尿细胞角蛋白检测与尿脱落细胞学检查在膀胱癌诊断中的价值

目的:探讨尿细胞角蛋白检测与尿脱落细胞学检查在膀胱移行细胞癌诊断中的价值。方法:136例怀疑膀胱癌者,进行尿细胞角蛋白8和18的含量(UBC值)。检测与尿细胞学检查,其中87例经组织学证实为膀胱移行细胞癌。比较两者诊断膀胱癌的敏感性和特异性。结果:尿细胞角蛋白的敏感性为70.1%,特异性为73.3%;尿细胞学的敏感性为42.5%,特异性为83.7%。尿细胞角蛋白在膀胱癌不同分级和分期中的敏感性优于尿细胞学(P<0.05)。结论:尿细胞角蛋白的检测在早期诊断膀胱癌方面优于尿细胞学检查,可作为膀胱癌的早期检测指标。     

BTA检测在膀胱癌诊断中的价值

目的BTA检测与尿脱落细胞学检查结果比较,以明确在膀胶癌诊断中的应用价值.方法 收集1996年12月～1997年1月经膀胱镜及病理学检查确诊为膀胱乳头状移行细胞癌的病人共47例.每一例于膀胱镜检查前连续留取三次晨尿,行尿脱落细胞学检查.最后一次标本同时行BTA检测及尿液常规化验.结果BTA检测膀胱癌的敏感度为70.2%(33/47),尿脱落细胞学检查敏感度为25.5%(12/47),两者有非常显著性差异(P<0.001).共有8例(17.0%)患者两种检查结果均为阳性,10例(21.3%)患者两种检测结果均为阴性.另外,BTA检测对T1期膀胱癌患者的敏感度明显高于尿脱落细胞学检查,其结果分别为76.0%(19/25)和12.0%(3/25),统计学分析示有非常显著性差异(P<0.01).结论 BTA检测是一种有价值的膀胱癌诊断辅助措施,且使用方便,检测迅速,无创伤性,便于临床开展.     

Increased levels of urinary basic fibroblast growth factor in bladder cancer patients

Urinary basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was determined by a competitive sandwich ELISA test in 26 patients with transitional bladder cancer and 26 normal volunteers or subjects with benign urological diseases. The median bFGF value in the patient group was 3.41 ng bFGF/g creatinine (range: 0-153.6), significantly higher than the median levels in the control group (1.39 ng/g creatinine; range: 0-4.5). On the basis of the optimal cut-off point of 2.64 ng bFGF/g creatinine, the sensitivity of the test for detecting bladder cancer was 61.5% and the specificity 76.9%. We also studied 17 individuals successfully treated for a previous bladder cancer and with no evidence of disease at the moment of urine collection (NED group). These subjects showed similar urinary bFGF levels as those observed in the control group (median 0.24 ng bFGF/g creatinine, range 0-5.1). Our data suggest that the dosage of urinary bFGF could be a non-invasive useful assay in the management of bladder cancer patients.     

An evaluation of split-course irradiation for pelvic malignancies

Therapeutic results of split-course vs continuous-course whole pelvis irradiation were analyzed in 235 consecutive patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix, prostate, or urinary bladder. Eighty-six patients with carcinoma of the cervix were assigned randomly to receive either split or continuous treatment; 65 patients with prostate cancer and 84 patients with bladder cancer were not randomized. Except for a planned 14–16 day interruption after 2800–3000 rad in the split-course group, the techniques of irradiation did not differ. For each tumor site, local control for the 2 techniques was similar when total doses were the same. No significant differences in survival were noted. Paradoxically, in both the randomized and non-randomized groups, the occurrence of radiation-induced chronic gastrointestinal injury was more frequent in patients who were treated by the split-course technique.     

