Endoscopic revision of external dacryocystorhinostomy.

OBJECTIVES: To observe the benefit of endoscopic surgery for the treatment of lacrimal duct obstruction in revisional surgeries after external dacryocystorhinostomy. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective nonrandomized study. Eleven cases of recurrent lacrimal duct obstruction after external dacryocystorhinostomy were submitted to endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy. RESULTS: The rate of success after revisional surgery was 90.9%. The major causes of failure of the external approach were the presence of granulation tissue, septal deviations and synechiae near the opening of the fistula, inadequate removal of the bony wall adjuvant the lacrimal sac, technical error in the localization of the lacrimal sac, and excessive perioperative bleeding that impaired the surgical field. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy in revisional cases proved to be a safe technique of low morbidity, permitting effective resolution of the lacrimal obstructions. SIGNIFICANCE: Endoscopic surgery allows greater visibility of the lacrimal sac and its neighbor anatomic alterations and leads to better results.     

Outpatient external dacryocystorhinostomy under regional anesthesia and sedation

OBJECTIVE: To assess the rate of early complications of outpatient external dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) and patient satisfaction with the anesthetic technique. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This prospective study enrolled 58 patients undergoing external DCR. We analyzed demographic variables, ASA physical status, level of sedation achieved, postoperative pain, systemic complications, intraoperative bleeding, duration of surgery, time until discharge home, and patient and surgeon satisfaction with the anesthetic technique. RESULTS: The mean (SD) level of satisfaction was 4.85 (0.80) points on the Iowa Satisfaction With Anesthesia Scale (ISAS). A positive association was found between postoperative pain and a lower ISAS score. There was also a positive association between use of rescue analgesia in the early postoperative period and a lower ISAS score. Mean blood loss per procedure was 178.9 (108.2) mL. The rate of minor systemic complications was 15.5%. The surgeon's rating of conditions in the surgical field was excellent or good in 89.6% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS: External DCR can be performed on an outpatient basis within a reasonable safety margin and with a low early postoperative complication rate. Patient satisfaction with anesthesia was high. Provision of preoperative information about the meaning of sedation, postoperative analgesia, and surgical bleeding are aspects to improve in this practice setting.     

内外复合固定治疗不稳定胫腓骨骨折

目的 探讨不稳定性胫腓骨骨折的治疗方法和疗效。方法 对98例不稳定性胫腓骨骨折采用小切口切开复位螺丝钉内固定加单侧多功能外固定支架骨外联合固定方法治疗。结果 随访一年以上者62例（平均18个月），骨折全部骨性愈合（平均3.8个月），骨折愈合率1005。外固定钉道感染5例（8.1%）。全组病例切口Ⅰ期愈合。膝、踝关节功能正常。结论 复合固定创伤小、复位满意，固定可靠，效果好，是治疗不稳定性胫腓骨骨折应选择的方法之一。     

苏氏正骨法与外固定结合治疗胫骨平台骨折

目的:比较苏氏正骨法结合外固定与内固定治疗胫骨平台的疗效。方法:本组240例胫骨平台骨折中男185例,女55例;年龄24~64岁,平均42岁。随机分为外固定组(A组)和内固定组(B组),每组120例,分别采用苏氏整复手法结合外固定器(A组)和切开复位钢板螺钉内固定(B组)治疗,比较两种疗法的疗效。结果:240例均获随访,随访时间6~20个月,平均12.4个月,按临床功能评分标准:A组优25例,良88例,可6例,差1例,优良率94.17%;B组优11例,良86例,可23例,差0例,优良率80.83%。两组疗效经秩和检验,差异有显著性意义(P<0.01)。结论:苏氏正骨法与外固定结合是治疗胫骨平台骨折的一种有效方法,但越膝外固定器限制膝关节活动,需进一步改进成带活动轴可屈曲式外固定器。     

