Determinants of blood pressure in 7th grade Jerusalem school children

The determinants of blood pressure level were analyzed in a group of 1154 Jerusalem school children aged 12.After controlling for age, significant differences in blood pressure measurements were found between three groups: boys, pre-menarche girls and post-menarche girls. A comparison of the means of selected biological variables showed that girls who have reached menarche have levels of systolic blood pressure, weight, height and Quetelet's index higher than boys and pre-menarche girls. However, levels of triceps skinfold thickness and pulse rate were similar in the two groups of girls and higher than in boys. Using multiple regression analysis, we found that much of the variance (boys 29%, post-menarche girls 21% and pre-menarche girls 15%) of systolic blood pressure, could be explained by a combination of biological variables (Quetelet, pulse rte, triceps skinfold thickness and height) while these variables explained a much 'smaller proportion (boys 12%, postmenarche girls 17% and pre-menarch 9%) of diastolic blood pressure variance. The predictive power of systolic blood pressure by the measured biological variables was higher in boys than in girls, However, diastolic blood pressure was better predicted by the biological variables in the group of girls with menarche than in other groups.Elevated blood pressure was observed in 3.2% of the examined children. High values for Quetelet's index were observed in 6.4%. The prevalence of elevated measurements of blood pressure and Quetelet's index were significantly higher in girls with menarche. Among children aged 12, the association between socio-demographic characteristics and blood pressure level was weak, as measured in multiple regression analysis.     

Predictors of Change Over Time in the Activity Participation of Children and Youth With Physical Disabilities

Little is known about predictors of change over time in the intensity of the leisure and recreational activity participation of children with physical disabilities. This study reports data from 402 children and youth with physical disabilities (216 boys and 186 girls), ages 6 to 15, collected on 3 occasions over a 3-year period. Latent growth curve modeling was used to determine the significant child, family, and community predictors of change in the intensity of their participation in 5 types of activities (recreational, active physical, social, skill-based, and self-improvement). Differences in predictors were examined for boys versus girls, and older versus younger children. Significant predictors of change were found only for recreational and active physical activities. The findings indicate that factors associated with change in participation intensity are dependent on the type of activity and vary as a function of children's gender and age. Implications for research and service delivery are discussed, including the importance of a contextualized, holistic, and developmental approach to intervention.     

Correlates and predictors of adiposity among Mohawk children

BACKGROUND: High rates of Type 2 diabetes in Native populations underlie the need for research on risk factors, including physical activity (PA) and obesity. METHODS: In 1994 and in 1996, 103 girls and 95 boys [mean age (standard deviation): 7.5 (1.3) years] attending elementary schools in two Mohawk communities completed a questionnaire assessing demographic and lifestyle variables. In addition, height, weight, and subscapular skinfold thickness (SSF) were measured and children performed a run/walk fitness (R/W) test. Gender-specific multiple linear regression assessed the impact of baseline variables on the log of SSF at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS: In cross-sectional analyses among boys and girls, the common correlates of baseline SSF included failing to achieve the minimal fitness standard for the R/W test and being involved in summer sports. Additional correlates identified only among girls included excessive television watching, lower PA, and involvement in community sports. Longitudinal predictors among girls were younger age, being from the comparison community, excessive TV, and PA. Among boys, only baseline SSF predicted follow-up SSF. Girls who watched excessive TV had SSFs 30 and 14% greater than those who watched less TV at baseline and follow-up, respectively. CONCLUSION: TV viewing was the only consistent determinant of adiposity among girls.     

