颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后并发脑积水的治疗体会

目的 探讨颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后脑积水的治疗方法及效果。方法 回顾性分析2018年5月至2019年6月收治的34例颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后并发脑积水的临床资料。19例进行颅骨成形术,脑积水未做处理;10例先行颅骨成形术、后行脑室-腹腔分流术,5例同期行颅骨成形+脑室-腹腔分流术。结果 术后1、6个月随访,日常生活能力量表评分好转20例,稳定14例。只行颅骨成形术19例复查头颅CT示脑积水稳定,无脑积水相关症状。结论 颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后并发脑积水,部分病人的脑积水不需进一步处理,部分病人可根据病情同期或分期行颅骨成形+脑室-腹腔分流术,临床效果良好。     

早期同时行脑室-腹腔分流术+颅骨修补术治疗 重型颅脑损伤的疗效

目的 探讨早期同时行脑室-腹腔分流术及颅骨修补术治疗重型颅脑损伤去骨板减压术后脑积水及颅骨缺损的疗效。方法 2004年1月至2012年5月收治重型颅脑损伤去骨板减压术后脑积水及颅骨缺损36例,早期同时行脑室-腹腔分流术及颅骨修补术治疗（颅骨缺损时间为45~76 d）。结果 本组29例神经功能障碍改善,4例疗效不佳,1例并发皮下积液,2例并发分流管堵塞。术后无颅内感染。术后2~4周复查头颅CT或MRI,33例脑室有不同程度缩小,其中21例脑室基本恢复正常大小。术后6个月GOS评分:恢复良好19例,中残8例,重残或植物生存9例。结论 早期同时行脑室-腹腔分流术加颅骨修补术治疗重型颅脑损伤术后脑积水合并颅骨缺损是一种安全有效的方法,可缓解患者意识及神经功能障碍,改善预后。     

早期脑室-腹腔分流术及颅骨修补术治疗去骨瓣减压术后脑积水30例

目的探讨早期脑室-腹腔分流术及颅骨修补术在去骨板减压术后脑积水治疗中的效果。方法对30例早期同时行颅骨修补术和脑室-腹腔分流术的病例资料进行回顾性分析。结果去骨板减压术后(60.4±15.6)d内再次行脑室-腹腔分流术及颅骨修补术,术后神志及神经功能改善27例(90.0%),出现分流管梗阻并腹腔感染1例(3.3%),无颅内感染病例;术后随访3~6个月,其中20例恢复良好(66.7%),6例中等残疾(20.0%),3例重度残疾(10.0%),1例死亡(3.3%)。结论去骨瓣减压术后颅骨缺损合并脑积水的患者早期行脑室-腹腔分流术和颅骨修补术,可以减少手术并发症。     

早期同期手术治疗颅骨缺损合并脑积水疗效分析

目的探讨早期(去骨瓣减压术后2个月内)同期手术治疗颅骨缺损合并脑积水病例的安全性及有效性。方法回顾性分析48例颅骨缺损合并脑积水病例资料,随机分为同期组28例(早期进行一次性手术,同时行脑室-腹腔分流术及颅骨缺损修补术),分期组20例(先行脑室-腹腔分流术,分流术术后1~3个月再以相同方法进行颅骨缺损修补)。结果两组病例手术前后GCS、神经功能缺损评分差异,均具有统计学意义(均P0.05)。与分期组比较,同期组病例麻醉时间、手术时间缩短,出血减少,皮下积液发生率下降。结论早期(去骨瓣减压术后2个月内)采用同期手术治疗颅骨缺损合并脑积水病例,手术安全而有效。     

高血压脑出血去骨瓣减压术后脑积水并骨窗同侧硬膜下积液的治疗及原因分析

我院2009—2013年救治脑出血去大骨瓣减压术后脑积水并同侧硬膜下积液15例,先行脑室‐腹腔分流术再行颅骨缺损修补,效果良好,报告如下。
　　1资料与方法
　　1．1一般资料本组男11例,女4例;年龄54～72岁,平均63岁;均为高血压脑出血行去大骨瓣术后患者。行去骨瓣减压患者硬膜下积液均位于去骨瓣减压同侧,经多次复查呈进展状态。脑积水多为慢性交通性脑积水。     

