单腔和双腔起搏对中心动脉压和动脉波增强指数的不同影响及临床意义

目的探讨起搏器植入患者单腔和双腔起搏对中心动脉压(CAP)和动脉波增强指数(AI)的不同影响及临床意义。方法顺序入选103例植入起搏器患者,其中植入双腔起搏器患者42例为DDD组,单腔起搏器患者41例为VVI组,植入起搏器但患者心率为正常窦性心律者20例为对照组,分别测量三组患者的心率(HR)、CAP、AI、外周收缩压、外周舒张压等指标,随后将双腔起搏组的DDD模式程控成VVI模式,再次测量上述指标,记录并进行统计。结果 DDD组CAP明显高于对照组和VVI组[(149.67±19.62)mmHg vs(138.70±18.69)mmHg,(124.33±19.34)mmHg,P<0.05];DDD组AI、AI_C和外周血压均高于VVI组(P<0.05);程控后的CAP、AI、AI_C和外周动脉血压水平均低于程控前(P<0.05)。结论双腔起搏组的CAP、AI和外周动脉血压均高于单腔起搏组。而CAP和AI的升高可能是双腔起搏较单腔起搏并未改善远期预后的原因之一。     

DDI起搏心电图

临床应用的心脏起搏器有单腔（VVI、AAI）、双腔（DDD）和三腔（CRT）等类型,并相应派生VVI、AAI、DDD和CRT起搏心电图。目前,临床没有专门的DDI起搏器,其只是双腔DDD起搏器可以程控的一种特殊工作模式,并具有相应的DDI起搏心电图。     

不同起搏模式对起搏器植入患者长期生存预后的影响分析

目的本研究通过对植入永久心脏起搏器患者长期随访观察,评价双腔起搏(DDD)与单腔心室起搏(VVI)对起搏器植入患者长期生存情况的影响。方法回顾性分析了1991年1月~2010年12月之间因心脏传导系统疾病而植入永久心脏起搏器的患者1245例,植入DDD起搏器915例(73.49%),VVI起搏器330例(26.51%)。从起搏器植入后进行连续随访,收集患者起搏器植入后的随访数据直至观察终点。采用Kaplan-Meier方法评估患者生存率。采用log Rank检验评价不同起搏模式之间患者的生存差异,多因素Cox分析影响生存预后的危险因素。结果 1245例患者中,植入DDD起搏器患者存活846例,存活率92.5%,植入VVI起搏器存活291例,存活率88.2%,不同起搏模式对患者的生存预后无影响(χ2=3.248,P0.05);植入时的年龄(RR=1.987,P0.001),植入时合并缺血性心肌病(RR=8.418,P0.001),合并扩张型心肌病(RR=45.332,P0.001)是影响患者生存率的主要因素。结论植入永久心脏起搏器患者的长期生存率与植入起搏器的起搏模式无关,而植入时年龄、合并缺血性心肌病、合并扩张型心肌病是影响患者生存的主要因素。     

器械升级时原起搏导线及囊袋的处理

目的观察器械升级时原起搏导线及囊袋处理的方法、可行性和安全性。方法本组共11例患者,根据升级后所应用器械分为心脏再同步治疗（CRT）组及植入型心脏再同步治疗除颤器（CRT—D）组。CRT组5例患者,其中4例升级前为单腔起搏器（VVI）,1例为双腔起搏器（DDD）;CRT—D组6例,升级前分别为1例VVI、2例DDD、2例单腔植入型心律转复除颤器（ICD）及1例CRT。起搏器囊袋依患者情况而定,但CRT—D囊袋须往左侧胸部。结果常规起搏器升级为CRT者,除1例原双极心室导线各参数均符合更换时要求外,弃用其他单极心房、心室导线,重新植入新的双极导线。升级为CRT—D者,1例VVI起搏器,弃用原单极心室导线,植入ICD心室导线,同时植入双极心房起搏导线和左心室导线;2例双腔起搏器原心房导线均为单极,予弃用,重新植入双极心房导线,心室新植入ICD导线;2例原ICD导线均能续用;1例CRT升级仪需新债入ICD导线。起搏器衰袋除1例存右侧胸部外,余10例均在左侧胸部。结论器械的升级是安仝、可行的,对原起搏导线需评估后依不同情况分别作出相应的处理。     

Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞患者行VVI及DDD起搏后心功能及超敏C反应蛋白的比较

目的比较Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞(AVB)患者行VVI及DDD起搏后心功能、N-末端B型脑钠肽(NT-pro BNP)及超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)的变化。方法选取Ⅲ度AVB患者50例,按起搏方式分组。VVI组(n=25)植入单腔起搏器,起搏模式为VVI;DDD组(n=25)植入双腔起搏器,起搏模式为DDD。随访3年,比较患者起搏参数、左房内径(LAD)、左室舒张末径(LVEDD)、左室射血分数(LVEF)、左室舒张功能(E/A)、心脏指数(CI)、每搏输出量(SV)、右室内径(RV)、hs-CRP、NT-pro BNP等指标。结果两组心室电极感知、阈值、阻抗、右室起搏比例均无差异。术后LAD、LVEDD进行性扩大,LVEF进行性下降,CI较前改善,均以VVI组较为明显;SV指标VVI组术后逐年下降,而DDD组术后1年明显增加,随后下降。术后hs-CRP、NT-pro BNP进行性升高,均以VVI组较为明显。患者hs-CRP与LVEDD、LAD、NT-pro BNP之间、NT-pro BNP与LVEDD间存在正相关关系,hs-CRP、NT-pro BNP与LVEF间存在负相关关系。结论Ⅲ度AVB患者长期VVI及DDD起搏将不同程度导致心功能恶化,VVI起搏为甚,起搏术后心功能恶化与炎症反应可能有关。     