内外组合式固定治疗股骨髁部复杂骨折

股骨髁部严重粉碎性骨折,多系直接暴力引起的高能损伤,该类骨折涉及关节内和关节外,损伤复杂,处理棘手,后遗症多,一直是创伤骨科中的一个治疗难题.我院自1994年4月-2000年10月,采用局限切开、复位内固定波及关节面的骨折,骨外固定器远近端穿针作整体固定的组合式固定法治疗该类骨折21例,疗效满意,现报告如下.……     

动力型外固定支架结合有限内固定术治疗Pilon骨折

目的评价复位手法、动力型外固定支架结合有限内固定治疗复杂Pilon骨折的疗效。方法 2007年1月～2009年6月,采用手法复位、动力型外固定支架结合有限内固定治疗23例复杂Pilon骨折。根据Ruedi-Allgower分类标准,Ⅱ型14例,Ⅲ型9例。结果所有患者术程顺利,手术用时平均57min,术中出血量平均75ml,术中无神经、血管损伤。随访23例,随访时间6～24个月,平均17个月。未发生螺钉松动及切口深部感染。3例出现钉道浅部感染,均通过换药等局部处理后治愈;轻度踝内翻1例;创伤性关节炎1例。骨折均愈合,平均愈合时间4.2个月。按Mazur踝关节临床症状及功能评分系统进行评分,优15例,良5例,可2例,差1例,优良率87.0%。结论复位手法、动力型外固定支架结合有限内固定能够减少切开复位带来的软组织损伤,避免对骨折端血供的破坏,具有出血量少、创伤小、手术时间短、骨不连发生率低等优点,是治疗复杂Pilon骨折的较好选择。     

空芯拉力螺钉内固定结合外固定支架治疗距骨颈骨折的疗效分析

目的 探讨空芯拉力螺钉内固定结合外固定支架治疗距骨颈骨折的疗效.方法 2005年6月至2008年11月共收治25例距骨颈骨折患者.2例开放性距骨颈骨折行急诊清创空芯拉力螺钉内固定结合外固定支架治疗.23例闭合性距骨颈骨折待患者创面、软组织条件改善后,二期行切开复位空芯拉力螺钉内固定结合外固定支架治疗.结果 25例患者术后均获8～42个月(平均22个月)的随访.骨折愈合时间平均19周(14～24周)力线正常.创伤性关节炎3例,皮肤坏死2例,距骨缺血性坏死1例,无骨髓炎,无骨不连或畸形愈合,无针道深部感染及固定针松动.临床疗效按AOFAS(美国足与踝关节协会)踝与后足功能评分,优7例(90～100分);良11例(75～89分);可5例(50～74分);差2例(<50分).结论 根据距骨颈骨折的类型和软组织损伤程度选择合适的手术时机、手术入路和手术方式,使用空芯拉力螺钉结合外固定支架维持骨折复位和关节稳定,骨缺损区充分植骨促进骨折愈合,适当功能锻炼,晚负重,可使距骨颈骨折术后达到良好的疗效.     

动力外固定器加有限内固定治疗Pilon骨折

目的探讨动力外固定器结合有限内固定治疗Pilon骨折的临床疗效。方法自2000年以来,采用该方法治疗Pilon骨折27例,按Ovadia和Beals分型,Ⅲ型9例,Ⅳ型12例,Ⅴ型6例。手术采用T型动力外固定器跨踝关节固定,对胫骨远端关节面采用经皮克氏针撬拨复位、克氏针或有限切开复位螺丝钉固定。术后1～3周松开外固定器的动力锁纽,活动踝关节。结果术后27例均获得随访,功能评定按美国矫形外科足踝协会评分标准进行评分,优良率达82.3%。结论有限内固定避免了软组织的并发症和骨不连,动力外固定架使踝关节早期活动,避免了踝关节的僵直,因而是Pilon骨折较为理想的方法之一。     

A user-friendly method of pin site management for external fixators

Pin tract inflammation and/or infection are common with the use of external fixation devices. Pin sites need to be managed to help prevent complications. There are a variety of regimens proposed for pin care in the literature. The authors present an efficient and simplified approach for addressing pin care protocol using cord locks with the use of compression sponges for external fixation devices. This method obviates the need for extensive bandaging and makes pin care easy for the patient to carry out. A brief review of the current evidence on pin care is presented, and an evidence-based pin care protocol is presented. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic, Level V.     

