桥式交叉"Y"形血管吻合游离股前外侧肌皮瓣移植修复小腿严重软组织缺损

目的 探讨桥式交叉"Y"形血管吻合游离股前外侧肌皮瓣手术方法和临床效果.方法 应用桥式交叉"Y"形血管吻合游离股前外侧肌皮瓣移植修复小腿严重软组织缺损6例.结果 皮瓣全部成活,随访8～26个月(平均13个月).皮瓣质地良好,疗效满意.健侧小腿经临床观察与多普勒检查和血管造影证实胫后动脉通畅.结论 利用旋股外侧动脉"Y"形血管蒂与健侧小腿胫后血管吻合,可以修复患侧小腿大面积软组织缺损.     

桥式交叉“Y”形血管吻合游离股前外侧肌皮瓣移植修复小腿严重软组织缺损

目的探讨桥式交叉“Y”形血管吻合游离股前外侧肌皮瓣手术方法和临床效果。方法应用桥式交叉“Y”形血管吻合游离股前外侧肌皮瓣移植修复小腿严重软组织缺损6例。结果皮瓣全部成活,随访8-26个月（平均13个月）。皮瓣质地良好,疗效满意。健侧小腿经临床观察与多普勒检查和血管造影证实胫后动脉通畅。结论利用旋股外侧动脉“Y”形血管蒂与健侧小腿胫后血管吻合,可以修复患侧小腿大面积软组织缺损。     

游离股前外侧皮瓣治疗小儿足踝部严重软组织损伤

目的 探讨游离股前外侧皮瓣修复小儿足踝部严重软组织缺损的临床经验.方法 1997年2月至2012年1月对16例小儿足踝部严重软组织缺损应用吻合血管的股前外侧皮瓣修复,并对手术方式、手术时机及疗效进行分析.结果 16例患儿移植皮瓣顺利成活12例,术后于24～48 h内发生动脉性血管危象4例,经取栓切取对侧大隐静脉移植后2例成活,但仍有2例出现皮瓣坏死.结论 游离股前外侧皮瓣移植是修复小儿足踝部严重软组织缺损的一种良好的选择,熟悉小儿游离皮瓣移植的特点,可获得满意的治疗效果.     

健侧隐神经营养血管皮瓣桥携带游离皮瓣修复小腿软组织缺损

目的 报道受区无供血血管时修复小腿软组织缺损的方法及其疗效.方法 对受区无可供吻合血管的小腿软组织缺损16例,选择隐神经营养血管皮瓣作为皮瓣桥,供血血管均选择健侧胫后血管,均为顺行皮瓣桥接.其中携带胸脐皮瓣6例、背阔肌皮瓣6例、股前外侧皮瓣4例.结果 术后1例背阔肌皮瓣由于患者突发心梗出现血管危象,皮瓣坏死,余15例(肌)皮瓣均顺利成活.术后4～6周断蒂,皮瓣质地好、外形满意.结论 健侧隐神经营养血管皮瓣桥携带游离皮瓣移植是修复小腿软组织缺损的有效方法.     

组合皮瓣修复小腿及足踝部大面积软组织缺损

目的 探讨应用组合皮瓣修复小腿及足踝部大面积软组织缺损的临床应用价值和手术技巧. 方法 2005年1月至2008年12月采用组合皮瓣移植治疗36例小腿及足踝部大面积软组织缺损患者,其中采用游离股前外侧肌皮瓣组合携带健侧胫后血管的单桥式皮瓣修复14例,游离股前外侧肌皮瓣组合腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复11例,游离背阔肌皮瓣组合带健侧胫后血管的单桥式皮瓣修复6例,游离胸脐皮瓣组合局部转移腓肠肌皮瓣修复3例,游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣组合游离胸脐皮瓣修复1例,游离股前外侧肌皮瓣、游离胸脐皮瓣分别组合携带顺、逆行健侧胫后血管的双桥式皮瓣修复1例. 结果 本组有3例术后出现血管危象并进行了血管探查,解除动脉危象后1例游离皮瓣成活,1例游离皮瓣边缘坏死经换药后创面愈合,另1例静脉栓塞探查术后游离皮瓣部分坏死.其余33例患者移植组织令部成活,创面一期修复,总成功率为97.2%(35/36).术后随访4～36个月,平均16个月,皮瓣质地柔软,外形良好,患肢足踝功能恢复满意. 结论 采用不同形式的组合皮瓣移植,为小腿及足踝部大面积软组织缺损的修复提供了一个可行且有效的技术方法 ,手术虽有一定风险,但可有效降低伤残率,恢复肢体功能,缩短疗程.     

