腓骨骨皮瓣移植修复肢体复合组织缺损

目的总结腓骨骨皮瓣移植修复肢体外伤性复合组织缺损的临床修复效果。方法依照患者肢体复合组织缺失情况及全身状况,采用腓骨骨皮瓣移植进行修复,其中男9例,女3例。年龄12～45岁。胫骨缺损伴腓骨骨折2例,单纯胫骨缺损2例,桡骨缺损2例,尺骨缺损3例,跟骨缺损1例,第1跖骨缺损2例;骨缺损长度4.2～10.6cm,平均7.8cm;皮肤缺损10.0cm×4.5cm～27.0cm×15.0cm。合并胫前和(或)胫后动脉损伤2例,胫后神经损伤2例,腓总神经损伤1例。一期修复4例,延期修复8例。骨皮瓣游离移植手术9例,推移手术2例,逆行移位手术1例。4例于术后3～6个月行二期肌腱移位动力重建术。行腕、踝关节融合术各1例。结果术后出现静脉危象及腓总神经牵拉性损伤各1例,经探查、大隐静脉移植等对症治疗,12例骨皮瓣全部成活。术后随访6～24个月,移植腓骨与受区断端均达骨性愈合,肢体功能均得到良好恢复。供区未出现膝及踝关节运动障碍。结论采用急诊或延期的腓骨骨皮瓣移植手术,可较好地修复肢体长管状骨干和软组织复合组织缺损。应注意受区移植腓骨皮瓣术后的感觉功能重建。     

腓骨移植与儿童踝关节生长紊乱

为探讨儿童腓骨移植后对供区踝关节发育有无影响。对４例吻合血管的腓骨移植儿童进行了临床及Ｘ线片随访观察，随访时间９～１２年，平均１０年。结果，自述供侧肢体无不适，整体生长情况正常，步态正常。Ｘ线片示：胫骨远端骨骺呈内高外低的“楔样变”，骨骺线与胫骨纵轴线角度正常，胫距关节间隙向外倾斜，关节间隙正常。距骨呈外高内低改变，均有踝穴外翻。内外踝发育较小，胫骨外侧骨皮质较内侧皮质厚。其中１例骨骺外侧半出现坏死改变，踝穴外翻、变浅。认为，破坏儿童腓骨的结构完整性——无论切取多长腓骨，必然引起踝关节生长紊乱。强调临床上应严格掌握儿童腓骨移植的适应证。     

人工腓骨棒的研究与临床应用

目的：观察部分腓骨切除后植入腓骨棒对踝关节的中期影响。方法：对62例腓骨部分切除后植入自行研制的腓骨棒的患者在3～5年后对其踝关节功能、正位C线片和踝关节肌力、活动度进行测量，与对侧对照。结果：未出现踝关节功能紊乱现象，X线片示踝穴宽度与对侧无显著性差异．无外踝上移现象。4例出现腓骨棒断离。结论：腓骨支撑棒在腓骨切除植入3～5年后效果良好，无明显副作用．     

游离腓骨复合组织移植修复胫骨及周围软组织缺损

目的改进切取带血管腓骨及其复合组织瓣游离移植修复胫骨缺损合并胫前及周围皮肤软组织缺损的方法。方法采用改进法行带血管腓骨及复合组织皮瓣的切取,术中先锯断两端腓骨,再切取带肌袖腓骨和显露腓动、静脉血管蒂。为确保游离移植腓骨的血运,腓动脉两断端均与受区胫前动脉吻合。结果术中无一例损伤腓动、静脉,切取腓骨时间为２０～４０分钟。术后１６例移植腓骨均Ⅰ期愈合,骨愈合时间为２～３个月。随访６个月～９年３个月,１４例患肢功能恢复正常,１６例供腓骨侧均无踝关节不稳定发生。结论该改进法切取腓骨具有手术出血量少、解剖清晰及手术时间较常规方法明显缩短的优点。腓骨复合组织瓣移植法行植骨的同时修复胫前皮肤软组织缺损,并可对移植腓骨的血运情况进行监测。     

