手霉素通过线粒体凋亡途径诱导U937和HL-60细胞凋亡

目的 研究法尼酰基转移酶抑制剂手霉素（Manumycin）诱导白血病细胞凋亡的机制。方法 用2μmol／L手霉素处理白血病细胞系U937和HL-60细胞不同时间，用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡。免疫印迹技术检测细胞色素C、caspase9、caspase8、caspase3的表达。用荧光染料JC-1检测法测定线粒体膜电位（Δψm），并用caspase抑制剂Z—VAD—fmk阻断caspase的活化，探讨caspase在手霉素诱导白血病细胞凋亡中的作用。结果 2μmol／L手霉素处理U937和HL-60细胞16h，Δψm显著下降，相对值分别是0．51±0．07和0．41±0．06（P〈0．01）。手霉素诱导细胞色素C从线粒体释放到细胞质，激活caspase-9、caspase8和caspase-3。50μmol／L的Z—VAD—fmk可完全阻断caspase激活，但仅部分阻断手霉素诱导的U937和HL-60细胞凋亡，细胞凋亡率分别减少51．69％和56．47％。结论 手霉素通过线粒体途径诱导U937和HL-60细胞凋亡。     

hMRE11在依托泊甙所致U937细胞DNA双链断裂后的修复中发挥重要作用

MRE11在DNA损伤反应的信号转导通路中起着重要的作用.本研究查明hMRE11与依托泊甙所致人单核细胞白血病细胞株U937 DNA双链断裂的关系.在依托泊甙(VP-16)处理U937细胞后,运用脉冲凝胶电泳(PFGE)检测DNA双链断裂,采用RT-PCR技术检测MRE11的转录水平,借助免疫荧光技术检测hMRE11蛋白的分布改变,并通过流式细胞术检测其细胞周期.结果表明VP-16诱导U937细胞DNA双链断裂的发生率与其剂量高度相关,从2μg/ml时的(13.0±2.3)%增至20μg/ml时的(32.0±4.3)%(P＜0.01).但VP-16诱导U937细胞前后不同时间内hMRE11 mRNA水平未见变化(P＞0.05).hMRE11蛋白丰富而均匀分布于核仁外的细胞核中,但经VP-16处理后则形成独立的核灶(nuclear focus),并且存在这种核灶的细胞数和细胞中的核灶数量随VP-16的剂量增加而增多.经100μg/ml VP-16处理(2小时)后8小时形成hMRE11蛋白灶的U937细胞数达到(61.54±3.6)%[对照组为(0.47±1.17)%,P＜0.01],而且47.55±2.35%的U937细胞[对照组(21.95±2.91)%,P＜0.05]停滞于S期,然后逐渐下降.结论hMRE11蛋白核灶形成可能参与VP-16所致人单核白血病细胞株U937的DNA损伤修复过程.     

p73基因在甲氨蝶呤诱导髓性白血病细胞系U937细胞凋亡过程中的表达

为了探讨甲氨蝶呤（MTX）诱导U937细胞凋亡过程中p73 mRNA的表达变化，用MTX诱导U937细胞凋亡，凋亡指标采用细胞形态学、DNA片段电泳、流式细胞术检测DNA含量及细胞周期的变化等方法；采用半定量反转录PCR（RT－PCR）检测p73 mRNA的表达变化。研究结果显示：MTX可诱导U937细胞凋亡。5μmol/L的MTX作用于U937细胞6小时，可见部分细胞体积缩小，染色质明显浓缩和核碎裂。DNA片段电泳，MTX处理组可见清晰的梯形条带。流式细胞仪检测发现MTX作用于U937细胞，6，8，10小时，细胞的凋亡率分别为5．15％，11．43％和14．7％，并使细胞阻滞在G2／M＋S期，而对照组细胞不发生凋亡。半定量RT－PCR结果显示在U937细胞凋亡前后，p73 mRNA的表达无明显变化。结论提示，在MTX诱导U937细胞凋亡过程中，p73的mRNA水平表达差异无显性。     

