儿童及青少年原发性心脏肿瘤52例临床病理分析

目的 探讨儿童及青少年中罕见的原发性心脏肿瘤的组织学类型和病理特征,为临床诊断治疗提供形态学依据.方法 1976-2006年从中国医学科学院阜外心血管病医院近30年手术切除的562例原发性心脏肿瘤患者中,选择年龄不超过18周岁的病例.分析其临床病理所见,部分病例做了免疫组织化学和透射电镜检查.结果 52例中年龄平均12岁,最小6个月;男女各26例.良性肿瘤48例,占93%,其中黏液瘤最常见(31例),其它依次为纤维瘤(4例)、横纹肌瘤(3例)、海绵状淋巴管瘤(3例)、海绵状血管瘤(2例)、脂肪瘤(2例),还有颗粒细胞瘤、神经纤维瘤、平滑肌瘤各1例.恶性肿瘤4例,占7%,分别为血管肉瘤、纤维肉瘤、黏液纤维肉瘤及低分化肉瘤.3岁以内婴幼儿原发心脏肿瘤以横纹肌瘤(3例)和纤维瘤(3例)较多,还可见恶性的低分化肉瘤(1例).52例临床诊断与病理诊断符合或基本符合的占93%,误诊7%.结论 儿童心脏肿瘤类型多样,年龄较大者也以黏液瘤最多,而婴幼儿期以横纹肌瘤和纤维瘤多见.恶性肿瘤为分化较差的肉瘤,好发于右心,可见于婴幼儿.肿瘤临床诊断时应密切结合患儿年龄、瘤体生长部位及影像形态特点,才能减少误诊.     

Suicide and suicidal behavior in children and adolescents

Suicide and suicidal behavior in the pediatric population is a serious public health problem. Pediatricians in collaboration with psychiatrists and other mental health professionals can make an important contribution to the mental health of children and adolescents through the identification, referral, and management of suicidal youth.     

Ethical issues regarding fertility preservation in adolescents and children

Certain forms of treatment for cancer in children and adolescents may significantly affect their fertility. Oncologists and specialists in reproductive medicine are attempting to use various methods of fertility preservation to address this problem. However, major medical/biological issues must be resolved before many of these methods can be considered accepted medical treatments. In addition, ethical considerations that such treatments bring to the fore, including those relevant to assent by children and the provision of experimental treatment to children, must be taken into account. This article addresses the current and future medical and ethical status of the development of fertility‐preserving treatment for adolescents and children who are to receive cancer treatment. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:249–253. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Suicide and suicide attempts in adolescents

Suicide is the third-leading cause of death for adolescents 15 to 19 years old. Pediatricians can take steps to help reduce the incidence of adolescent suicide by screening for depression and suicidal ideation and behavior. This report updates the previous statement of the American Academy of Pediatrics and is intended to assist the pediatrician in the identification and management of the adolescent at risk of suicide. The extent to which pediatricians provide appropriate care for suicidal adolescents depends on their knowledge, skill, comfort with the topic, and ready access to appropriate community resources. All teenagers with suicidal thoughts or behaviors should know that their pleas for assistance are heard and that pediatricians are willing to serve as advocates to help resolve the crisis.     

Suicide and attempted suicide among children and adolescents. A transcultural study

Official statistics on suicides among children and adolescents in West Germany and Japan were used to compare transcultural social and psychiatric data on 108 German and 103 Japanese suicides and attempted suicides. This analysis revealed characteristic differences with respect to the following variables: ratio of attempted and accomplished suicide, age, method, integrating problems at school, alcohol and drug dependence, relationships with the opposite sex, broken homes, and number of friends. Based on these findings, the suicidal tendencies and social backgrounds of patients from both of these highly industrialized countries are discussed.     

Psychosocial issues in the management and treatment of children and adolescents with asthma

Asthma is one of the most common chronic childhood illness. Studies have reported higher incidence of psychosocial adaptation problems in children with asthma, particularly severe asthma, than children in the general population. Increased psychosocial problems in children with asthma have been ascribed to adverse developmental impact of having a chronic health problems, increased demands on the family and dysfunctional familial interactional patterns. Treatment models include education and self management training programs, family therapy, relaxation therapy and biofeedback. These programs have been found to produce improved adjustment, increased medication compliance and greater perceived self competence in managing symptoms and decreased use of medical services. It is concluded that children with asthma require a comprehensive management strategy that pays attention not only to physiological control of asthma symptoms but also emotional and behavioural problems of children and their families.     

Attention deficits in school-aged children and adolescents. Current issues and practice.

Attention deficits in school-aged children and adolescents pose unique diagnostic and management challenges for the practitioner. While this symptom reflects a heterogeneous spectrum of disorders with varying etiologies, clinical manifestation, treatment needs, and outcomes, there are sufficient common attributes to enable identification and treatment. Accurate diagnosis relies on synthesis of information from history, rating scales, direct observations, and psychometric testing. Close attention must be paid to potential underlying or associated medical, processing, emotional, and psychosocial problems. Multimodal treatment is essential with close collaboration between the child, parents, and professionals. While there is a risk of negative outcomes if the symptoms are left unattended, many of these children also harbor strengths that need to be identified and nurtured.