海南2005-2014年黎族中小学生运动素质变化趋势分析

分析2005-2014年黎族7~18岁学生运动素质变化趋势,为采取有效措施促进黎族学生体质健康提供科学依据.方法 采用2005-2014年全国学生体质与健康调研数据,比较海南黎族中小学生速度、下肢爆发力和耐力素质指标.结果 2014年黎族学生运动素质整体随年龄增长而提高,且男生优于女生,但女生50 m跑最好成绩在11~13岁.2005-2014年间,黎族7~18岁学生50 m跑成绩女生提高0.43 s(P<0.01),男生提高无统计学意义;但7~12岁学生成绩均提高(P值均<0.01),其中男生提高0.34 s,女生提高1.04 s.7~18岁立定跳远成绩女生提高了3.75 cm(P<0.01),男生提高无统计学意义,但13~18岁男生成绩提高了5.94 cm(P<0.01).7~12岁学生耐力跑成绩下降(P值均<0.01),其中男生下降3.43 s,女生下降2.75 s;13~ 18岁学生耐力跑成绩下降明显(P值均<0.01),其中男生下降20.26 s,女生下降6.12 s.结论 2005-2014年间海南黎族中小学生速度和下肢爆发力素质男、女生均不同程度提高,而耐力素质均呈下降趋势.     

5～6岁儿童体格形态和体能关系的典型相关分析

为了探讨儿童体格形态和体能测量指标的关系.方法采用典型相关分析方法,对201名5～6岁儿童进行了体格形态和体能测试,指标包括:体重、身高、胸围、立定跳远、20米跑时间和单腿站立时间.结果仅一对典型变量有统计学意义(P<0 .001),其特征值为 0.386,贡献率达 93.66%,典型相关系数为0.528,表明学龄前儿童的体格形态与体能发育之间有相关性.典型变量中,身高和立定跳远的载荷最大.结论评价学龄前儿童体格形态与体能的关系时,身高和立定跳远是最好的预测指标.     

Adolescents' physical activity in relation to family income and parents' education

OBJECTIVE: Regular physical activity provides young people with important physical, mental, and social health benefits. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship of family income and parents' level of education with physical activity in Finnish adolescents. METHOD: The study population consisted of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986, including 5457 boys and girls aged 15-16 years, and their parents who responded to a postal inquiry in 2001-2002. The associations between social background and adolescents' physical activity were analyzed in 2005 using cross-tabulation and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: High parental education was associated with adolescents being physically active. In boys father's high educational level (OR: 0.56; CI: 0.33, 0.95), and in girls both mother's (OR: 0.55; CI: 0.31, 0.98) and father's (OR: 0.35; CI: 0.20, 0.61) high educational levels were related to the least time spent watching TV. High family income was associated with being an active sports club member in boys (OR: 2.43; CI: 1.74, 3.40) and girls (OR: 2.67; CI: 1.81, 3.94). Adolescents' participation in different types of physical activity varied according to family income. CONCLUSIONS: Economic support for youth sports and informing parents on ways to encourage adolescents' physical activity are recommended to ensure equal opportunities for youths to participate in different physical activities.     

上海市2000-2014年中小学生身体素质变化趋势

研究上海市2000-2014年7~18岁儿童青少年身体素质状况及变化趋势,为改善学生体质健康水平提供依据.方法 采用LMS法拟合上海市2000,2005,2010和2014年7~18岁儿童青少年身体素质指标的P50百分位数曲线,分析变化规律及性别差异.结果 握力、50 m跑及坐位体前屈(女)指标成绩P50各年龄段均有所提高(P值均<0.05),其中男、女生握力分别平均提高3.13,3.15 kg,女生坐位体前屈平均提高0.8 cm.立定跳远、斜身引体(男)、引体向上(男)、l min仰卧起坐(女)、50 m×8往返跑、l000m跑(男)、800 m跑(女)及坐位体前屈(男)指标成绩P50均有所下降(P值均<0.05),其中立定跳远男、女生分别平均下降11.0,8.59 cm,耐力跑成绩男、女生分别下降2.75,2.32 s.结论 上海市儿童青少年下肢爆发力、肌肉耐力、有氧耐力出现下降趋势,需采取针对性的应对措施.     