Akt特异性抑制剂MK2206诱导U937及RS4;11细胞凋亡及其机制

目的:本研究探讨Akt激酶抑制剂MK2206对U937及RS4;11细胞增殖、凋亡的影响,并分析其可能的作用机制。方法:以不同浓度MK2206处理U937及RS4;11细胞24、48 h,用CCK-8法绘制细胞增殖曲线;Annexin V/7-氨基放线菌素D(7-AAD)双标记法分析细胞凋亡情况;流式细胞术检测细胞周期的变化;实时定量PCR检测Bax、Bcl-2、XIAP、CDK1、caspase-3基因mRNA表达的变化。结果:MK2206对U937及RS4;11细胞增殖具有抑制作用,且抑制效应呈一定的时间和剂量依赖性,U937细胞24、48 h的半数抑制浓度(IC50)分别为(0.48±0.15)和(0.09±0.01)μmol/L,RS4;11细胞24、48 h的半数抑制浓度(IC50)分别为(0.91±0.02)和(0.68±0.11)μmol/L。0.5μmol/L MK2206作用于U937细胞及1.0μmol/L MK2206作用于RS4;11细胞24 h、48 h,Annexin V/7-AAD标记的阳性细胞升高,U937细胞组24 h细胞凋亡率为(4.18±0.70)%,48 h细胞凋亡率为(22.53±4.67)%,均高于对照组的(1.35±0.34)%(P0.05),且48 h细胞凋亡率较24 h更为明显(P0.05);RS4;11细胞组24 h和48 h细胞凋亡率分别为(5.74±0.58)%和(10.07±1.24)%,均高于对照组的(1.32±0.31)%(P0.05),且48 h细胞凋亡率较24 h更为明显(P0.05)。流式细胞术检测细胞周期结果显示,U937细胞组G2/M期细胞比例为(96.78±9.11)%,高于对照组的(9.64±0.91)%(P0.05);RS4;11细胞组G2/M期细胞比例为(14.19±3.82)%,高于对照组的(5.75±1.28)%(P0.05)。荧光定量PCR检测结果示,两种细胞中Bax、caspase-3 mRNA相对表达水平升高,而Bcl-2、XIAP表达水平降低,同时伴CDK1 mRNA水平的减少,与各自对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:MK2206能有效抑制U937及RS4;11细胞增殖及促进细胞凋亡,使细胞周期阻滞于G2/M期,其促凋亡机制与上调Bax与caspase-3基因表达、下调Bcl-2与XIAP基因表达有关,细胞周期G2/M期阻滞与CDK1基因表达水平下降有关。     

Apogossypolone诱导骨髓瘤细胞凋亡及其机制研究

本研究探讨棉酚衍生物apogossypolone（ApoG2）对多发性骨髓瘤细胞系的抑制增殖、诱导凋亡的作用及其作用机制。应用台盼蓝染色、Hoechst 33258染色、透射电子显微镜检、DNA凝胶电泳法、流式细胞仪分析细胞DNA含量等来判断ApoG2对多发性骨髓瘤细胞的抑制增殖和诱导凋亡作用。以caspase-3、caspase-9以及BCL-2、BCL—XL分析ApoG2诱导骨髓瘤细胞凋亡的可能机制。结果表明：ApoG2对多发性骨髓瘤细胞增殖具有明显的抑制作用,IC50值在U266细胞和Wusl细胞（48小时）分别为0．1、0．2μmol／L。ApoG2可以诱导骨髓瘤细胞凋亡且呈时间和剂量依赖性。ApoG2可以使骨髓瘤细胞周期停止在G2期,U266细胞G2期比例从9．7％增至19．6％。Wusl细胞从9．8％增至31．7％。ApoG2能导致U266、Wusl细胞caspase-9、caspase-3活性增高。U266细胞和Wusl细胞经ApoG2 25μmoL／L作用24小时后,BCL—XL表达分别下降（7．3±1．4）％和（11．2±6．2）％,Wusl细胞BCL-2表达下降84．4±3．4％。结论：ApoG2对多发性骨髓瘤细胞具有抑制增殖和诱导凋亡作用,其作用机制可能和下调BCL-2／BCL—XL表达以及影响细胞周期有关。     

