术中唤醒麻醉技术下脑功能区肿瘤继发癫痫切除术的临床研究

目的 探讨术中唤醒麻醉技术下脑功能区肿瘤继发癫痫切除术的适应证、技术要点及疗效. 方法 选择解放军第一五三医院神经外科自2006年6月至2012年6月收治的脑功能区33例胶质瘤及16例脑膜瘤继发癫痫患者,采用MRI进行肿瘤定位,弥散张量纤维束成像(DTT)显示白质纤维束与肿瘤位置关系,功能磁共振成像(fMRI)定位运动功能区,在全麻-唤醒-再全麻技术下开颅,实时B超、皮层脑电图(ECoG)定位肿瘤及致痫区,显微手术切除肿瘤及处理致病灶.结果 有44例患者顺利经过全麻-唤醒-再全麻的过程,其中28例术中持续保留喉罩；16例语言区肿瘤唤醒后拔除喉罩,语言区定位及功能测试后再置入喉罩全麻.年龄偏大的3例胶质瘤及2例脑膜瘤患者因唤醒时躁动、憋气,脑组织膨出明显,放弃唤醒麻醉.术中神经电生理监测(IOM)定位出脑功能区36例,皮层功能定位阴性8例；ECoG监测发现瘤周皮层致病灶31例.胶质瘤全切22例,次全切8例；脑膜瘤全切13例,次全切1例,术中未出现癫痫发作现象.术后暂时性神经功能障碍加重或新发功能障碍26例,均于1月内恢复；术前原有功能障碍均好转.癫病发作完全消失31例,发作次数明显减少13例. 结论 术中全麻唤醒下手术治疗功能区肿瘤继发癫痫疗效好、风险低.术前适应证的选择、术中合适的手术体位的摆放及有效预防癫痫发作是手术成功的重要因素.     

功能区皮层下小病灶相关性癫痫的手术治疗

目的评价综合应用多种定位技术治疗功能区皮层下小病灶相关性癫痫的手术方法及效果。方法 58例功能区皮层下小病灶引起的癫痫患者,在立体定向仪导向下,开放直视手术切除病灶,术中皮层脑电图(ECoG)监测定位致痫灶,术中神经电生理监测(IOM)判断致痫区的功能以及二者的重叠程度,辅助以麻醉唤醒定位语言区、实时超声检查病变切除程度,根据监测结果分别采取致痫灶切除术、多处软膜下横切术(MST)或皮层低功率电凝热灼术妥善处理致痫灶。结果病灶全部切除52例,少量残留6例。病灶区域ECoG监测除波幅略有降低外无明显异常13例,行占位病灶切除术;ECoG明显异常,在非主要功能区8例,行占位病灶+周边致痫皮层切除术;ECoG明显异常而又在主要功能区37例,行占位病灶+功能区致痫皮层多处软膜下横切术(MST)或低功率电凝热灼术。ECoG监测发现痫样放电消失、基本节律大致恢复正常29例,仍残留少量棘波13例,残存较多棘波且基本节律轻到中度异常16例。随访1～5年,EngelⅠ级46例,EngelⅡ级8例,EngelⅢ级4例,总有效率100%。出现暂时性轻偏瘫17例,暂时性失语8例,无严重永久性并发症。结论综合应用立体定向引导、术中IOM、ECoG、麻醉唤醒及实时超声定位治疗功能区小病灶相关性癫痫,能够精准定位并切除病灶及处理致痫灶,避免损伤功能区,是一种微创、安全、有效的手术方法。     

全麻术中唤醒状态下定位切除额叶功能区致痫灶(附8例报道)

目的 初步探讨全麻唤醒状态下精确定位切除额叶功能区致痫灶的方法,为外伤性迟发性癫痫的微侵袭外科手术提供经验.方法 对8例明确由额叶功能区病灶引起的外伤性迟发性癫痫病人进行气管(或喉罩)插管、全麻下神经导航解剖定位开颅,术中麻醉唤醒,在清醒状态下,通过皮质脑电图及皮质电刺激等方法进行额叶运动区和(或)语言区定位,在保护脑功能区的前提下切除致痫灶,然后在全麻下关颅.结果 8例病人均顺利经过气管(或喉罩)插管下全麻-术中唤醒-再全麻手术过程,唤醒后额叶功能区均采用神经电生理技术得到精确定位,额叶致痫灶得到最大程度切除,无明显的术后神经功能障碍发生,外伤性癫痫得以治愈或显著改善.无手术并发症,病人术后无痛苦回忆.结论 全麻唤醒状态下进行皮质脑电图及皮质电刺激定位额叶功能区手术有助于安全准确地切除致痫灶,提高外伤性迟发性癫痫病人术后生活质量.     

