葛根素通过Nrf2-ARE信号通路抵抗氧化应激对创伤性脑损伤的神经保护作用

目的 探讨葛根素对创伤性脑损伤(TBI)模型大鼠的神经保护作用及脑组织红系衍生的核因子相关因子2(Nrf2)一抗氧化反应原件(ARE)信号通路参与的机制。方法 选择健康成年雄性大鼠体重250～300 g构建TBI模型,将大鼠分为4组:创伤组(A组)、假手术组(B组)、葛根素治疗的创伤组(C组)和葛根素治疗的假手术组(D组); 通过采用改良的神经功能缺损评分(mNSS)评价神经功能,脑组织干湿重称量法评价脑水肿,Nissl染色,TUNEL染色评价脑损伤体积和神经元的凋亡,使用酶活试剂盒检测损伤48 h后抗氧化酶SOD,GSH,和GSSG的活性以及氧化应激产物MDA和NO的水平,最后使用western blot和RT-PCR的方法检测Nrf2-ARE信号通路及其下游分子HO-1,NQO1的表达水平。结果 TBI手术后损伤组mNSS评分明显增高(P<0.05),葛根素治疗组能够明显降低mNSS评分(P<0.05)。TBI手术后损伤组脑水肿加重及神经元凋亡增加(P<0.05),葛根素治疗组能够明显挽救脑水肿及神经元凋亡(P<0.05)。TBI手术12 h后损伤组脑内抗氧化酶SOD,GSH,和GSSG的活性增加及氧化应激产物MDA和NO的水平升高(P<0.05),葛根素治疗组能够明显降低抗氧化酶SOD,GSH,和GSSG的活性以及氧化应激产物MDA和NO的水平(P<0.05)。western blot和RT-PCR显示葛根素不改变Nrf2的翻译和表达,但是RT-PCR显示葛根素能够明显促进Nrf2-ARE信号通路下游分子HO-1,NQO1的表达。结论 葛根素可能通过Nrf2-ARE信号通路抵抗氧化应激对创伤性脑损伤发挥神经保护作用。     

基因转染人羊膜细胞对颅脑创伤大鼠海马的作用

目的 观察移植转染胶质源性神经营养因子(GDNF)基因人羊膜细胞(HACs)对创伤性脑损伤(TBI)大鼠海马神经元的影响.方法 采用改进Feeney法制作TBI致海马神经元损伤模型.TBI 24 h后于挫伤灶边缘移植,移植处距硬脑膜4 mm和2 mm深浅两点移植,共5μl含5×10~5个细胞.TBI+GDNF组移植转染GDNF基因HACs;TBI+eGFP组移植转染eGFP基因HACs;TBI+PBS组注射5μl PBS;假TBI组未行移植操作.移植后12 d Morris水迷宫检测结束后制片并行焦油紫染色,检测海马及移植针道靶点周围组织,取移植针道靶点周围组织行RT-PCR检测GDNFmRNA水平.结果 免疫荧光法检测转染GDNF基因HACs荧光显微镜下呈红色荧光.TBI+GDNF组大鼠学习记忆功能明显好于TBI+eGFP组和TBI+PBS组,TBI+eGFP组和TBI+PBS组大鼠损伤侧海马神经元显著缺失,胞体缩小,深染.TBI+GDNF组部分海马神经元缺失.RT-PCR检测TBI+GDNF组GDNFmRNA高水平表达.结论 移植转染GDNF基因HACs对TBI大鼠海马神经元有保护作用.     

Nrf2在短暂性缺血再灌注大鼠星形胶质细胞模型中的表达变化及其意义

目的 观察星形胶质细胞短暂性缺血再灌注损伤过程中胞质和胞核的NF-E2相关因子2(Nrf2)表达变化,分析其核转位情况与细胞氧化损伤水平的相关性.方法 用缺血缺氧0.5h后再复氧复注血清诱导原代培养的大鼠大脑皮质星形胶质细胞损伤,酶标仪检测各时间点细胞活性氧簇(ROS)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)水平,MTT比色法测定细胞存活率,Western blot检测胞质和胞核内Nrf2表达水平.结果 随着缺血再灌注时间的延长,细胞ROS逐渐增加,GSH含量和存活率逐渐下降(P<0.05),但再灌注8h与12h比较,细胞ROS、GSH和存活率无显著性差异(P>0.05);缺血再灌注早期(再灌注0.5h),胞浆Nrf2表达减少,胞核Nrf2增多(P<0.05),继续再灌注损伤,胞浆和胞核Nrf2均减少,再灌注8h,胞浆和胞核Nrf2表达不再下降(P>0.05).结论 Nrf2核转位与短暂性缺血再灌注损伤造成星形胶质细胞氧化应激损伤具有相关性.     