联合检测尿液Survivin浓度及脱落细胞端粒酶活性在膀胱移行细胞癌中的诊断价值

目的：探讨尿液中Survivin浓度检测联合尿脱落细胞端粒酶活性检测在膀胱移行细胞癌诊断中的应用价值。方法：收集膀胱移行细胞癌患者尿液64例及非膀胱癌对照组患者尿液42例,应用ELISA方法检测各尿液标本中Survivin浓度及脱落细胞端粒酶的活性。结果：尿液中Survivin在膀胱癌诊断中的敏感度为82.8%,特异度为85.7%;尿脱落细胞端粒酶活性检测对膀胱癌诊断的敏感度为84.4%,特异度为69.0%;两种方法联合应用,两者均为阴性时诊断为阴性,否则为阳性,诊断膀胱癌的敏感度为95.3%,特异度为64.3%。结论：应用ELISA方法对尿液中Survivin浓度及脱落细胞端粒酶活性联合检测可显著提高膀胱移行细胞癌诊断的敏感度,而特异度变化不大,因此,两种指标联合检测较单一检测对膀胱移行细胞癌诊断更有价值。     

联合检测尿液Survivin浓度及脱落细胞端粒酶活性在膀胱移行细胞癌中的诊断价值

目的:探讨尿液中Survivin浓度检测联合尿脱落细胞端粒酶活性检测在膀胱移行细胞癌诊断中的应用价值。方法:收集膀胱移行细胞癌患者尿液64例及非膀胱癌对照组患者尿液42例,应用ELISA方法检测各尿液标本中Survivin浓度及脱落细胞端粒酶的活性。结果:尿液中Survivin在膀胱癌诊断中的敏感度为82.8%,特异度为85.7%;尿脱落细胞端粒酶活性检测对膀胱癌诊断的敏感度为84.4%,特异度为69.0%;两种方法联合应用,两者均为阴性时诊断为阴性,否则为阳性,诊断膀胱癌的敏感度为95.3%,特异度为64.3%。结论:应用ELISA方法对尿液中Survivin浓度及脱落细胞端粒酶活性联合检测可显著提高膀胱移行细胞癌诊断的敏感度,而特异度变化不大,因此,两种指标联合检测较单一检测对膀胱移行细胞癌诊断更有价值。     

The role of urinary cytology for detection of bladder cancer.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to test the value of urinary cytology in the diagnosis of bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One thousand three hundred and eighty voided urine and bladder wash specimens of 495 patients were evaluated by urinary cytology. All patients then underwent transurethral resection of suspicious bladder areas if cystoscopy and/or preceding biopsy were positive. Statistical differences were analysed using the two-sided Fisher's exact test and Cochran's test (p<0.05). RESULTS: In 495 patients including 142 patients with bladder cancer urinary cytology revealed a sensitivity of 38.0% and a specificity of 98.3% with a positive and negative predictive value of 90.6 and 78.6, respectively. Sensitivity increased significantly with malignancy grade (p<0.05). In high grade tumours sensitivity improved from initial 52.2% up to 78.3% after the third sample. In sensitivity and specificity of voided urine and barbotage washing samples no significant difference was detected. CONCLUSIONS: Urinary cytology has its place as an additive diagnostic tool to cystoscopy. None of the currently available urinary markers can replace cystoscopy but are helpful for specific diagnostic problems.     

Measuring health-related quality of life outcomes in bladder cancer patients using the Bladder Cancer Index (BCI)

BACKGROUND: Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) has not been adequately measured in bladder cancer. A recently developed reliable and disease-specific quality of life instrument (Bladder Cancer Index, BCI) was used to measure urinary, sexual, and bowel function and bother domains in patients with bladder cancer managed with several different interventions, including cystectomy and endoscopic-based procedures. METHODS: Patients with bladder cancer were identified from a prospective bladder cancer outcomes database and contacted as part of an Institutional Review Board-approved study to assess treatment impact on HRQOL. HRQOL was measured using the BCI across stratified treatment groups. Bivariate and multivariable analyses adjusted for age, gender, income, education, relationship status, and follow-up time were performed to compare urinary, bowel, and sexual domains between treatment groups. RESULTS: In all, 315 bladder cancer patients treated at the University of Michigan completed the BCI in 2004. Significant differences were seen in mean BCI function and bother scores between cystectomy and native bladder treatment groups. In addition, urinary function scores were significantly lower among cystectomy patients treated with continent neobladder compared with those treated with ileal conduit (all pairwise P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: The BCI is responsive to functional and bother differences in patients with bladder cancer treated with different surgical approaches. Significant differences between therapy groups in each of the urinary, bowel, and sexual domains exist. Among patients treated with orthotopic continent urinary diversion, functional impairments related to urinary incontinence and lack of urinary control account for the low observed urinary function scores.     