同期颅骨修补术及脑室-腹腔分流术治疗大骨瓣减压后慢性脑积水

目的总结同期行颅骨修补术及侧脑室前角置管脑室-腹腔分流术治疗颅脑外伤标准大骨瓣减压后，大面积颅骨缺损并发慢性脑积水的经验。方法回顾性分析23例颅骨缺损并慢性脑积水病人的临床资料、手术方法及预后。结果本组均在伤后2-4个月内手术，术后1个月GCS评分、3个月GOS评分明显提高，神经功能障碍得到不同程度改善，CT显示脑室不同程度缩小。结论同期颅骨修补术及脑室-腹腔分流术治疗慢性脑积水手术损伤小，可明显改善病人神经功能障碍，提高预后。     

颅脑损伤后同期行颅骨修补及脑室-腹腔分流术的治疗体会

目的探讨同期行脑室-腹腔分流和颅骨缺损修补术在颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后交通性脑积水治疗中的效果及可行性。方法回顾性分析35例同期行脑室-腹腔分流和颅骨缺损修补术的颅脑外伤病例,对其临床资料、并发症、预后进行总结。结果本组手术在外伤后2～6个月内进行。全组病例颅骨塑性满意,术后无感染、分流管堵塞、过度分流等并发症。术后意识、精神症状、神经功能障碍均有不同程度的改善。无手术死亡病例。结论颅脑损伤术后颅骨缺损、脑膨出、脑积水等并发症严重影响患者预后,及时同期行脑室-腹腔分流和颅骨缺损修补术并发症少,可明显改善患者意识及神经功能障碍,改善预后,值得推广。     

手术后颅骨缺损合并交通性脑积水病人一期手术疗效评估

目的 评估颅骨缺损合并交通性脑积水病人一期行脑室-腹腔分流术(ventriculoperitoneal shunt,VPS)+颅骨修补术的治疗效果及预后.方法 回顾性分析106例颅骨缺损合并交通性脑积水病人的临床资料,均行一期VPS+颅骨修补手术,并统计分析手术前后Barthel评分、Fugl-Meyer评分及GCS评...     

颅脑外伤去骨瓣减压术后颅骨缺损合并脑积水同期行V-P分流术及颅骨修补术临床观察

目的评价颅脑外伤去骨瓣减压术后颅骨缺损合并脑积水同期行V-P分流术及颅骨修补术的临床疗效,探讨其临床适用性。方法选择2012-05—2013-09于我院治疗的57例颅脑外伤去骨瓣减压术后颅骨缺损合并脑积水患者。随机分为试验组29例和对照组28例,试验组同期行脑室-腹腔分流术及颅骨修补术处理,对照组分期行脑室-腹腔分流术及颅骨修补术处理。观察并记录2组一般情况、治疗前后神经系统评分情况,观察临床疗效和并发症情况。结果试验组手术时间、术中出血量、皮瓣游离时间和住院时间均明显低于对照组(P0.05);2组治疗后GOS评分、GCS评分、Fugl-Meyer评分和神经功能缺损评分明显优于治疗前(P0.05),且试验组治疗后上述评分改善情况优于对照组(P0.05);试验组良好率(58.62%)明显高于对照组(21.43%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=8.19,P=0.0042);试验组并发症发生率为6.89%(2/29),对照组为35.72%(10/28),差异有统计学意义(χ2=7.15,P0.05)。结论颅脑外伤去骨瓣减压术后颅骨缺损合并脑积水同期行V-P分流术及颅骨修补术可以明显提高临床疗效,改善患者的神经系统症状,且不良反应少。     

