氯喹对戊四氮致痫大鼠GFAP、PCNA及Cyclin D1变化的影响

目的 观察氯喹对戊四氮致痫大鼠皮质和海马星形胶质细胞GFAP、PCNA及Cyclin D1表达的影响．探讨氯喹在癫痫发生发展过程中的作用。方法 用免疫组化检测大鼠皮质和海马GFAP和PCNA的变化，用Westernblot检测CyclinD1含量的变化。结果 对照组无痫样发作，戊四氮致痫组有重型的痫样发作（Ⅲ～V级），氯喹干预组有轻型的痫样发作（Ⅰ～Ⅲ级）（P〈0．05）；戊四氮致痫组脑电记录呈频发高幅的痫样波，氯喹干预组痫样波幅低且缓。GFAP和PCNA在戊四氮致痫组表达强，以海马为著，与对照组比较差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05），氯喹干预组与对照组比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）；Cyclin D1在戊四氮致痫组的皮质和海马的含量与对照组比较差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05），氯喹干预组与对照组比较差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）。结论 氯喹通过抑制胶质细胞的增生和GFAP的表达，影响致痫大鼠痫样发作的发生和发展。     

白藜芦醇对戊四氮致痫大鼠脑脊液、血清S1OOB蛋白的影响

目的 研究白藜芦醇(Res)对戊四氮致痫大鼠脑脊液、血清S100B蛋白的影响.方法 采用戊四氮(PTZ)腹腔注射建立慢性癫痫模型,造模成功后予以Res(15 mg/kg·d)灌胃干预10 d;采用酶联免疫吸附法测定脑脊液、血清S100B蛋白含量,海马标本行Nissl染色.结果 经28 d连续给药,18只大鼠符合Racine点燃标准,Res干预组大鼠痫性发作潜伏期明显延长,且发作时间明显低于癫痫模型组、二甲基亚砜组(P＜0.05).海马Nissl染色提示Res干预对大鼠海马CA1、CA3区神经元有保护作用(P＜0.05),而对齿状回保护作用不明显(P＞0.05).Res干预组大鼠脑脊液、血清S100B蛋白含量低于癫痫模型组、二甲基亚砜组(P＜0.05).结论 Res降低PTZ致痫大鼠脑脊液、血清S100B蛋白含量,或许减缓癫痫发作脑损伤发挥神经保护作用.     

中枢组胺对戊四氮点燃大鼠海马GABA能神经元的影响

目的:探讨中枢组胺抗癫痫的作用机制。方法:应用免疫组织化学方法研究中枢组胺对戊四氮(PTZ)致癫痫大鼠海马神经元GABA、GAD67表达的影响。结果:戊四氮致痫组大鼠海马神经元GABA、GAD67的表达量明显低于正常对照组,L-组胺酸干预组明显高于戊四氮致痫组,L-组胺酸干预组与正常对照组之间差异无显著性意义。结论:中枢组胺通过激活海马GABA能神经元来抑制癫痫的发生和发展。     

红藻氨酸诱导癫痫大鼠前脑CX32的表达及辛醇干预的影响

目的 观察红藻氨酸(kainic acid,KA)诱导癫痫大鼠前脑缝隙连接蛋白32(connexin 32,CX32)的表达及辛醇干预的影响.方法 用免疫荧光法检测癫痫发作后各时间点大鼠皮质及海马CX32阳性细胞表达.同时观察致痫前给予辛醇干预对大鼠皮质及海马CX32阳性细胞表达的影响.结果 KA致痫组大鼠皮层及海马CX32阳性细胞在各时程明显高于正常对照组(P<0.05),并且随时程延长呈增加趋势,7d达高峰,在海马中的变化比皮层明显,但无统计学意义(P>0.05).辛醇干预组大鼠皮层及海马CX32阳性细胞在各相应时程明显低于KA致痫组(P<0.01).结论 CX32组成缝隙连接(gap junction,GJ)在癫痫的发生发展过程中起重要作用,辛醇可以减少癫痫大鼠CX32表达,降低癫痫敏感性,实现脑保护作用.     

凋亡诱导因子在戊四氮致痫大鼠海马组织中的表达

目的研究凋亡诱导因子(AIF)mRNA在戊四氮(PTZ)点燃癫痫持续状态(SE)大鼠海马组织中的表达情况。方法通过腹腔注射戊四氮建立急性点燃大鼠模型,运用逆转录聚合酶链反应技术(RT-PCR)分析AIFmRNA在大鼠癫痫发作后的表达情况。结果癫痫发作后海马组织AIFmRNA的表达水平早期即出现升高(6h组与对照组相比,P<0.05),且持续较长一段时间(48h组与对照组相比,P<0.01)。结论AIF可能参与了戊四氮致痫大鼠海马神经元的凋亡过程。     

尼莫地平对戊四氮慢性点燃癫痫大鼠行为及脑电图的影响

目的:探讨尼莫地平(nimodipine,NIM)对戊四氮(Pentylenetetrazole,PTZ)慢性点燃癫痫大鼠行为及脑电图的影响。方法:64只动物随机分为正常对照组(A组)、PTZ单纯致痫组(B组)、NIM1.25mg/kg干预组(C组)、NIM2.5mg/kg干预组(D组),通过腹腔注射PTZ建立慢性癫痫动物模型,观察大鼠行为、脑电图及海马组织学改变。结果:腹腔注射NIM可以明显抑制大鼠的痫性放电,减小其痫性发作级别,与正常对照组相比重型发作率明显降低(P<0.01),此外,NIM还能减轻海马的损伤程度。结论:NIM在PTZ慢性点燃癫痫大鼠模型中不仅具有抗惊厥作用,还能减轻海马的损伤程度。     