腓浅神经卡压综合征

目的：探讨腓浅神经卡压综合征的解剖学基础和手术方法。方法：对２例腓浅神经卡压综合征患者进行了手术治疗，并观测了６０侧成人腓骨下端的骨前嵴和３０侧尸体小腿标本。结论：“站立性”小腿、足背及踝前疼痛是腓浅神经卡压综合征的特征，是腓浅神经行至腓骨下端骨前嵴时遭受深筋膜或伸肌上支持带卡压所致。治疗方法是切开深筋膜或伸肌上支持带，将腓浅神经远离腓骨前嵴固定于皮下。     

切取腓骨长肌肌腱移植对踝关节外翻力度和角度的影响

目的探讨腓骨长肌肌腱切除后对踝关节功能,尤其是踝关节外翻力度和主动外翻角度的影响。方法笔者自2011-01—2015-01采用腓骨长肌肌腱作为自体移植肌腱重建33例膝关节交叉韧带损伤,术后2周开始主动踝关节外翻锻炼,对患者踝关节外翻力度、踝关节主动外翻角度进行测试。结果 32例获得随访2~5年,平均3年。切口均一期愈合,无感染、腓神经损伤等并发症。切除腓骨长肌腱后,踝关节外翻力度及踝关节主动外翻角度明显减小。结论腓骨长肌肌腱移植修复交叉韧带开展时间尚短,并发症或缺陷尚未完全显现,是否会影响患者术后的踝关节运动功能还需要进一步论证,鉴于该肌腱切除后会对腓骨长肌功能造成不可逆的损害,所以腓骨长肌肌腱切除要慎之又慎。     

负重 X 线侧位片在踝关节骨折畸形愈合复位评估中的价值

 目的 探讨踝关节负重 X 线侧位片在踝关节骨折畸形愈合复位评估中的意义。方法 回顾性分析 2010 年3 月至 2012 年 10 月踝关节骨折畸形愈合接受重建手术治疗的 17 例患者资料,男 9 例,女 8 例;年龄 17～64 岁,平均 40.2岁。Takakura 踝关节炎退变分级:1 级 7 例,2 级 4 例,3 级 6 例。接受单纯切开复位内固定术 5 例,踝上胫骨截骨术 5 例,踝上腓骨截骨延长术 2 例,踝上胫腓骨截骨术 5 例。比较患者手术前、后负重 X 线正位片胫腓间隙,踝穴位 X 线片内踝间隙、胫腓间隙和胫腓重叠距离,X 线侧位片胫骨侧面角、胫骨轴线与距骨顶关节面中心的位移差（x 值）和胫距关节面圆心位移差（d 值）。应用美国足踝外科协会（American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society,AOFAS）踝与后足评分对患者手术前、后踝关节功能进行评估。结果 17 例患者均获 9～32 个月随访,骨折均愈合,愈合时间 11～14 周;未见踝关节退变等级加重。手术前、后负重 X 线正位片上胫腓间隙、踝穴位 X 线片上内踝间隙、胫腓间隙和胫腓重叠距离比较无差异;胫骨侧面角[术前（76.9°±4.1°）与术后（80.9°±5.2°）]、x 值[术前（10.8±2.1）mm 与术后（2.0±0.5）mm]、d 值[术前（4.5±1.5）mm 与术后（2.2±1.0）mm]比较均有差异。术前 AOFAS 踝与后足评分为（45.7±15.9）分,末次随访时为（82.0±9.9）分。结论 负重 X 线侧位片可以辅助判断踝关节复位情况,即使负重正位及踝穴位 X 线片示测量数据均在正常范围内,X 线侧位片示相关指标仍可出现明显畸形;X 线侧位片示踝关节解剖复位的标准是胫骨轴线通过距骨顶关节面中心、胫距关节面平行。     