甘肃东乡族与汉族乡村儿童身体素质比较

目的 了解7 ～12岁东乡族学生身体素质状况和变化,为制订科学有效的学生体质改善计划提供理论依据.方法 按中国学生体质健康调查研究手册的要求,对7 ～ 12岁东乡族汉族学生进行身体素质测试.结果 东乡族男生除9岁组外的斜身引体向上、10～12岁的50 m×8往返跑、8～9岁的握力外,其余各年龄成绩均差于汉族男生;东乡族女生除8岁组的50 m×8往返跑和握力外身体素质均差于汉族女生.男生的速度、弹跳和柔韧以及女生的速度、仰卧起坐、立定跳远和柔韧是东乡族学生身体素质低下最为突出的方面.结论 东乡族儿童身体素质整体较差,应进一步加强学校体育与卫生工作,养成体育锻炼习惯,提高身体素质.     

中国五大少数民族2014年7~18岁学生耐力素质现状

了解我国五大少数民族2014年7~18岁学生耐力素质现状,为制定干预措施和提高少数民族学生耐力素质提供科学依据.方法 选取2014年全国学生体质与健康调研中蒙古族、回族、维吾尔族、壮族和朝鲜族7~18岁学生作为研究对象,以同年龄、同性别全国汉族学生的耐力跑测试时间的均值和标准差计算Z评分;将耐力跑测试时间≤同年龄、同性别全国汉族学生的耐力跑测试时间第25百分位(P25)时间值确定为耐力素质好.结果 2014年五大少数民族7~12岁学生耐力跑时间男生在120.7~ 132.4 s之间,女生在126.4~ 143.7 s之间,男、女生均以蒙古族学生时间最短,维吾尔族学生时间最长(P值均<0.05);13~15岁学生耐力跑时间男生在272.3~ 309.1 s之间,女生在257.3~286.4 s之间,男、女生均以蒙古族学生时间最短,男生以壮族时间最长,女生以维吾尔族时间最长(P值均<0.05);16~18岁学生耐力跑时间男生在251.1 ~ 282.7 s之间,女生在251.5~271.7 s之间,男生以蒙古族时间最短,女生以回族时间最短,男、女生均以朝鲜族时间最长(P值均<0.05).五大少数民族男生Z评分在-0.29~0.30之间,蒙古族<回族<壮族<维吾尔族<朝鲜族(F--141.236,P<0.05);女生Z评分在-0.10~0.75之间,蒙古族<回族<壮族<朝鲜族<维吾尔族(F=270.137,P<0.05).五大少数民族男生耐力素质好检出率在16.2%~37.0%之间,壮族<维吾尔族<朝鲜族<回族<蒙古族(x2=430.060,P<0.05);女生检出率在10.3% ~ 26.5%之间,维吾尔族<壮族<朝鲜族<回族<蒙古族(x2=272.290,P<0.05).结论 五大少数民族中蒙古族学生耐力素质最高,且高于全国汉族学生;回族学生耐力素质接近全国汉族学生;维吾尔族女生耐力素质低于其他民族学生.     

学龄前儿童体力活动状况调查及其与骨量的回归分析

目的 调查学龄前儿童体力活动状况及其性别差异,探索各种不同运动类型对骨骼健康指标的影响.方法 于2009至2010年期间在成都市不同城区采用典型抽样方法抽取4所幼儿园,再分层随机选取397名3～5岁学龄前儿童进行体力活动状况与骨量的调查.采用超声骨质分析仪测定幼儿骨量,家长填写体力活动问卷的调查方法测定幼儿园外时间体力活动水平.统计分析采用t检验进行组间比较,对各种运动类型进行因子分析.结果 在运动类型方面,男生园外跑步和武术运动时间大于女生,差异有统计学意义（t=1.94、2.84,P＜0.05）.女生平均每天舞蹈、跳绳和劳动的时间分别为0.78 h、0.08 h和0.22 h,大于男生,差异有统计学意义（t=-9.50、-3.43、-1.92,P＜0.05）.女生每周运动总时间和单位体重每周运动消耗能量分别为7.29 h和127.57 kJ,大于男生的6.51 h和113.85 kJ,差异有统计学意义（t=2.63、2.04,P＜0.05）,静息体力活动调查显示,男女生每天睡眠时间和每周看电视时间差异无统计学意义（t=0.180、0.520,P＞0.05）;每周平均电子游戏时间和玩电脑时间,男生大于女生,差异有统计学意义（t=2.760、2.510,P＜0.05）.儿童骨量与中重度体力活动和跳跃运动标准化相关系数分别为0.184和0.275,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 儿童骨量主要受到中重体力活动和跳跃运动的正面影响,应加强运动干预,并适度增加专业训练的运动项目比重.     