Local anaesthesia for dacryocystorhinostomy

Dacryocystorhinostomy is a surgical procedure for correction of chronic tearing. While it has been performed most frequently on inpatients under general anaesthesia in the past, it can be performed very well as an outpatient procedure under regional anaesthesia, using minimal amounts of sedation. Although some practitioners have used a variety of local infiltration methods in the past, thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the innervation of the operative field allows the anaesthetist to block specific areas in order to achieve maximal effects. The method of regional anaesthesia described provides solid anaesthesia and excellent intranasal haemostasis for the operation. This technique employs an infra-orbital nerve block, medial canthal peribulbar block, lacrimal canal infiltration, infiltration of the lateral nasal wall and intranasal packing with anaesthetic-soaked sponges, in order to ensure complete anaesthesia. The technique is easy to master and can be performed rapidly once learned. The author also discusses sedation techniques that can be used to allow anaesthetic injections to be performed with minimal discomfort to the patient.     

The role of larger osteotomy in long term success in external dacryocystorhinostomy.

AIM: This study aims to investigate whether it is possible to create a critical size bone defect in external dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR), and also at what size a defect can be considered as being critical for a successful surgical outcome. METHODS: Eighteen patients undergoing 19 external dacryocystorhinostomies, with the creation of wide osteotomies, were enrolled in this retrospective study. A 2 x 2 cm bone defect, which was considered as the critical size, was created. The postoperative structure of the bone gap was evaluated by computed tomography in axial and coronal planes at least two years after surgery. Functional patency of the ostium was confirmed with irrigation and nasal endoscopic examination. RESULTS: Thirteen female (72.2%) and five male (27.8%) patients underwent DCR. The patients were aged between 18 and 72 years old (mean+/-S.D.: 45.3+/-13.9). The follow-up time was between 24 and 48 months (mean 30.4 months). The areas of the gaps were between 1.21 and 4 cm(2) (mean+/-S.D.: 2.26+/-0.19). CONCLUSION: The critical size bone defect (2 x 2 cm) might prevent restenosis in long term follow ups.     

闭合复位内固定联合外固定架治疗不稳定骨盆骨折

目的:探讨经皮螺钉内固定联合外固定架治疗不稳定骨盆骨折的临床效果。方法:自2006年4月至2009年5月,采用闭合复位内固定联合外固定架治疗29例旋转不稳定型骨盆骨折患者,男19例,女10例;年龄19～53岁,平均31岁。按照Tile分型:C1型17例,C2型12例。术后采用Tornetta标准和Majeed功能评分进行疗效评价。结果:29例患者均获随访,时间10～24个月,平均16个月。术后无神经损伤及盆腔脏器损伤等并发症发生,伤口愈合好,仅1例出现钉道口感染,换药后治愈。骨折均获骨性愈合,愈合时间为14～18周,平均16.2周。未见螺钉松动、脱出、断裂。按照Tornetta评价,优 14例,良10例,可 4例,差 1 例。末次随访Majeed评分为87.2±11.3,优16例,良9例,可4例。结论:对于不稳定C1、C2型骨盆骨折,采用闭合复位内固定联合外固定架可以取得满意的治疗效果。     