创伤性脑损伤急性期高血糖对脑GLUT-3表达的影响

目的探讨大鼠创伤性脑损伤后高血糖对神经元的损害作用及其可能机制。方法成年雄性SD大鼠180只,随机分成正常对照组,创伤性脑损伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)组,胰岛素治疗组,每组伤侧及健侧皮层设立自身对照。分别测定每组伤前及伤后各时间点血糖值,逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)测定伤后伤侧及健侧皮层葡萄糖转运蛋白3(glucose transporter 3,GLUT-3)基因表达,Western-blot法测定伤后伤侧及健侧皮层GLUT-3蛋白表达,免疫荧光法测定伤后各组伤侧及健侧皮层单个神经元神经特异性烯醇化酶(neuronspecificenolase,NSE)表达量和NSE阳性染色细胞数。结果正常对照组各时间点血糖值,GLUT-3表达量,单个神经元NSE表达量及NSE阳性细胞数均未见明显变化(P均0.05);TBI组动物伤后血糖升高,伤侧皮层GLUT-3表达增加,单个神经元NSE表达量增加而NSE阳性染色细胞数明显减少(P均0.05);胰岛素治疗组伤后血糖变化不明显(P0.05),伤后12、24、48、72 h GLUT-3表达量,单个神经元NSE表达量及NSE阳性染色细胞数均明显多于TBI组(P均0.05)。各组健侧皮层GLUT-3和单个神经元NSE表达量,NSE阳性染色细胞数均未见明显变化(P均0.05)。结论 TBI后高血糖可加重神经元损伤,其机制可能与TBI后高血糖减少伤后神经元GLUT-3的表达,增加伤后神经元葡萄糖代谢障碍有关。     

皮质梗死大鼠丘脑腹后核继发性损害及其机制研究

目的 探讨易卒中型肾血管性高血压大鼠(SPRHR)大脑皮质梗死后丘脑腹后核继发性损害及其机制,以为脑梗死临床康复治疗提供理论依据.方法 采用易卒中型肾血管性高血压大鼠制备大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)模型,应用尼氏染色TUNEL法和免疫组织化学染色检测大鼠梗死侧丘脑腹后核神经元形态、凋亡细胞数目,以及微管相关蛋白-2、胶质纤维酸性蛋白和少突胶质细胞特异性标志蛋白RIP的表达水平.结果 与假手术组比较,手术后1周,MCAO组大鼠梗死侧丘脑腹后核正常神经元数目减少38.3l%(P<0.01);至手术后4周减少73.49%(P<0.01).与假手术组比较,手术后1周,MCAO组大鼠梗死侧丘脑腹后核即可见凋亡细胞(P<0.01),至手术后2周和4周,凋亡细胞持续存在,并可见坏死细胞.与假手术组比较,手术后1周,MCAO组大鼠梗死侧丘脑腹后核微管相关蛋白-2表达水平无明显变化(P>0.05),而胶质纤维酸性蛋白和少突胶质细胞特异性标志蛋白RIP表达水平明显升高(均P<0.01);至手术后2周和4周,微管相关蛋白-2表达水平逐渐降低(P=0.000,0.000),而胶质纤维酸性蛋白(P=0.000,0.000)和少突胶质细胞特异性标志蛋白RIP(P=0.012,0.047)表达水平则逐渐升高且呈持续高表达.结论 大脑皮质梗死后同侧丘脑腹后核神经元呈进行性死亡.梗死侧丘脑神经元凋亡、延迟性星形胶质细胞反应性增生、少突胶质细胞增生及其磷脂蛋白持续高表达可能是造成梗死侧丘脑腹后核继发性损害的重要原因.     