重型颅脑损伤术后颅骨缺损伴脑积水22例临床分析

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤术后颅骨缺损伴脑积水患者一期手术的疗效及并发症。方法22例颅骨缺损合并脑积水患者均在全麻下先行侧脑室-腹腔分流术,后行颅骨修补术。结果21例患者脑积水症状术后均有改善或消失;原有脑室扩大均有不同程度缩小。全组颅骨塑型满意,无分流管阻塞病例。结论颅骨缺损合并脑积水患者一期手术并发症少,疗效确切,患者经济负担轻,精神压力小。     

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

Opiate and digitalis receptor assays distinguish between neuroexcitant and inactive organochlorines and between anesthetics and convulsants

Specific binding of [3H]naloxone to rat brain tissue in vitro was inhibited by the excitant organochlorinated insecticides (OCI), by ether (E) and octanol (OCT), and by the convulsant indoklon (IND) and its anesthetic isomer, isoindoklon (ISO). In the presence of 100 mM NaCl the inhibition of naloxone binding by E, OCT and ISO was greatly potentiated, whereas that by OCI and IND was attenuated. KCl (100 mM) was equally effective as NaCl on the action of anesthetics, but the effect of the excitant drugs was, in contrast to NaCl, unaffected by KCl. Specific binding of [3H]ouabain in the absence of Na, was depressed by anesthetics and enhanced by neuroexcitants. In the presence of NaCl, which by itself inhibits ouabain binding to brain, both anesthetics and excitants enhanced ouabain binding. DDE, a non-insecticidal analog of DDT, and the dimethyl derivative of the OCI, lindane, were inactive in the receptor assays. These observations point to a unique isolated system which responds consistently to anesthetic agents as a class and, in a different way, to neuroexcitant compounds.     

Learning and forgetting new names and objects in MCI and AD

We studied how subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), early Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-matched controls learned and maintained the names of unfamiliar objects that were trained with or without semantic support (object definitions). Naming performance, phonological cueing, incidental learning of the definitions and recognition of the objects were tested during follow-up. We found that word learning was significantly impaired in MCI and AD patients, whereas forgetting patterns were similar across groups. Semantic support showed a beneficial effect on object name retrieval in the MCI group 8 weeks after training, suggesting that the MCI patients’ preserved semantic memory can compensate for impaired episodic memory. The MCI group performed equally well as the controls in the tasks measuring incidental learning and recognition memory, whereas the AD group showed impairment in this respect. Both the MCI and the AD group benefited less from phonological cueing than the controls. Our findings indicate that word learning is compromised in both MCI and AD, whereas long-term retention of newly learned words is not affected to the same extent. Incidental learning and recognition memory seem to be well preserved in MCI.     

Necdin蛋白与神经元的生长分化

在神经系统 ,Necdin只在成熟神经元的细胞核中表达 ,可能与成熟神经元分裂静止状态的保持有关。近年的研究表明 ,Necdin是一种生长抑制蛋白 ,能与多种因子如SV4 0大T抗原 ,腺病毒E1A ,转录因子E2F1以及肿瘤抑制蛋白p5 3等结合 ,在功能上类似于成视网膜瘤蛋白Rb。necdin基因缺陷时 ,会引起脑内 ,特别是下丘脑神经元分化障碍。人类necdin基因位于PWS综合征的基因缺失区 ,可能与PWS的一些症状有关。本文从Necdin蛋白的基本概况 ,生物功能以及Necdin与疾病三个方面进行了综述     

Satellite cells and myonuclei in young and elderly women and men

The overall aim of this study was to assess the effects of aging on the satellite cell population. Muscle biopsies were taken from the tibialis anterior muscle of healthy, moderately active young (age range, 20-32 years; n = 31) and elderly (age range, 70-83 years; n = 27) women and men with comparable physical activity pattern. Satellite cells and myonuclei were visualized using a monoclonal antibody against neural cell adhesion molecule and counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin. An average of 211 (range, 192-241) muscle fibers were examined for each individual. Compared with the young women and men, the elderly subjects had a significantly lower (P < 0.011) number of satellite cells per muscle fiber but a significantly higher (P < 0.004) number of myonuclei per muscle fiber. The number of satellite cells relative to the total number of nuclei [satellite cells/(myonuclei + satellite cells)] was significantly lower in the elderly than in the young women and men. These results imply that a reduction in the satellite cell population occurs as a result of increasing age in healthy men and women.     