游离皮瓣移植临床应用分析

目的 分析游离皮瓣移植的临床效果并总结经验。方法 对近年来临床应用各种类型游离皮瓣移植修复四肢软组织缺损及骨外露的病例资料进行回顾性分析与研究。结果 临床应用102例，包括背阔肌皮瓣、侧胸皮瓣、胸济皮瓣、髂骨皮瓣、股前外侧皮瓣、小腿内侧皮瓣、腓骨皮瓣、小腿外侧皮瓣、足背皮瓣、趾蹼皮瓣及静脉动脉化皮瓣等11种类型。其中成功96例，失败6例，成功率94.1%，效果良好。结论 应用游离皮瓣移植是修复四肢软组织缺损及骨外露的一种较好的治疗方法。     

桥式交叉吻合血管组织瓣移植的临床应用

目的：解决受区没有合适的血管来用于移植组织的血管吻合重建血液循环修复组织缺损;方法：３ 例胫骨骨髓炎伴软组织缺损、２ 例踝足部严重开放性骨折伴软组织缺损,１ 例骶尾部巨大褥疮,采用正常肢体提供血管与移植组织血管吻合,重建血液循环修复大块组织缺损;结果：２ 例背阔肌皮瓣,３ 例腓骨皮瓣,１ 例股前外侧皮瓣,全部成活,移植腓骨４ ～６ 月后与受区骨骼骨性愈合,创面完全修复。结论：游离组织的血管蒂通过皮桥隧道与另一肢体上选定的血管吻合,重建血液循环修复大块复合组织缺损,是值得倡导的有效方法。     

吻合血管的皮瓣及肌皮瓣移植临床应用

目的：报道应用皮瓣及肌皮瓣移植修复四肢肤软组织缺损的临床效果。方法：应用吻合血管股前外侧皮瓣、背阔肌皮瓣及阔筋膜张肌皮瓣移植修复四肢皮肤软组织缺损合并肌腱或骨关节外露12例。结果：术后皮瓣及肌皮瓣均成活，随访1-2年，外观及功能良好。结论：吻合血管皮瓣及肌皮瓣移植是修复四肢皮肤软组织缺损合并肌腱或骨关节外露的有效方法。     

改良背阔肌皮瓣游离移植修复小腿严重软组织缺损

目的 总结改良背阔肌游离皮瓣移植修复严重的小腿创伤伴软组织缺损的临床效果. 方法 2003年6月至2009年10月,收治24例小腿软组织严重损伤患者.所有患者均伴有严重的软组织、血管和(或)神经损伤,小腿无可与游离组织瓣相吻合的血管,不同程度的骨质、肌腱外露和(或)骨髓炎.软组织缺损范围6.5 cm × 10.0 cm～18.0 cm×25.0 cm.患者术前病程1个月～1.5年.应用大小8.0 cm×12.0 cm～20.0 cm×27.0 cm的背阔肌游离皮瓣修复缺损,以旋股外侧动脉降支的远端为蒂,其近端与胸背动脉吻接,大隐静脉或小隐静脉与胸背动脉伴行静脉吻接.供区直接缝合或中厚皮片游离植皮. 结果 术后2例出现皮瓣边缘部分坏死,经换药后愈合;其余皮瓣均顺利成活,无1例出现血管危象,创面Ⅰ期愈合.供区切口均Ⅰ期愈合,植皮顺利成活.术后23例获随访,随访时间11个月～2.5年,平均1.6年.皮瓣外形、质地、厚薄及色泽均较满意.皮瓣两点辨别觉为10 ～ 20 mm,平均16.6 mm. 结论 对于小腿同侧无可供吻合血管的严重组织缺损时,可以旋股外侧动脉降支的远端为蒂,其近端与背阔肌皮瓣的胸背动脉吻合,胸背动脉伴行静脉与大隐静脉或小隐静脉吻合的方法来修复.     

小腿复杂性软组织缺损的显微外科修复

目的 探讨小腿复杂性软组织缺损的修复.方法 针对同侧无可利用皮肤和只有一条主干血管的小腿软组织缺损,分别采用游离股前外侧皮瓣2例、逆行股前外侧皮瓣2例、小腿内侧筋膜蒂交腿皮瓣12例修复,共16例,游离皮瓣的动脉采用端侧吻合静脉端端吻合的方法.结果 术后皮瓣除1例逆行股前外皮瓣出现静脉回流障碍导致皮瓣部分坏死,余皆血运良好,交腿皮瓣3周断蒂,皮瓣均成活,供区植皮均一期成活.随访3个月～2年,皮瓣外形、色泽及膝踝关节功能满意.结论 对于小腿复杂性软组织缺损同侧无可利用的皮肤和血管时,可以根据具体情况采用远位岛状皮瓣或游离(肌)皮瓣修复.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.