Cancer incidence and survival in patients 65 years of age and older

The impact of cancer on persons 65 years of age and older has been assessed by examining incidence rates and survival rates. For all cancers combined, the incidence rate shown in Table 4 for males 65 and older (2,468.2 per 100,000) is four times the age-adjusted rate for males 45 to 64 years of age (586.7). For elderly females, the incidence rate is twice that for females aged 45 to 64 (1,401.1 versus 609.7). Ratios of incidence rates for older versus younger males are about four to five for cancers of the stomach, colon, rectum, pancreas, and urinary bladder, and for leukemia; about three for cancers of the lung and kidney, and for non-Hodgkin's lymphomas; and 10 for cancer of the prostate. For females, the corresponding ratios are similar to those for males, although a little lower for cancers of the colon, rectum, and urinary bladder, and for leukemia, and a little higher for cancers of the stomach and pancreas. The ratios for breast, uterine cervix, uterine corpus, ovary, and lung are less than two. The relative survival rates for patients 65 and older are for many cancer sites only a few percentage points lower than rates for those 45 to 64 years of age (Table 5), suggesting that patients in this age group fare only a little worse than younger patients in escaping the effects of cancer once it has been diagnosed. Exceptions are cancer of the urinary bladder and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas for both men and women and cancers of the uterine cervix, uterine corpus, ovary, and kidney for women. For these sites, the survival rates for older patients are considerably lower than for their younger counterparts. For female breast cancer patients, there was no difference in the five-year relative survival rate for those 65 and older compared with those 45 to 64.     

Urinary immunoglobulin A in the diagnosis of bladder cancer

Urinary immunoglobulin A levels were measured in the urine of 13 patients with histologically diagnosed bladder cancer present, six patients with culture proven urinary tract infection, and 14 control individuals. There were statistically significantly higher immunoglobulin A levels in the urine of patients with bladder cancer than in either individuals with urinary tract infection or control individuals. Urinary immunoglobulin A may be a potentially useful test for the diagnosis and follow-up of bladder cancer patients.     

Results of stage III carcinoma of the uterine cervix treated by conformation radiotherapy

From 1967 through 1982, 206 patients with stage III carcinoma of the uterine cervix were treated by conformation radiotherapy. In the first half of the period (group A), external irradiation alone was used, while in the second half (group B), intracavitary irradiation with a low dose-rate was applied in combination with external irradiation. The two-year local control rate was 56.9% in group A and 81.5% in group B. With the combined use of intracavitary irradiation, the five-year actuarial survival rate was also improved from 45.5% in group A to 59.7% in group B. At the same time, the frequency of late injury of the rectum, sigmoid colon and the urinary bladder was also decreased with the use of small sources. It can be concluded that the combined application of intracavitary irradiation and external irradiation is important to improve the treatment results of stage III carcinoma of the uterine cervix.     

Diagnostic potential in bladder cancer of a panel of tumor markers (calreticulin, gamma -synuclein, and catechol-o-methyltransferase) identified by proteomic analysis

Using proteomic analysis, we previously identified calreticulin (CRT) as a potentially useful urinary marker for bladder cancer. Now, we have also identified gamma -synuclein (SNCG) and a soluble isoform of catechol-o-methyltransferase (s-COMT) as novel candidates for tumor markers in bladder cancer, by means of proteomic analysis. In the process of establishing a superior tumor marker system, we investigated the diagnostic value of a combination assay of these three proteins. Voided urine samples were obtained from 112 bladder cancer and 230 control patients. Urinary CRT, SNCG, and s-COMT were measured as a combined marker by quantitative western blot analysis. Relative concentration of each protein was calculated and the diagnostic value of a concomitant examination of these markers was evaluated by receiver operator characteristic analysis. With the best diagnostic cutoff, the overall sensitivity of the combined markers was 76.8% (95% confidence interval, 69-81%) with a specificity of 77.4% (72-80%), while those of a single use of CRT were 71.4% and 77.8%, respectively. When evaluated in relation to tumor characteristics, such as grade, stage, size, and outcome of urinary cytology, the diagnostic capacity of the combined markers was equal to or better than that of CRT in all categories. Concomitant use of CRT, SNCG, and s-COMT had higher sensitivity for detection of bladder cancer than did single use of CRT. Our study suggests that use of this panel of markers will improve the diagnosis of bladder cancer and may allow the development of a protein microarray assay or multi-channel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.     