低氧诱导因子抑制剂对白血病细胞株HIF-1α和VEGF表达及诱导细胞凋亡作用的研究

本研究探讨低氧诱导因子抑制剂3-(5′-hydroxymethyl-2′-furyl)-1-benzylindazole(YC-1)对人急性白血病病细胞低氧诱导因子1α(hypoxia inducible factor1α,HIF-1α)和血管内皮因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)的调节及诱导细胞凋亡作用。应用DAPI染色检查凋亡细胞的形态;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率;RT-PCR检测K562、U937、Jurkat白血病细胞株hif-1α和vegf mRNA表达以及YC-1对U937细胞hif-1α、vegf mRNA表达影响;Western blot检测YC-1对U937细胞HIF-1α和VEGF蛋白表达,以及BAX、BCL-2、caspase-3蛋白变化,分析YC-1诱导U937细胞凋亡的可能机制。结果表明:在3种白血病细胞株均可见hif-1α和vegf mRNA表达。4μmol/L YC-1处理U937细胞(0、8、16和24小时)后,可见凋亡细胞出现的典型凋亡形态特征;流式细胞术检测的细胞0、8、16和24小时凋亡率分别为(4.87±0.70)%、(27.27±2.00)%、(51.53±2.81)%及(60.5±3.20)%;vegf mRNA表达下调,而hif-1αmRNA表达无明显变化;HIF-1α蛋白、VEGF蛋白和BCL-2蛋白表达下调,而BAX和caspase-3蛋白表达上调,BAX/BCL-2比率升高并呈时间依赖性(r=0.973,p0.01)。结论:3种白血病细胞株均显示hif-1α和vegf mRNA表达,YC-1可以抑制白血病细胞HIF-1α蛋白表达,进而下调VEGF,并通过上调BAX/BCL-2比率、caspase-3蛋白表达诱导细胞凋亡。     

As2S2与STI 571协同诱导K562细胞凋亡

目的　探索As2 S2 和STI 5 71联合使用对K5 6 2细胞的诱导凋亡作用及其机制。方法　用细胞计数法研究As2 S2 对K5 6 2细胞的生长抑制作用 ;细胞凋亡的检测用流式细胞术、基因组DNA电泳、细胞形态学观察等方法 ;蛋白表达的检测采用Western blot法 ;基因表达的变化用半定量RT PCR法。结果　As2 S2 1～ 5 μmol/L作用 2 4～ 72h ,即可明显抑制K5 6 2细胞增殖 ,3～ 5 μmol/L作用 4 8～ 72h即可诱导K5 6 2细胞凋亡。 3μmol/LAs2 S2 作用 72h ,细胞凋亡率达 34.4 % ;5 μmol/LAs2 S2 作用 4 8,72h ,细胞凋亡率分别达 2 1.8%和 4 6 .0 %。 1μmol/LSTI 5 71作用 4 8h ,细胞凋亡率为 (18.4± 1.4 ) % ;5 μmol/LAs2 S2 作用 4 8h ,细胞凋亡率为 (15 .8± 1.2 ) % ;而两者合用细胞凋亡率上升为 (40 .6± 2 .0 ) %。对于U937细胞 ,单用 1μmol/LSTI5 71作用 4 8h ,细胞凋亡率为 (4.5± 1.1) % ;单用 5 μmol/LAs2 S2 作用 4 8h ,细胞凋亡率为 (6 .0± 1.2 ) % ;而两者合用 ,细胞凋亡率为 (7.3± 1.0 ) % ,无明显协同作用。As2 S2 能降低K5 6 2细胞中Bcr Abl蛋白水平 ,并抑制c Abl和Bcr AblPTK活性 ,但As2 S2 并不调变bcr abl基因表达水平。结论　As2 S2 联合STI 5 71可增强诱导K5 6 2细胞凋亡的作用 ,其机制可能     

