical activity was addressed. For each activity, energy expenditure was calculated using data on duration, metabolic equivalent, and body weight. Energy expenditures of individual activities were summed to give a weekly total. PI was defined as fewer than 1,000 kilocalories per week. The prevalence of PI was 80.7% (95%CI: 78.9-82.4). After adjusted analyses, the following variables were positively associated with the outcome: female gender, age, living with a partner, and smoking. Schooling and economic status were inversely associated with PI. Chronically undernourished individuals were significantly more likely to be inactive. We found no differences according to skin color or alcohol consumption. In conclusion, the prevalence of PI in this adult population was higher than in populations from developed countries, but the associated variables were similar.     

Risk perception and communication regarding pesticide use in rural work: a case study in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

In an agricultural region of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, rapid assessment procedures were used for risk-perception studies based on methodologic triangulation that included semi-structured interviews, participatory observations, and focus groups. Data were qualitatively categorized. Women's risk perception was prioritized, as they did not recognize some risks they were exposed to during work activities. To reach women likely to be exposed to pesticides, a photographic soap opera (fotonovela) was constructed in collaboration with rural workers, using community-based participatory research methods. Contents of the risk-communication strategies included the harmful effects of pesticides. Results showed that the inclusion of risk-perception studies in the development of educative and risk-communication campaigns is very important, bridging research to action.     

Characteristics of the victims of traffic accidents in a city of the southern region of Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the magnitude of morbidity and mortality and describe some of the characteristics of road accident victims. METHODS: The study population was composed of 3,643 victims of road accidents which occurred in Londrina, PR (Brazil), during the first semester of 1996. There were included victims from accidents registered by the Military Police, those who died at the accident scenario or on their way to the hospital, those who received emergency care or were hospitalized through the Unified Care System. It was observed a period of 180 days for death verification. RESULTS: The mean incidence and mortality rates were 1,582.2 and 29. 0 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. These rates, however, have demonstrated great variability in relation to several characteristics (place of residence, gender, age and the victim's mode of transport). The majority of victims were motorcyclists, followed by cyclists and pedestrians who, altogether, accounted for 76.9% of the total, and 81.5% of those who died. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that road accidents constitute a major cause of morbidity and mortality and that specific preventive measures should be considered in order to reduce such accidents, especially those that involve the most vulnerable road passers.     

Child sexual abuse in southern Brazil and associated factors: a population-based study

Background  

The prevalence of child sexual abuse (CSA) in the population has been poorly described in developing countries. Population data on child sexual abuse in Brazil is very limited. This paper aims to estimate lifetime prevalence of child sexual abuse and associated factors in a representative sample of the population aged 14 and over in a city of southern Brazil.     

Leukemia in relation to occupational exposures to benzene and other agents: a case-control study nested in a cohort of gas and electric utility workers

BACKGROUND: Many occupational and environmental exposures have been implicated in the etiology of leukemia, but only a few, such as benzene, are well-established leukemogens. The risk of leukemia in a large cohort of gas and electricity utility workers with exposures to several suspected or confirmed carcinogens was investigated. METHODS: A case-control study nested within the cohort was conducted, with 72 leukemia cases identified among male workers, and 285 controls matched to the cases by year of birth. Only cases, and their matched controls, active in the company at the date of diagnosis were included. Exposure assessment was based on a job-exposure matrix (JEM) developed from expert judgment using a standardized procedure. RESULTS: The risk of leukemia was increased in workers with an estimated cumulative exposure to benzene > or = 16.8 ppm-years (OR = 3.6; 95% CI 1.1-11.7), and there was an indication of a dose-response relation (OR = 1.2; 95% CI 1.0-1.5 per 10 ppm-years increase in exposure). The link with benzene was more pronounced for acute leukemia than for chronic leukemia, but no association with a particular leukemia cell type was apparent. The risk of leukemia remained elevated for latency periods of 2, 5, or 10 years. CONCLUSIONS: From our evaluation, it could be estimated that the median TWA exposure to benzene among exposed workers was 0.16 ppm, i.e., within concentration ranges where an increased leukemia risk was usually not apparent in previous epidemiological studies. Although an increased leukemia risk may be real, it may also be related to other occupational factors not totally controlled for in the analysis, or to benzene exposures actually higher than expected.