硫丙咪胺对戊四氮致痈幼鼠海马GFAP、c—fos表达和学习认知的影响

目的：观察硫丙咪胺（Thi）对戊四氮（PTZ）致痫幼大鼠海马胶质原纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）、c-fos表达及学习认知的影响。方法：发育期SD幼鼠40只随机分为对照组、PTZ致瘸组、TM 30mg·kg^-1干预组和Thi15mg·kg^-1干预组（均n=10）。观察各组大鼠瘸样行为，水迷宫实验观察学习认知能力、免疫组化检测海马GFAP和c-fos的变化。结果：对照组无痫样发作，阿z致痫组有重度发作，Thi30mg·kg^-1干预组有轻度发作（P〈0．05）；水迷宫实验中，PTZ致痫组寻找平台潜伏时间延长和通过平台次数减少，Thi30和15mg·kg^-1干预组寻找平台潜伏时间明显缩短，通过平台次数增加明显，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；PTZ致痫组GFAP和c-fos表达明显强于Thi干预组，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），其中Tiff30与15mg·kg^-1干预组相比差异也有统计学意义（P〈o．05）；GFAP和c—fos免疫组化表达与大鼠空间学习记忆能力呈正相关。结论：Thi可能通过抑制PTZ致瘸幼大鼠海马GFAP、c—fos表达，减轻癫痫发作程度，提高其学习认知能力。     

乙酰唑胺对慢性癫痫大鼠海马NF-κB p65、IL-1β、IL-6及TNF-α表达的影响

目的观察戊四氮(Pentylenetetrazole,PTZ)致慢性癫痫大鼠发作以及应用AQP4抑制剂乙酰唑胺(Acetazolamide,AZA)干预后对海马核因子-κB p65(NF-κB p65)、白介素-1β(IL-1β)、白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的表达影响,探讨AQP4与炎症因子表达间的关系及乙酰唑胺抑制癫痫发作的可能机制。方法将50只健康成年SD大鼠随机分为对照组(每日腹腔注射生理盐水)、致痫组(每日腹腔注射亚惊厥剂量PTZ35 mg/(kg·d)建立慢性癫痫大鼠模型)、乙酰唑胺干预组[每日先腹腔注射AZA35 mg/(kg·d)预处理,30 min后再腹腔注射亚惊厥剂量PTZ]。连续注射28 d,每天记录大鼠的发作级别。最后一次给药1 d后处死所有大鼠以备实验,RT-q PCR和ELISA检测大鼠海马中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的表达;Western blot检测海马内NF-κB p65表达。结果对照组无明显癫痫发作,RT-q PCR和ELISA检测结果显示致痫组IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平均显著高于对照组(P<0.001);乙酰唑胺干预组的三者水平明显低于致痫组(P<0.05),但仍高于对照组(P<0.05);Western blot结果显示致痫组海马组织NF-κB p65的表达与对照组相比显著升高(P<0.01),而乙酰唑胺干预组表达量与致痫组相比明显下降(P<0.05),但仍高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论乙酰唑胺抑制癫痫的发作的作用机制可能与乙酰唑胺抑制星形胶质细胞膜上AQP4的表达、改善星形胶质细胞水肿损伤状况、下调炎性因子表达有关。     

白藜芦醇对戊四氮致痫大鼠脑脊液、血清S100B蛋白的影响

目的研究白藜芦醇（Res）对戊四氮致痫大鼠脑脊液、血清S100B蛋白的影响。方法采用戊四氮（PTZ）腹腔注射建立慢性癫痫模型,造模成功后予以Res（15mg／kg·d）灌胃干预10d;采用酶联免疫吸附法测定脑脊液、血清S100B蛋白含量,海马标本行Nissl染色。结果经28d连续给药,18只大鼠符合Racine点燃标准,Res干预组大鼠痫性发作潜伏期明显延长,且发作时间明显低于癫痫模型组、二甲基亚砜组（P〈0．05）。海马Nissl染色提示Res干预对大鼠海马CAl、CA3区神经元有保护作用（P〈0．05）,而对齿状回保护作用不明显（P〉0．05）。Res干预组大鼠脑脊液、血清S100B蛋白含量低于癫痫模型组、二甲基亚砜组（P〈0．05）。结论Res降低PTZ致痫大鼠脑脊液、血清SIOOB蛋白含量,或许减缓癫痫发作脑损伤发挥神经保护作用。     

依达拉奉对癫痫大鼠脑内谷氨酸的影响

目的 探讨依达拉奉对戊四氮致痫大鼠脑中谷氨酸的影响.方法 30只成年SD大鼠随机分为对照组、癫痫组和治疗组,癫痫组和治疗组大鼠腹腔注射戊四氮60mg/kg,诱导癫痫发作.治疗组于注射戊四氮之前1h经腹腔注射依达拉奉30mg,并观察1h.然后处死大鼠取脑,应用柱前衍生HPLC-荧光法测定大鼠脑皮质谷氨酸(Glu)的含量.结果 治疗组痫性发作潜伏期、平均痫性发作等级及脑内谷氨酸含量与癫痫组相比差异均有显著性(P<0.01).结论 依达拉奉可以通过拮抗氧自由基并抑制谷氨酸的释放,在癫痫发作中发挥保护作用.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。