DDD(R)与VVI(R)起搏模式对病窦综合征患者的影响

91例病窦综合征患者,分别植入DDD(R)(n=56)及VVI(R)(n=35)起搏器,术后平均随访28.5±10.7个月。随访结束时与植入起搏器前比较,两组的左房内径均增大;左室射血分数降低;血浆BNP水平增高;Ⅰ级心功能患者减少;Ⅲ级心功能患者增加。而两组间以上各指标均无差异。DDD(R)组心房颤动发生率比VVI(R)组有降低趋势,但未达统计学差异(P=0.061)。两组间因心力衰竭住院率、脑梗塞及因心血管死亡均无差异。结论 :DDD(R)与VVI(R)起搏效果类似,均使患者心脏重构、心功能减退。     

永久性心脏起搏器植入早期左心室重构的研究

目的分析起搏器植入后早期左心室重构特点.方法全组患者27例,其中,起搏心室感知心室R波抑制型(VVI)起搏器组15例,起搏双腔感知双腔P波/R波抑制型(DDD)起搏器组12例.采用双探头门控单光子发射计算机断层摄影系统(GSPECT)采集心肌显像资料,测定患者起搏器植入前及植入后随访时(随访期4.6±1.5个月)自身心律状态时下列左心室参数值:左心室射血分数(LVEF),左心室舒张末容积(EDV),左心室收缩末容积(ESV).EDV增加或降低10%及以上者,为重构.结果13例(48.1%)出现重构,VVI组10例(66.7%),DDD组3例(25%).其中,EDV增大7例(25.9%),VVI组5例(33.3%),DDD组2例(16.7%);EDV减少者6例(22.2%),VVI组5例(33.3%),DDD组1例(8.3%).结论起搏器植入后早期,即可出现左心室重构,表现在EDV增大或缩小.本研究提示,永久性心脏起搏器植入在获得电生理学益处的同时,可能对左心室结构带来某些不利影响.     

VVI起搏心电图

VVI起搏心电图属单腔心室起搏心电图,是熟悉和学习起搏心电图的基本功,我国目前VVI起搏器仍占起搏器植入总量的50%以上。因此,心电图和内科医师必须首先掌握VVI起搏心电图。1.VVI起搏器的基本概念VVI起搏器的3个代码分别指起搏器起搏的心腔为心室腔(用V表示)、感知的心腔为心室     

Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞病人植入起搏器的观察

目的对72例Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞患者植入VVI或DDD起搏器的效果进行对照观察.方法对植入VVI起搏器的38例(VVI组)和DDD起搏器的34例(DDD组)患者配对观察(1) Holter 24小时早搏数;(2)超声心动图左室射血分数(IVEF);(3)存活年限;(4)死亡率.随访时间4.6±1.6年.结果两组Holter早搏数分别减少1250±1002次/24h和2546±1600次/24h.IVEF值分别为(20.6±5.0)%和(29.8±4.3)%,存活时间分别3.1±1.9年和4.0±2.3年,死亡率分别为10.5%和2.9%.结论DDD起搏器治疗Ⅲ度AVB患者的以上4项指标全部优于VVI起搏器.     

不同心脏起搏器植入术后对患者生活质量影响的比较

【摘要】：目的 采用起搏器生活质量测定量表评价不同心脏起搏器植入术后对患者生活质量的影响。方法 随机选择2010年1月至2013年7月在新疆自治区人民医院心内科因缓慢型心律失常收治住院并植入心脏起搏器的患者156例, 根据起搏方式分为VVI 起搏组、AAI起搏组、DDD起搏组；按照起搏器生活质量测定量表计分规则，分别于植入术前、术后3个月、术后1年进行随访并计算生活质量得分，分值越低说明生活质量状况越好。结果 （1）与起搏器植入前比较，患者术后3个月、1年的生活质量在躯体功能、心理功能、社会功能及一般认知功能4个方面分值均有所下降，患者的临床症状得到不同程度的缓解，差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)；（2）各组间不同时期两两比较显示3种起搏方式对患者心理功能、社会功能、一般认知功能3个方面改善无差异（P>0.05），在躯体功能改善方面，AAI起搏组与DDD起搏组之间无差异（P>0.05），VVI 起搏组与AAI起搏组之间有显著差异（P=0.029），VVI 起搏组与DDD起搏组之间有显著差异（P=0.033）。结论 心脏起搏器植入后能显著提高患者术后的生活质量， AAI起搏组和DDD起搏组在改善患者改善躯体功能方面显著优于VVI 起搏组，提示接受生理性起搏器植入的患者术后生活质量高于非生理性起搏患者。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.