神经外科术后颅内感染的危险因素及降钙素原等炎性标志物的诊断价值

目的研究神经外科术后颅内感染的危险因素,以及脑脊液和血清炎性标志物在神经外科术后颅内感染诊断中的价值。方法回顾分析321例神经外科术后患者的临床资料,其中颅内感染患者70例,非颅内感染患者251例。分析颅内感染组患者的相关危险因素,如:性别、年龄、肿瘤位置、手术时间、有无输血、有无外引流;归纳所有患者的脑脊液和血清炎性标志物,如:白细胞计数、乳酸水平、降钙素原水平以及脑脊液糖等指标,并进行统计分析。结果神经外科术后保留外引流是颅内感染发生的独立危险因素(P=0.016)。感染组与非感染组脑脊液白细胞计数、脑脊液乳酸、血清乳酸、脑脊液糖含量之间的差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05),对于鉴别神经外科术后是否出现颅内感染具有指导意义;血清及脑脊液降钙素原水平在两组之间差异无统计学意义。其中,脑脊液糖含量的诊断灵敏度和特异度最高,分别为96.4%和75.7%。结论脑脊液乳酸、血清乳酸、脑脊液白细胞计数、脑脊液糖含量在神经外科术后颅内感染的诊断中均有意义;未发现血清及脑脊液降钙素原水平对颅内感染有明显的诊断价值。     

神经外科开颅手术颅内感染危险因素分析

目的研究神经外科开颅手术颅内感染危险因素,为临床预防、控制颅内感染提供依据。方法选取2009-05—2012-05我院神经外科收治的80例行神经外科开颅手术的患者为研究对象,根据术后是否发生颅内感染将80例患者分为颅内感染组和未颅内感染组。对比分析2组患者相关资料。结果分析结果表明,2组患者在诊断和手术情况、入住重症监护室、住院时间、手术时间、留置导尿管以及H2受体阻滞剂对比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。经多因素Logistic回归分析,手术人员和手术时间是术后发生颅内感染的危险因素。结论经外科开颅手术颅内感染与手术人员手术技巧、手术时间有极大关系。     

140例神经外科手术后颅内感染危险因素分析

目的探讨神经外科术后颅内感染的危险因素。方法选取我院神经外科手术患者140例,回顾性分析其可能引起颅内感染的危险因素,包括性别、年龄、手术时间、手术方式、术后是否伴脑脊液漏等共项因素,并作统计分析比较。结果本研究140例患者均顺利进行全麻下神经外科手术,术后经过脑脊液培养,颅内感染20例,感染率14.29%。通过多因素分析得知颅内感染与手术时间、手术方式、术后是否有脑脊液漏和年龄有关(P<0.05),而与性别无关(P>0.05)。结论神经外科手术颅内感染率较高,可通过控制与其相关的危险因素来降低术后颅内感染的可能性。     

血清与脑脊液炎症标记物及WBC计数在神经外科术后颅内感染的诊断价值

目的研究血脑脊液炎症标记物(PCT、CRP)及WBC计数在神经外科术后颅内感染的诊断。方法收集神经外科术后颅内感染患者(n=35)和非颅内感染患者(n=35)的脑脊液和血液样本,检测脑脊液和血清PCT、CRP与脑脊液和血液白细胞计数等指标并进行统计分析。结果颅内感染研究组CSF与血清中降钙素原、C-反应蛋白、白细胞计数均较非感染对照组显著升高(P0.05)。CSF中降钙素原与血清中降钙素原水平差异不明显(P0.05)。结论脑脊液与血清PCT、CRP、白细胞计数在颅脑手术术后颅内感染的诊断中均有意义,其中脑脊液与血清PCT、脑脊液白细胞计数诊断价值更大。     

神经外科开颅手术后颅内感染相关因素研究

目的分析神经外科开颅手术后颅内感染的相关因素。方法选择我院神经外科接受开颅手术治疗并发生颅内感染的患者50例为观察组,同时段我院神经外科接受开颅手术治疗但未发生颅内感染的患者50例为对照组,比较2组术前GCS评分、是否伴有糖尿病、手术时间、是否伴有切口脑脊液漏、手术次数、术后白蛋白水平等,分析神经外科开颅手术后颅内感染相关因素。结果 (1)观察组患者术前GCS评分<8分、伴有糖尿病、手术时间≥4h、切口脑脊液漏、手术次数≥2次、术后白蛋白<35g/L的比例均显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。(2)经Logistic多因素分析,术前GCS评分<8分、术后低白蛋白、手术次数≥2次、手术时间≥4h及存在切口脑脊液漏是神经外科开颅手术后颅内感染重要危险因素。结论 GCS评分<8分、术后低白蛋白、手术次数≥2次、手术时间≥4h及存在切口脑脊液漏是神经外科开颅手术后发生颅内感染的重要危险因素。     