盐酸小檗碱对颅脑创伤模型小鼠双侧丘脑继发性损伤的神经保护作用

目的探讨盐酸小檗碱对颅脑创伤(TBI)模型小鼠双侧丘脑继发性损伤(炎症反应、氧化损伤和神经元缺失)的神经保护作用。方法采用自由落体撞击法制备颅脑创伤模型,盐酸小檗碱组小鼠予以盐酸小檗碱50 mg/(kg·d)灌胃21 d,TBI组予等量生理盐水灌胃21 d,对照组不予自由落体撞击。免疫组织化学染色计数双侧丘脑诱导型一氧化氮合酶(i NOS)、环氧合酶-2(COX-2)、8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHd G)和神经元核抗原(Neu N)阳性神经元或胶质细胞数目,免疫荧光染色计数双侧丘脑胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)阳性星形胶质细胞和离子钙结合蛋白1(Iba1)阳性小胶质细胞数目。结果 3组小鼠颅脑创伤同侧丘脑i NOS(P=0.015)、COX-2(P=0.022)、8-OHd G(P=0.000)和Neu N(P=0.000)阳性神经元或胶质细胞数目以及GFAP阳性星形胶质细胞数目(P=0.024)和Iba1阳性小胶质细胞数目(P=0.000)差异均有统计学意义,其中,TBI组i NOS(P=0.005)、COX-2(P=0.011)和8-OHd G(P=0.000)阳性神经元或胶质细胞数目以及GFAP阳性星形胶质细胞数目(P=0.011)和Iba1阳性小胶质细胞数目(P=0.000)均高于对照组,而Neu N阳性神经元数目低于对照组(P=0.000);盐酸小檗碱组i NOS(P=0.031)、COX-2(P=0.024)和8-OHd G(P=0.008)阳性神经元或胶质细胞数目以及GFAP阳性星形胶质细胞数目(P=0.031)和Iba1阳性小胶质细胞数目(P=0.012)均低于TBI组,仅8-OHd G阳性神经元数目(P=0.014)和Iba1阳性小胶质细胞数目(P=0.024)仍高于对照组,而Neu N阳性神经元数目高于TBI组(P=0.016)、仍低于对照组(P=0.027)。3组小鼠颅脑创伤对侧丘脑仅COX-2(P=0.029)和8-OHd G(P=0.000)阳性神经元或胶质细胞数目差异有统计学意义,其中,TBI组COX-2(P=0.011)和8-OHd G(P=0.000)阳性神经元或胶质细胞数目高于对照组,盐酸小檗碱组COX-2(P=0.047)和8-OHd G(P=0.010)阳性神经元或胶质细胞数目低于TBI组,仅8-OHd G阳性神经元数目仍高于对照组(P=0.004)。结论颅脑创伤可以引起双侧丘脑继发性损伤,尤以同侧丘脑显著,对侧丘脑仅出现炎症反应和氧化损伤;盐酸小檗碱通过抑制颅脑创伤后双侧丘脑炎症反应和氧化损伤而发挥神经保护作用。     

大鼠轻型颅脑损伤后星形胶质细胞与神经元的病理改变

目的 探讨轻型颅脑损伤（TBI）后神经元及星形胶质细胞改变的病理生理过程。方法 将24只成年SD大鼠随机分为轻型TBI组（n=18）和假手术组（n=6）,轻型TBI组又分为伤后3 h（n=6）、伤后24 h（n=6）、伤后72 h（n=6）三亚组。采用液压冲击法制作轻型TBI模型。采用胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）染色检测星形胶质细胞,采用Fluoro-Jade B（FJ-B）荧光染色检测变性神经元。结果 与假手术组相比,轻型TBI后3 h、24 h、72 h邻近顶叶皮质、海马CA2/3区GFAP阳性细胞数量均明显减少（P<0.05）;缺失区周围星形胶质细胞肿胀增生明显。FJ-B阳性神经元在损伤后3 h无明显增加（P>0.05）,伤后24 h皮层区FJ-B阳性神经元显著增加（P<0.05）,伤后72 h海马区FJ-B阳性神经元显著增加（P<0.05）。伤后72 h伤侧皮层区与海马区GFAP阳性细胞数和FJ-B阳性细胞数呈显著负相关（r=-0.8285,P<0.05）。结论 轻型TBI后星形胶质细胞超急性期（3 h）即出现损害和胶质反应,神经元则在急性期（24 h）至亚急性期（72 h）出现明显损害,星形胶质细胞缺失程度可以反应神经元损伤程度。     