Necdin蛋白与神经元的生长分化

在神经系统,Necdin只在成熟神经元的细胞核中表达,可能与成熟神经元分裂静止状态的保持有关.近年的研究表明,Necdin是一种生长抑制蛋白,能与多种因子如SV40大T抗原,腺病毒E1A,转录因子E2F1以及肿瘤抑制蛋白p53等结合,在功能上类似于成视网膜瘤蛋白Rb.necdin基因缺陷时,会引起脑内,特别是下丘脑神经元分化障碍.人类necdin基因位于PWS综合征的基因缺失区,可能与PWS的一些症状有关.本文从Necdin蛋白的基本概况,生物功能以及Necdin与疾病三个方面进行了综述.     

Retrospective and prospective design and data

The study of the presentation, symptomatology and family characteristics of an exclusively adolescent sample of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) was undertaken. Twenty-four cases of borderline personality disorder, 20 females, 4 males, identified using chart review and meeting the criteria of the Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines (DIB) and DSM III-R, were matched with psychiatric controls. Adolescents with borderline personality disorder were found to have high rates of affective symptomatology with Axis I diagnosis of major depressive disorder - MDD (DSM-III-R), and high rates of interpersonal psychopathology, i.e., manipulation, devaluation, and a pervasive sense of boredom. The latter seem to be characteristic as for adults with borderline personality disorder. The families were particularly angry and volatile.     

Cortisol levels and depression in men and women using heroin and cocaine

Abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are well documented in men using illicit drugs and/or infected with HIV; however, less is known about HPA function, or the health consequence of HPA dysfunction, in their female counterparts. People with depression exhibit hypercortisolemia, and depression is common in people with HIV or substance use problems. The current study investigated cortisol secretion in 209 demographically matched men and women, stratified by their HIV and drug use status. Self-reported depressive symptoms were evaluated using a standardized, validated questionnaire (CES-D). Women reported more depressive symptoms than men (p=.01). Male and female drug users exhibited higher cortisol concentrations (p=.03), and were more likely to report depressive symptoms (p=.04), than non-users. Depression was related to elevated cortisol concentrations for the study population (p=.03), and women with elevated cortisol concentrations were significantly more depressed than all other participants (p=.05). While it is unknown whether high cortisol concentrations precede depressive symptoms or vice versa, these data indicate that higher cortisol concentrations are associated with depressive symptoms in heroin and cocaine users, and that this association is more pronounced in women than men. HIV status did not act in an additive or synergistic way with drug use for either cortisol or CES-D measures in the current study. Unique therapies to treat the endocrine and mental health consequences of illicit drug use in men and women deserve consideration as depressive symptoms, and high cortisol concentrations associated with depressive symptoms, differ by gender.     

相关性和一致性：这对相仿概念和测量方法的回顾与阐明

概述：一致性(agreement)和相关性(correlation)是两个广泛使用的概念,用来评估变量之间的关联。虽然二者相似且相关,但是它们代表关联完全不同的概念。评估变量之间的一致性假设变量测量的是相同的结构,而在变量测量完全不同的结构时也可以评估它们之间的相关性。这种概念上的差异就要求使用不同的统计方法,并且当评估一致性或相关性时,统计方法根据数据的分布和研究者的兴趣可能会有所不同。例如, Pearson相关性,作为评估连续变量之间相关性的一种普遍测量方法,只有用于符合线性关系的变量时才能提供有用的信息;当用于不符合线性关系的变量时就无法提供准确信息甚至会产生误导。同样地,内部相关性,作为一种评估连续变量之间一致性的常用方法,如果一致性不好的实质正好是研究兴趣所在,那么该测量就不能为研究者提供充分的信息。本报告回顾了一致性和相关性的概念,并讨论了几种常用方法在应用中的差异。