Three-dimentional echography in diagnosis and staging of urinary bladder cancer

The role of USI and three-dimentional volumetric reconstruction was studied in diagnosis of urinary bladder cancer diagnosis. 69 UBC patients were examined. Examination included renal USI of the kidneys, urinary bladder, prostate, echoureterography, cystoscopy, CT, MRT. The number of the tumors, volume, area, invasion were studied in 3D mode. US angiography assessed resistance index and tumor vascularization by degrees 0-3. USI findings were compared with those of MRT, cystoscopy, histomorphology of the biopsies. 2D USI technique proved effective in detection of urinary bladder cancer at stage T1 in 66%, 3D in 100. At stage T2a-b informative value of both techniques reached 87%. Overall informative value of 2D in detection of urinary bladder cancer was 81%, three-dimentional echography--96%. USI proved effective in diagnosis and staging of urinary bladder cancer. Use of 3D ultrasonic angiography facilitates the choice of more effective surgical policy in the treatment of urinary bladder cancer patients.     

Reconstructive-reparative operations in injuries of the urinary tract in obstetrical,gynecologic and abdominal surgery

Different reconstructive operations were performed in 20 patients for intraoperative traumas of the urinary tract. 4 patients had injured ureter and urinary bladder. The damage was done in the course of obstetric operations (cesarean section, uterine extirpation). In 12 cases the ureter was injured in uterine extirpation for cancer (n = 4), myoma (n = 4), prolapse of the uterus, (n = 1), extirpation of uterine cervix stump (n = 1), ureteral electrocoagulation (n = 1) and adnexectomy (n = 1). In 4 cases ligation of the ureter complicated surgical interventions for cancer of the sigmoid colon (n = 1) and rectum (n = 1), diverticulosis of the colon (n = 1) and portal cirrhosis of the liver with evident cirrhosis (n = 1). Surgical policy in the treatment of intraoperative urinary tract injuries was organ-saving. Only in 3 patients with severe acute pyelonephritis surgery was two-staged with prior nephrostomy. In the rest cases primary reconstructive operations were made. Two patients with bilateral injury of the ureters after uterine extirpation have undergone transabdominal bilateral reimplantation of the ureters by Boari in Gregoir's modification. Reconstruction of pelvic ureter was often made by using a urinary bladder graft (Boari's technique). In 1 female patient with extensive vesicovaginal fistula resultant in detruzor corrugation sigmocystoplasty was made with a good result. Serious complications after the reconstruction were absent. Urinary fistulas formed in 4 cases. In 3 of them they closed without surgical intervention. In 1 patient, to close urinary fistula complicating ureterocystoanastomosis Boari's operation was conducted with a favourable outcome. Reconstructive operations saved the kidney function.     

Serum Periplakin as a Potential Biomarker for Urothelial Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder

The objectives of this study were to examine serum periplakin expression in patients with urothelial carcinomaof the urinary bladder and in normal controls, and to examine relationships with clinicopathological findings.Detection of serum periplakin was performed in 50 patients and 30 normal controls with anti-periplakinantibodies using the automatic dot blot system, and a micro-dot blot array with a 256 solid-pin system. Levelsin patients with urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder were significantly lower than those in normalcontrols (0.31 and 5.68, respectively; p<0.0001). The area under the receiver-operator curve level for urothelialcarcinoma of the urinary bladder was 0.845. The sensitivity and specificity, using a cut-off point of 4.045, were83.7% and 73.3%, respectively. In addition, serum periplakin levels were significantly higher in patients withmuscle-invasive cancer than in those with nonmuscle-invasive cancer (P = 0.03). In multivariate Cox proportionalhazards regression analysis, none of the clinicopathological factors was associated with an increased risk forprogression and cancer-specific survival. Examination of the serum periplakin level may play a role as a noninvasivediagnostic modality to aid urine cytology and cystoscopy.     