Physical activity in sports clubs of children and adolescents in Germany: results from a nationwide representative survey

Aim

A substantial proportion of children’s and adolescent’s physical activity takes place in organised sports clubs in Germany. The purpose of this study was to describe (1) the proportion of children and adolescents who are members of sports clubs and the amount of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) performed in these clubs, and to identify socio-demographic predictors of (2) membership and (3) the amount of MVPA in sports clubs in Germany.

Subjects and methods

The sample consisted of 4,529 boys (50.5 %) and girls (49.5 %) aged between 4 and 17 years (M?=?11.3; SD?=?4.1). MVPA was assessed by a questionnaire. Socioeconomic status, immigration background, and residential area were assessed using a parent questionnaire.

Results

52.0 % of the girls and 63.1 % of the boys were members in sports clubs who exercised on average for 4 h per week with moderate to high intensity. The logistic regression analyses showed that gender, socioeconomic status, migration background and residential area were significant predictors of membership in sports clubs. The amount of MVPA was only significantly predicted by age, gender and residential area.

Conclusion

The results of this study imply that sports clubs have a high potential for implementation of strategies to increase general levels of physical activity.     

Parental safety concerns – a barrier to sport and physical activity in children?

OBJECTIVE: To examine the extent to which parents and carers perceive injury and safety risks as serious enough to prevent or discourage their children, aged 5-12 years, from participating in sports/physical activity and to identify factors that influence these perceptions. METHODS: An analysis of the 2001 New South Wales Child Health Survey. RESULTS: More than one-quarter of parents/ carers of active children aged 5-12 years reported discouraging or preventing children from playing a particular sport (34.7% for boys and 16.6% for girls) because of injury and safety concerns. In boys, the most frequently discouraged sport was rugby league (23.2%), followed by rugby union (7.5%) and Australian rules football (2.8%). Among girls, the most frequently discouraged activities were rollerblading (2.7%), rugby league (2.3%) and soccer (2.1%). Multivariate analysis shows that factors independently associated with parents' decision to prevent/discourage their child from engaging in sport/physical activity include their child's age and gender, language spoken at home, presence of disability, and the respondent's relation to the child. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Efforts need to be made to modify some sports/ activities, such as football codes, in order to minimise injury and to ensure that children continue enjoying their favourite activity well into adulthood. Guidelines designed to promote physical activity among children and young adolescents need to take into account parental concerns regarding the associated risk of injury.     

部分现代生活方式对上海市3～6岁幼儿园儿童体质健康的影响

目的 通过大样本横断面研究,初步探讨部分现代生活方式对幼儿体质健康的影响及其二者的关系。方法 在2010年国民体质监测幼儿库中,选取上海市18个县区共7 643名3~6岁学龄前幼儿为调查对象,选取出生后四个月内喂养方式、在家看护人、日睡眠情况、是否参加体育文艺特长班、父亲、母亲是否体育锻炼为7个自变量,幼儿综合体质健康评价作为因变量。采用二分类 logistic 回归进行分析。结果 上海市3~6岁学龄前幼儿综合评级中总体合格率为94%,优秀和良好才达到42.95%。是否参加体育/文艺特长班(P=0.004)、日睡眠分类(P=0.009)、每日动态体力活动时间(P=0.040)三个变量对幼儿体质健康存在显著性影响。结论 上海市3~6岁学龄前幼儿综合评级总体合格率虽然较高,但“高质量”的体质比例不多,并呈现出“女强男弱”的体质趋势;可从提高体力活动量和日睡眠时间两方面来提高幼儿体质。     