磁性纳米Fe_3O_4颗粒对藤黄酸诱导的U937细胞凋亡效应的影响(英文)

本研究探讨联合应用藤黄酸(GA)和磁性纳米Fe3O4颗粒(MNP-Fe3O4)治疗白血病的潜在可能性。采用MTT法检测GA对U937的细胞毒作用及GA联合MNP-Fe3O4对U937细胞生长抑制的影响;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率;应用Wright及DAPI染色观察凋亡细胞的形态学变化;采用实时定量RT-PCR及Western blot法分别检测细胞的caspase-3、bcl-2、bax、NF-κB和survivin基因及相应蛋白的表达。结果表明:GA对U937细胞的生长抑制作用呈现时间及剂量依赖性;MNP-Fe3O4本身无细胞毒作用,但能使GA对U937细胞的生长抑制作用增强;联合应用GA和MNP-Fe3O4诱导的细胞凋亡率较单用GA明显增加,细胞呈现典型的凋亡形态改变,同时可见caspase-3及bax表达上调,而凋亡抑制基因如bcl-2、NF-κB和survivin表达下调。结论:MNP-Fe3O4能增强GA对U937细胞的凋亡诱导作用,两者联合应用可能是一种新型而安全有效的白血病治疗方法。     

三氧化二砷对骨髓瘤细胞系U266抑制增殖及诱导凋亡的机制研究

本研究探讨三氧化二砷(As2O3)在体外对骨髓瘤细胞系U266的生物学效应及其机制。用MTT法观察As2O3对U266细胞增殖的影响,用流式细胞术、DNA凝胶电泳法分析As2O3对U266细胞凋亡的影响,以RT-PCR法检测2μmol/LAs2O3不同处理时间对U266细胞人端粒酶逆转录酶蛋白催化亚单位(hTERT)mRNA的表达变化,用Western blot法检测As2O3不同处理时间对U266细胞procaspase-3、bcl-2及hTERT蛋白水平的表达变化。结果表明:As2O3能明显抑制U266细胞增殖,半数抑制浓度(IC50)为2μmol/L;As2O3能诱导U266细胞凋亡,呈现剂量和时间依赖性;2μmol/L As2O3不同时间处理U266细胞后procaspase-3蛋白及hTERT mRNA、蛋白表达呈时间依赖性降低,而bcl-2蛋白表达未发生变化。结论:As2O3通过改变线粒体跨膜电位,触发了U266细胞的线粒体凋亡途径,导致了caspase-3的活化,最终诱导U266细胞凋亡;hTERT表达下调也是As2O3诱导U266细胞凋亡的重要作用机制。     

Fas配体在髓系白血病细胞中的表达及功能研究

为了解Fas配体 (FasL)在髓系白血病细胞中的表达水平及其诱导Fas+敏感细胞发生凋亡的功能 ,用流式细胞术检测 38例髓系白血病患者 (外周血白细胞 >10 0× 10 9/L)的白血病细胞在新鲜分离及IL 2和IFN γ刺激后表面膜FasL的表达水平 ,将白血病细胞 ( 1× 10 6/ml)与Jurkat细胞 ( 1× 10 5/ml)混合培养 2 4小时后 ,用DNA电泳和流式细胞术双标法检测Jurkat细胞发生凋亡的情况。结果表明 :白血病细胞表面FasL表达量 ( 3.5 9± 1.0 5 ) %高于正常人 ( 0 .36± 0 .16 ) % ,P <0 .0 0 1,经IL 2和IFN γ刺激后其表达量明显增加 ( 7.78± 3.4 0 ) % ,P <0 .0 1;白血病细胞刺激前后诱导Jurkat细胞发生的凋亡率分别为 ( 8.2 8± 1.6 1) % ,( 10 .73± 2 .16 ) % ,差异具有显著性意义。结论 :FasL在髓系白血病细胞表面高表达且对Fas+的敏感细胞具有杀伤功能 ,推测Fas/FasL途径可能在白血病的“免疫逃逸”中发挥作用     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."