TLR4对大鼠急性脑梗死体积与Nrf2、HO-1表达水平的影响

目的探讨Toll样受体4(TLR4)对大鼠急性脑梗死体积与核因子E2相关性因子2(Nrf2)、血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)表达水平的影响。方法制备大鼠急性脑缺血模型后,比较模型组与TLR4特异性抑制剂-TAK-242组行为学及脑梗死体积、Nrf2、HO-1表达水平改变;通过Morris水迷宫实验比较不同组小鼠脑梗死后学习功能的恢复;TTC染色比较不同组脑梗死体积变化;免疫组织化学染色及Western Blot比较各组Nrf2、HO-1表达水平变化。结果与假手术组比较,模型组与TAK-242组潜伏期延长,穿越平台次数减少,同时TAK-242组潜伏期明显短于模型组(P0.05);TAK-242组穿越平台的次数明显多于模型组(P0.05)。TAK-242组脑梗死体积明显小于模型组(P0.05)。Nrf2、HO-1主要表达在神经元与星形胶质细胞中。另外,假手术组Nrf2、HO-1的表达水平明显低于模型组与TAK-242组,同时TAK-242组Nrf2、HO-1的表达水平明显高于模型组。3组大鼠Nrf2、HO-1表达水平有明显差异(P0.05),且TAK-242组Nrf2、HO-1的表达水平显著高于模型组(P0.05)。结论通过TLR4特异性抑制剂-TAK-242干预可以显著改善大鼠急性脑缺血的神经功能,减小脑梗死体积,促进神经元与星形胶质细胞Nrf2、HO-1的表达。     

重组人促红细胞生成素对急性脑缺血大鼠Nrf2及HO-1表达的影响

目的 研究重组人促红细胞生成素(rhEPO)对急性脑缺血大鼠脑组织中核因子E2相关性因子2(Nrf2)及血红素加氧酶1(HO-1)表达的影响,探讨rhEPO的抗氧化作用机制. 方法 将36只雄性SD大鼠按随机数字表法分为假手术组、模型组、rhEPO组,后两组采用线栓法制备大鼠永久性局灶性脑缺血模型.rhEPO组在造模成功2h后腹腔注射rhEPO 5000 IU/kg,假手术组和模型组给予等量生理盐水.缺血24 h后处死大鼠取脑,采用免疫组化染色和Western blotting检测脑组织中Nrt2及HO-1的表达. 结果 免疫组化染色结果显示,假手术组Nrf2及HO-1均只有少量阳性表达,模型组和rhEPO组Nrf2及HO-1阳性表达细胞数均较假手术组明显增多,且rhEPO组阳性表达细胞数亦明显多于模型组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);阳性表达细胞主要为缺血区的神经元和星形胶质细胞.Western blotting结果也显示Nrt2及HO-1表达按假手术组、模型组、rhEPO组顺序依次增强,组间两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 急性脑缺血后脑组织中Keap1 -Nrf2/ARE抗氧化系统可被激活,rhEPO通过激活该抗氧化系统从而发挥脑保护作用.     

脊髓损伤过程中β-1,4半乳糖基转移酶的表达研究

目的 探讨β-1,4半乳糖基转移酶(β-1,4-GalT)在横断性脊髓损伤后的时空表达变化以及细胞定位情况.方法 将42只成年SD大鼠随机分为假手术组和T9横断伤8 h、1 d、3 d、5 d、7 d、14 d组,每组6只.采用实时定量PCR测定损伤后各时间段β-1,4-GalT在脊髓中的表达变化;采用原位杂交与免疫荧光标记方法检测β-1,4-GalT在脊髓中的分布以及伤后的定位改变.结果 脊髓横断损伤后,β-1,4-GalT-Ⅴ在损伤上、下段表达高峰分别出现在损伤后8 h和1 d,之后逐渐下降,至伤后14 d降低至假手术组水平.增高的mRNA主要分布于损伤周围的细胞中及脊髓后角浅层的感觉神经元中.荧光原位杂交结果显示,β-1,4-GalT-Ⅴ主要分布于巨噬细胞和小胶质细胞以及病理状态下的少突胶质细胞.同时β-1,4-GalT-Ⅴ mRNA在损伤后大量表达于富含P物质和IB-4的脊髓后角浅层的感觉神经元中.结论 脊髓损伤后β-1,4-GalT在基因和细胞水平呈现明显的时空变化,并且与巨噬细胞和小胶质细胞以及病理状态下的少突胶质细胞存在共定位.该酶可能参与了损伤后的继发性损伤,即伤后早期的炎性反应,并可能与脊髓损伤后的神经病理性疼痛有关.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。