Predicting the onset of smoking in boys and girls

The problem of the high prevalence of smoking among girls and young women is of great concern. In an attempt to identify the factors which influence girls and boys respectively to attempt smoking, the study examines social background, advertising and brand awareness, knowledge, teaching and personal beliefs in conjunction as predictors of smoking. In this study which involved the administration of identical pre- and post-test questionnaires to a sample of boys and girls aged 12 and 13 years, nine variables expressed by never-smokers at pre-test stage were assessed as predictors of immediate future smoking. The two tests were administered 4 months apart to 1125 boys and 1213 girls in northern England. The nine variables included were parental smoking, best friends' smoking, perceived positive values of smoking, perceived negative values of smoking, correct health knowledge, cigarette-brand awareness, having a favourite cigarette advertisement, having a cigarette-brand sponsored sport in four top favourites on television. One group received teaching about smoking between the pre- and post-tests and this was also included as a variable. For boys, no variable investigated had any consistently statistically significant correlation with the uptake of smoking. The most important predictor of smoking for boys, having a best friend who smoked, was significant on application of the chi 2 test (P 0.037), although it was non-significant when included singly in a logistic regression model (0.094); the discrepancy was probably due to the small number of best friends known to smoke. For girls, four variables were found to be significant predictors of smoking when included singly in a logistic regression.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

中国儿童青少年体力活动与心肺耐力的相关性

目的 了解中国儿童青少年体力活动状况及其与心肺耐力的关系,为提高中国儿童青少年心肺耐力水平提供参考和借鉴.方法 在2018年9-11月采用分层整群抽样的方法,在中国六大行政区抽取7～18岁的4 269名儿童青少年进行基本情况、20 m往返跑测试及体力活动状况的测试和调查.结果 男生每天低强度体力活动时间为(31.49±...     

Predictors of the Leisure and Recreation Participation of Children With Physical Disabilities: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis

Structural equation modeling was used to test a theoretically based model of environmental, family, and child factors as determinants of the leisure and recreation participation of children with physical disabilities. Participants were 427 families and children (229 boys and 198 girls) with physical functional limitations, in 3 age groups (6-8, 9-11, and 12-14 years). Data were collected via home interviews and self-administered standardized questionnaires. The significant direct predictors of children's participation intensity in both formal and informal activities were child functional ability, family participation in social and recreational activities, and child preferences for formal and informal activities. Family cohesion, unsupportive environments, and supportive relationships for the child had significant indirect effects on participation. The findings indicate the vital role played by families and the importance of multifaceted approaches to supporting participation.     

Prevalence and correlates of physical activity behaviors among elementary schoolchildren in multiethnic, low income, inner-city neighborhoods in Montreal, Canada.

PURPOSE: To describe the prevalence and correlates of physical inactivity and of participation in organized sports at and outside school among elementary schoolchildren in multiethnic, low income, urban neighborhoods in Montreal, Canada. METHODS: As part of the evaluation of a school-based heart health promotion program, baseline data on physical activity behaviors and potential correlates of these behaviors, were collected from 2285 students aged 9-13 in all 130 grade 4 to 6 classes in 24 inner-city elementary schools from May to June 1993. RESULTS: One-fifth of boys (20.5%) and 24.4% of girls were inactive; 40.0% and 33.3% of boys and girls respectively, participated in school sports teams; 82.5% and 74.7% participated in organized sports outside school. Declines in activity levels with age were apparent in both genders. Children who participated in organized sports programs at and outside school, those with higher perceived self-efficacy for physical activity, and those with more parental support for engaging in physical activity were more active. Children of Asian family origin were less active. Socioeconomic status was related to participation in organized sports outside school. CONCLUSIONS: To reach children in socio-economically disadvantaged areas and to prevent age-related declines in activity levels, interventions promoting physical activity should focus on increasing availability and access to community-based organized sports programs at and outside school. Also they should include components to increase parental support and to improve perceived self-efficacy for physical activity.     