The response of the urinary bladder, urethra, and ureter to radiation and chemotherapy

A comprehensive review of the physiological and clinical response of the urinary bladder, ureter, and urethra to radiation and chemotherapy is presented. The clinical syndromes that follow therapy for cancer of the bladder, prostate, and cervix are reviewed in detail. Methods of assessing, scoring, and managing toxicity are discussed.     

Transurethral electrosurgery of a new generation (TURis) in the treatment of the lower urinary tract and prostate diseases

Surgical interventions were made in 175 patients aged 23-87 years (mean age 64.8 years) with different diseases of the lower urinary tract (adenoma, prostatic cancer, cancer of the urinary bladder, etc.) with application of a new generation of endoscopic technique--transurethral resection in saline (TURis system) with a generator UES-40 SurgMaster (Olympus). Three patients had a cardiac pacemaker. The size of the prostate in prostatic adenoma ranged from 4.8 to 121 cm3 (mean 62.5 cm3), residual urine--92.3 ml (42.6 to 310.2 ml). Duration of surgery averaged 63 min (14 to 127 min). Mean amount of the resected tissue in sclerosis of urinary bladder cervix was 7 g (5-11 g), in prostatic adenoma--41 g (10-85 g), prostatic cancer--27 g (17-49 g). In postoperative period tamponade of the urinary bladder developed in 2 (1.5%) patients. Red cell transfusions were not necessary. Incontinence was observed in 7 (5.3%) patients after removal of urethral catheter, in 5 (3.8%) patients it stopped spontaneously to the time of discharge from the hospital, 2 (1.5%) patients with prostatic cancer retained partial orthostatic incontinence. TURis raised Qmax from 8.1 to 19.8 ml/s, on the average. The scores by IPSS fell from 20.8 to 7.5, QoL--from 5.1 to 3.7, on the average. Residual urine after operation reached 35 ml maximum. Informative value of histological material rose significantly in view of a minimal zone of coagulatory changes in the samples. Standard time limitation for transurethral resection (60-90 min) becomes insignificant in using isotonic irrigation allowing urologists to resect safely larger adenomas than it was possible earlier.     

Cancer incidence in female smokers: A 26-year follow-up

A random sample of 26,000 Swedish women who were asked about their smoking habits in the early 1960s have now been followed for 26 years with respect to cancer incidence. Most findings regarding tobacco smoking and cancer from studies of men were confirmed also among the women. Elevated relative risk for current smokers compared with women who never smoked regularly were seen for cancers of the lung, upper aerodigestive sites, pancreas, bladder, cervix and all cancers combined, as well as a notably high relative risk for cancers of organs of the urinary tract other than kidney and bladder. Relative risk increased with dose, measured as grams of tobacco smoked per day, for cancers of the upper aerodigestive sites, lung, cervix, bladder, organs of the urinary tract other than kidney and bladder and all cancers combined. For cancers of the lung, bladder and cervix, there was an inverse relationship with age when starting to smoke tobacco. The reported inverse relationship between smoking and endometrial cancer could not be corroborated, nor was there any significant relationship between smoking and colorectal or breast cancer. Int. J. Cancer73:625–628. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Registry-based analysis of cancer and diabetes combination: prevalence and features

Neoplasia was established in 5.4% out of 15,813 patients with diabetes mellitus registered at the City Population-Based Cancer Register and Territorial Diabetic Center, St. Petersburg. Gender-unrelated decreasing order of tumor sites was as follows: breast, skin, uterus, colon and stomach. Broncho-pulmonary and gastric cancer incidence in male patients with diabetes was higher than in females (3.5 and 2.2 times, respectively). The relationship was reversed with thyroid cancer and skin melanoma (4.4 and 2.3 times, respectively). In patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (10.3%), the cancer incidence pattern differed significantly from that in the whole diabetes-associated cohort of cancer patients: the former tended to involve such sites as pancreas, urinary bladder, stomach, cervix uteri, lung and skin. Data on age at diagnosis of cancer or diabetes, insulin therapy intensity and body mass were evaluated. The value of timely screening for both cancer and diabetes mellitus in such cohorts was confirmed.