颅脑术后并发颅内感染相关因素分析

目的：探讨神经外科手术后致颅内感染的相关因素,为临床防治颅内感染提供依据。方法收集2008-10-2013-10在我科接受神经外科开颅手术2635例患者,其中38例合并颅内感染,对导致颅内感染的各项可能因素进行统计学分析。结果神经外科手术后的颅内感染与手术持续时间、多次手术、脑脊液漏、后颅窝手术、合并糖尿病有关,而感染率的高低与术前、术后长期使用抗生素、患者年龄、是否留置引流管等无关。结论缩短手术时间,严密缝合防止脑脊液漏,注意保持术区干洁有利于减少神经外科手术后颅内感染的发生。     

神经外科术后颅内感染的危险因素分析

目的分析神经外科患者颅脑术后颅内感染发生的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2012-01—2016-08新疆维吾尔自治区中医院神经外科298例手术患者的临床资料,记录患者的性别、年龄、格拉斯哥昏迷(GCS)评分、美国麻醉师协会(ASA)评分、手术类型、手术时间、手术次数、是否脑室外引流及术后是否发生脑脊液漏等,并进行统计分析。结果纳入298例患者,其中发生术后颅内感染26例,感染率8.7%。单因素分析显示,脑室外引流、GCS评分、术后脑脊液漏、手术时间、手术次数是颅脑术后引发颅内感染的相关危险因素(P0.05);多因素非条件Logistic回归分析显示,脑室外引流、GCS评分9分、术后发生脑脊液漏、手术时间4h、二次手术是神经外科颅脑术后引发颅内感染的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论颅脑术后颅内感染的危险因素有脑室外引流、GCS评分、术后脑脊液漏、手术时间及二次手术,临床应采用综合预防措施减少颅内感染发生率。     

神经外科中枢神经系统感染诊治中国专家共识(2021版)

一、概述,神经外科中枢神经系统感染(neurosurgical central nervous system infections,NCNSIs)是指继发于神经外科疾病或需要由神经外科处理的颅内和椎管内的感染,包括神经外科术后硬膜外脓肿、硬膜下积脓、脑膜炎、脑室炎及脑脓肿,颅脑创伤引起的颅内感染,脑室和腰大池外引流术、分流及植入物相关的脑膜炎或脑室炎等。其中细菌性感染是CNSIs的主要类型,因此作为本次共识的重点。     

开颅术后颅内感染的原因分析

目的 分析我院开颅术后颅内感染患者的危险因素,为临床预控提供参考.方法 选择我院神经外科2008-04-2013-04开颅术后颅内感染患者32例作为研究对象（研究组）,选择同期32例开颅术后未发生颅内感染的患者作为对照组,对比分析2组患者的一般资料、临床诊断、基础疾病、手术情况、侵入性操作、有无脑室外引流、有无脑脊液漏、住院时间等差异.结果 2组7种单因素比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,经多因素Logistic回归分析,手术持续时间与脑室外引流、有无脑脊液漏是颅内感染的危险因素.结论 开颅手术持续时间和脑室外引流、有无脑脊液漏与患者的术后感染具有密切关系.     

神经外科术后患者颅内感染的危险因素分析

目的分析神经外科术后患者颅内感染的危险因素,为术后颅内感染提供预防措施。方法回顾性选取我院神经外科2010-01—2014-06手术患者100例,按照是否发生术后感染分为颅内感染组和非颅内感染组。对比分析2组患者一般情况及手术情况,同时对于可能的危险因素进行单因素Logistic分析。结果颅内感染组年龄、住院时间、术前院内等待时间、手术时间、再次手术率、脑室外引流和术后脑脊液漏发生率均显著高于非颅内感染组(P0.05);颅内感染组的GCS评分显著低于非颅内感染组(P0.01)。年龄≥45岁、住院时间20d、术前院内等待时间7d、手术时间4h、GCS评分9分、CSF分流术、再次手术、脑室外引流和术后脑脊液漏均为术后颅内感染的危险因素(P0.05)。结论对于神经外科年长、手术复杂、术后住院时间长、出现并发症的患者,应予以积极的综合预防措施,以降低术后颅内感染发生率。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.