Physical Activity Behavior and Related Characteristics of Highly Active Eighth-Grade Girls

PurposeAlthough girls are generally less physically active than boys, some girls regularly engage in high levels of physical activity (PA); however, very little is known about these girls and how they differ from those who are less physically active. This study examined the PA behavior and related characteristics of highly active adolescent girls and compared them with those who are less active.MethodsData from 1,866 eighth-grade girls from six field centers across the United States participating in the Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls (TAAG) were included in the present analysis. Mixed-model analysis of variance examined differences in sociodemographic, anthropometric, psychosocial, and physical activity (accelerometry and self-report) variables between high- and low-active girls; effect sizes were calculated for the differences.ResultsHigh-active girls were taller, had lower body mass indices and body fat, and were less sedentary. High-active girls scored higher on self-efficacy, enjoyment of PA, self-management strategies, outcome-expectancy value, and support from family and friends than low-active girls. Low-active girls participated in more leisure time and educational sedentary activities than high-active girls. High-active girls participated in more PA classes/lessons outside of school, team sports, and individual sports. They were also more likely to participate in sports in an organized setting in the community or at school than low-active girls.ConclusionsHealth promotion efforts should focus on decreasing the amount of time girls spend in sedentary activities and replacing that time with organized PA opportunities; such efforts should seek to minimize perceived barriers and increase self-efficacy and support for PA.     

Sociocultural determinants of physical activity among children.

BACKGROUND: This study explores underresearched sociocultural predictors of children's physical activity and fitness, with particular attention paid to the influence of ethnicity independent from potential confounders such as social class. METHODS: Utilizing a 1997/1998 cross-sectional sample of 107 children (ranging in age from 6.5 to 13 years, mean = 10 years) participating in a longitudinal study of childhood obesity in Birmingham, Alabama, predictors of television viewing, vigorous exercise, habitual physical activity, exercise in school P.E. classes, sports team participation, and maximal aerobic capacity were identified, utilizing multiple regression analyses. RESULTS: The results indicated few ethnic differences in childhood physical activity once characteristics such as social class and single vs dual parent family background were controlled for. Specific multivariate findings included higher levels of television viewing and vigorous exercise among children from single parent homes; lower habitual physical activity among girls; less P.E. exercise among African Americans and children from single parent homes; higher sports team participation among older yet physically immature children; and higher physical fitness among boys, Caucasians, physically mature children, and children from single parent homes. CONCLUSIONS: This study illustrates the multidimensional nature of childhood physical activity and the influence of sociocultural factors on children's activity patterns.     

One- and two-year predictors of excess weight gain among elementary schoolchildren in multiethnic, low-income, inner-city neighborhoods

Longitudinal studies are needed to increase understanding of the causes of childhood obesity. To identify 1- and 2-year predictors of excess weight gain among preadolescents, the authors conducted a prospective cohort study of fourth- and fifth-grade students in 16 elementary schools located in multiethnic, low-income neighborhoods in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, that were participating in the evaluation of a school-based heart health promotion program. Subjects included 2,318 children aged 9-12 years with baseline and 1-year follow-up data and 633 children aged 9-11 years with baseline and 2-year follow-up data. One-year predictors of highest decile of change in body mass index (BMI) identified in logistic regression analyses included baseline BMI of 90th percentile or more (odds ratio (OR) = 2.66, 95% confidence interval: 1.80, 3.94) in boys and baseline BMI of 90th percentile or more (OR = 2.34, 95% confidence interval: 1.46, 3.76), no sports outside school (OR = 1.90, 95% confidence interval: 1.18, 3.06), and playing video games everyday (OR = 2.48, 95% confidence interval: 1.04, 5.92) in girls. Two-year predictors included baseline BMI of 90th percentile or more (OR = 3.26, 95% confidence interval: 1.52, 7.01), no sports outside school (OR = 2.14, 95% confidence interval: 0.96, 4.77), and least active (OR = 2.18, 95% confidence interval: 1.01, 4.71) in boys; only baseline BMI of 90th percentile or more (OR = 2.22, 95% confidence interval: 1.02, 4.81) was significant in girls. Results suggest the need for interventions to promote increased physical activity in children.