立体定向联合术中皮层电极、神经电生理监测治疗功能区皮层下小肿瘤性癫痫

目的 评价采用立体定向联合术中皮层脑电图(ECoG)、神经电生理监测(IOM)治疗功能区皮层下小肿瘤性癫痫的手术方法及效果、并发症. 方法 解放军第153医院神经外科自2006年6月至2011年6月共收治功能区皮层下小肿瘤引起的癫痫患者15例,均在立体定向仪导向下,开放直视手术准确切除肿瘤,ECoG监测定位致痫灶,IOM判断致痫灶与功能区的重叠程度,分别采取切除术、多处软膜下横切术(MST)或皮层低功率电凝热灼术处理致痫灶.总结分析患者的手术方法及疗效. 结果 本组肿瘤全切13例,次全切2例;瘤周致痫灶切除4例,瘤周致痫灶MST或/和皮层低功率电凝热灼术11例;术毕ECoG监测发现痫样放电消失、基本节律大致恢复正常6例,仍残留少量棘波6例,残存较多棘波且基本节律轻到中度异常3例;无严重永久性并发症;随访1～3年,肿瘤原位复发2例,Engel分级Ⅰ级10例,Ⅱ级3例,Ⅲ级2例,总有效率100％.结论 立体定向联合术中ECoG、IOM治疗功能区皮层下小肿瘤性癫痫,能够精准定位并切除肿瘤及处理致痫灶,避免损伤功能区,是一种微创、安全、有效的手术方法.     

皮质脑电图在脑海绵状血管瘤所致癫痫手术中的应用研究

目的 研究皮质脑电图(ECoG)在脑海绵状血管瘤(BCA)所致癫痫手术中的作用.方法 对经正规抗癫痫治疗无效的85例BCA致癫痫患者,在ECoG监测下进行致痫灶定位,指导手术治疗.术后对患者进行随访及疗效评定.结果 术中ECoG监测发现本组患者的BCA病变区均存在棘波发放,而术前头皮EEG仅56例存在棘波,术中ECoG还发现31例患者有新的致痫灶.所有患者在ECoG监测下进行致痫灶切除(非功能区)或低功率热灼术(功能区).术后平均随访3.4年,疗效满意(癫痫发作完全消失)61例(71.8％),良好(发作减少≥50％)18例(21.2％),差(发作减少＜50％)6例(7.1％);总有效(满意+良好)率92.9％.结论 ECoG监测可在BCA所致癫痫手术中准确定位致痫灶,明显提高手术的疗效.     

术中皮质电刺激联合皮质脑电图治疗功能区肿瘤继发性癫(癎)

目的 总结术中唤醒麻醉下,皮质电刺激(CS)联合皮质脑电图(ECoG)监测治疗功能区肿瘤继发癫(癎)的临床经验.方法 回顾性分析功能区28例胶质瘤及13例脑膜瘤继发癫(癎)病人的临床资料,采用唤醒麻醉下开颅,通过CS定位感觉、运动及语言区,ECoG定位致(癎)区,显微手术切除肿瘤及处理致(癎)灶.结果 术中CS定位功能区33例,阴性8例;ECoG发现致(癎)灶29例,无异常12例.胶质瘤全切21例,次全切7例;脑膜瘤全切12例,次全切1例.术后暂时性神经功能障碍加重或新发障碍25例,均于1个月内恢复.随访41例,时间6个月～5.5年.癫(癎)发作消失29例,明显减少12例.结论 唤醒麻醉下联合CS、ECoG治疗功能区肿瘤继发性癫(癎),能最大限度保护脑功能,安全处理致(癎)灶.     