人类精液体积称重测量法

目的:摸索一种能够准确测量人类精液体积的方法,为临床上精液常规分析提供可靠的依据。方法:对来自浙江省人类精子库137例供精志愿者的492份精液样本分别用称重测量法、量筒测量法以及两种结合的精确测量法,该方法是通过称重测得精液的重量,再结合量筒测量得到每份精液的密度,通过公式计算出每份精液的体积,理论上该方法所测得的数据非常准确,通过配对样本t检验分别比较称重测量法和量筒测量法与精确测量法的差异。结果:使用精确测量法对492份精液标本测得的精液体积为(3.46±1.17)ml;使用称重测量法测得的精液体积为(3.75±1.21)ml,明显高于精确测量法所测得的精液体积,有显著性差异(P<0.05);使用量筒测量法测得的精液体积为(3.22±1.16)ml,明显低于精确测量法所测得的精液体积,有显著性差异(P<0.05);所测492份精液样本的精液密度为(1.092 8±0.076 1)g/ml;通过量筒测量精液体积时,492份精液样本在取精杯内残留精液的重量为(0.269±0.122)g。结论:精液体积在临床上具有很重要的意义,然而称重测量法及量筒测量法测量精液体积与实际体积存在很大的差异,称重测量法所测得的结果要高于实际值,而量筒测量法所测得的结果要低于实际值。因此,应该使用称重测量法与量筒测量法相结合的精确测量精液体积的方法,即可准确测量精液体积,该方法适用于临床或科研推广及应用。     

超关节外固定架结合有限内固定治疗胫骨平台骨折

目的：探讨超关节外固定架结合有限内固定治疗胫骨平台骨折的临床效果和应用价值。方法：1995年1月--2001年5月，对37例胫骨平台骨折行超关节外固定架牵引复位固定，同时作有限内固定。结果：全部病例获随访8月--46月，平均21月，骨折全部愈合，优22例，良13例，可2例，优良率94％(35／37)。结论：超关节外固定架结合有限内固定是治疗胫骨平台骨折较为理想的方法。     

抗生素骨水泥珠链结合外固定架治疗感染性骨折不愈合

目的：探讨抗生素骨水泥珠链植入结合外固定架固定治疗感染性骨折不愈合的疗效。,方法：回顾分析22例感染性骨折不愈合患者,男20例,女2例;年龄21±74岁,平均（34．7±11．6）岁。骨折部位：股骨粗隆间3例、股骨干6例、股骨髁上2例、胫骨干9例、肱骨干2例。治疗过程分为3个步骤：先取出内固定物,清创后植入抗生素骨水泥珠链,Ⅰ期闭合伤口;1周后再次清创,更换抗生素骨水泥珠链,行外固定架固定;3个月后取出抗生素骨水泥珠链,取髂骨植骨。结果：随访15～28个月,平均（19．98±4．16）个月。1例胫骨干骨折和1例股骨粗隆问骨折患者分别于植骨术后2、3个月感染复发,其余20例患者感染控制良好。22例患者骨折全部愈合,愈合时间为植骨术后8-24周,平均（15．09±4．13）周。结论：彻底清创、抗生素骨水泥珠链植入结合外固定架固定及Ⅱ期植骨是治疗感染性骨折不愈合简单而有效的方法、     

Extended transsphenoidal approach with submucosal posterior ethmoidectomy for parasellar tumors. Technical note.

The authors have developed an extended transsphenoidal approach with submucosal posterior ethmoidectomy for resection of tumors located in the cavernous sinus or the suprasellar region that are difficult to remove via the conventional transsphenoidal approach. Surgery was performed using this approach in 14 patients with large pituitary adenomas, three patients with craniopharyngiomas, and one patient with a meningioma of the tuberculum sellae. The submucosal dissection of the nasal septum used in the conventional transsphenoidal approach was extended to the superior lateral wall of the nasal cavity to expose the bony surface of the superior turbinate lying under the nasal mucosa. Submucosal posterior ethmoidectomy widened the area visualized through the conventional transsphenoidal approach both superiorly and laterally. This provided a safer and less invasive access to lesions in the cavernous sinus or the suprasellar region through the sphenoid sinus. Using this approach the authors encountered no postoperative complications, such as olfactory disturbance, cranial nerve palsy, or arterial injury. In this article the authors present the surgical methods used in this approach.