神经导航系统辅助切除邻近重要功能区神经胶质瘤

目的 观察神经导航系统对脑重要功能区附近的神经胶质瘤手术定位的意义。方法2000年6月～2001年10月,在神经导航系统辅助下完成19例邻近脑重要功能区(额后、额顶交界、额颞交界、顶叶和基底节区)神经胶质瘤的切除手术。结果 导航系统对19例患者肿瘤病灶的定位误差为1.2～2.3mm,平均1.7 mm。肿瘤全切除者16例(84.21％),次全切除者3例(15.79％)。术后病理学分类为星形细胞瘤(9例),间变性星形细胞瘤(5例),多形性胶质母细胞瘤(3例),少突胶质细胞瘤(1例),星形-少突混合性胶质细胞瘤(1例)。手术未对患者重要神经功能造成不良影响。结论 借助神经导航系统可明显提高脑神经胶质瘤手术的准确性和安全性,并可显著提高肿瘤的切除程度。     

皮层电极监测下切除致痫性脑胶质瘤的临床研究

目的使用皮层电极监测切除致痫性脑胶质瘤,探讨致痫性脑胶质瘤的治疗方法.方法本组病人35例,男19例,女16例.术前行EEG、CT或MRI检查.EEG示轻度异常脑电图7例,中度异常脑电图22例,重度异常脑电图6例.CT或MRI检查皆可见占位改变.其中额叶11例,颞叶8例,额顶叶7例,顶叶5例,颞枕叶3例,岛叶深部1例.常规手术开颅显露相应部位使用VEEG1161型伟思脑电图仪对皮层脑电进行监测.监测范围包括全部肿瘤,重点于肿瘤周边脑组织.确定大体致痫范围,行肿瘤切除.肿瘤切除后再行脑电监测若仍有癫痫波,根据皮层电极之定位切除致痫灶.直至致痫灶全部切除.对疑有深部癫痫灶者,使用深部电极经皮层穿刺对深部脑组织进行监测描记.对重要脑功能区予以保护.结果全部病人皆行显微镜下肿瘤全切除.病理证实星形细胞瘤8例,间变性星形细胞瘤13例,少突胶质细胞瘤7例,间变性少突胶质细胞瘤5例,胶质母细胞瘤2例.术后随访6个月～5年.未再发生癫痫者29例(82.9%);总有效率94.3%.结论只有在切除胶质瘤时一并切除致痫灶,才是治疗肿瘤并根治癫痫的最佳方法.使用皮层电极监测胶质瘤的切除,具体很多优点.     

唤醒麻醉和术中功能定位切除临近语言区致痫灶(附3例报告)

目的 探讨切除功能区致痫灶的手术策略及术后疗效.方法 在唤醒麻醉下应用术中皮层电刺激确定语言功能区,根据功能区边界选择处理致痫灶.评价患者的功能结果及癫痫控制程度.结果 3例患者术后随访,均未出现语言障碍,癫痫发作完全控制,符合Engel分级Ⅰ级.致痫灶全切2例,近全切+致痫皮层热灼1例.结论 借助唤醒麻醉进行术中皮质电刺激确定语言功能区准确、安全、可靠.唤醒麻醉下进行术中皮质电刺激结合影像学资料、借助颅内皮层电极的皮质电刺激进行功能区定位,能够最大可能地切除致痫灶而最小化功能区的损害.     

术中全麻唤醒下定位切除脑功能区病变(附5例报告)

目的 初步探讨全麻唤醒状态下定位切除脑功能区病变的方法，为深入研究脑功能区微创手术提供经验。方法 对5例脑功能区脑内占位病变病人进行喉罩插管、全麻下神经导航解剖定位开颅，术中麻醉唤醒，在清醒状态下，通过皮质诱发电位及皮质电刺激等方法进行脑功能区定位，在保护脑功能区的前题下切除脑内病变后再在全麻下关颅。结果 5例病人均顺利经过喉罩插管下全麻一术中唤醒一再全麻，其中3例安全经历术中拔管和再插管。唤醒后脑功能区经采用神经电生理技术得到定位，脑内病变得到最大程度切除，无术后神经功能障碍发生，术前神经功能障碍均明显恢复，其中3例功能完全恢复正常。无手术并发症，病人术后无痛苦回忆。1例术前频繁发作癫痫唤醒后出现癫痫发作。结论 全麻唤醒状态下进行皮质电刺激及皮质诱发电位定位脑功能区手术有助于最大程度地切除脑功能区病灶，提高病人术后生存质量。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.