下胫腓联合螺钉治疗下胫腓韧带联合损伤的临床观察

目的：探讨踝关节周围骨折合并下胫腓韧带联合损伤的手术方法。方法：对2005年9月至2007年12月用下胫腓联合螺钉固定治疗的20例（21踝）下胫腓韧带联合损伤患者进行回顾性研究,其中男11例（12踝）,女9例（9踝）;年龄27～52岁,平均36岁。所有患者结合病史、查体及影像学检查进行诊断,按照Lauge-Hansen分型进行手术治疗。X线测量：①胫骨前结节与腓骨的重叠阴影;②下胫腓联合间隙;③内踝关节面与距骨关节面的间隙。临床疗效采用改良Baird-Jackson评分标准进行评价。结果：20例（21踝）均获得随访,时间1～2.2年,平均1.3年。术前正侧位下胫腓联合重叠影为（0.46±3.56）mm,下胫腓联合间隙为（5.69±0.88）mm,胫距关节内间隙为（5.67±1.23）mm,踝穴位下胫腓联合重叠影为（-0.87±0.96）mm;术后下胫腓联合重叠影为（7.14±0.62）mm,下胫腓联合间隙为（3.28±0.39）mm,胫距关节内间隙为（3.12±0.33）mm,踝穴位下胫腓联合重叠影为（2.91±0.30）mm,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。术后CT复查显示：下胫腓联合仍存在一定程度分离的有4例,均为轻度。术后Baird-Jackson评分为（86.24±13.26）分（62～98分）,在各项评定内容中,13踝（61.90%）获得无痛踝关节,16踝（76.19%）无踝关节不稳征象,11踝（52.38%）恢复正常行走能力,8踝（38.10%）恢复正常奔跑能力,11踝（52.38%）恢复正常的工作能力。踝关节背伸活动度（21.05±5.00）°,跖屈活动度（33.57±5.76）°,内翻活动度（19.48±4.57）°,外翻活动度（24.05±4.86）°。踝关节发生创伤性骨性关节炎表现的患者3例,无一例发生断钉;临床疗效优12踝,良2踝,可4踝,差3踝。结论：下胫腓联合3层皮质螺钉固定是治疗下胫腓韧带联合损伤的有效方法之一,精细的手术操作技术和下胫腓联合解剖关系的恢复是患者获得良好踝关节功能的重要因素,术后常规?     

腓动脉双穿支蒂V-Y推进皮瓣修复儿童跟腱区小面积软组织缺损

目的 探讨应用腓动脉双穿支蒂V-Y推进皮瓣修复儿童跟腱区小面积软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2019年5月-2021年6月河南省洛阳正骨医院（河南省骨科医院）采用腓动脉双穿支蒂V-Y推进皮瓣修复儿童跟腱区小面积软组织缺损15例,均伴有跟腱外露。软组织缺损面积：2.5 cm×3.0 cm～4.0 cm×5.0 cm,皮瓣切取面积：3.0 cm×6.0 cm～4.5 cm×10.0 cm。术后随访观察创面愈合及皮瓣成活情况。踝关节功能采用美国足与踝关节协会（American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society,AOFAS）踝与后足功能评分标准评价。结果 所有病例均获得随访,时间6～18个月。末次随访时,皮瓣色泽、弹性好,局部无隆起,质地与周围组织接近,按踝关节功能AOFAS评价标准评分93～97分,平均95.1分。结论 腓动脉双穿支蒂V-Y推进皮瓣修复儿童跟腱区小面积软组织缺损,皮瓣血供可靠,创伤较小,术后皮瓣外形及踝关节功能恢复较好,具有良好的临床疗效。     

以腓动脉远端穿支血管供血为蒂的小腿后外侧（复合）组织瓣的临床应用

目的探讨腓动脉穿支供血的小腿后外侧（复合）组织瓣在足踝部软组织缺损、骨感染修复中的临床效果。方法2007年3月至2010年9月,对23例足踝部软组织（跟腱）缺损及骨感染的患者,设计以腓动脉终末穿支为血管蒂,沿腓肠神经营养血管轴线切取皮瓣转位修复小腿下段及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损。采用腓动脉下段穿支供血携带腓肠神经逆行岛状（复合）皮瓣或肌皮瓣进行修复。皮瓣切取范围3cm×5cm～10cm×18cm。结果术后21例皮瓣完全成活,创面一期愈合,2例皮瓣边缘部分坏死,后经过二期扩创游离植皮后痊愈,平均住院时间21d。随访2～9个月,皮瓣质地优良,外观满意,无色素沉着、溃疡,皮瓣感觉恢复约S2,跟腱重建患者踝关节达功能位,恢复了劳动能力。结论以腓动脉远端穿支血管供血为蒂的小腿后外侧（复合）组织瓣血供可靠,变异率低,切取方便,供区隐蔽,可恢复部分感觉,且不牺牲肢体主要血管,是修复小腿中下部、踝关节周围及足部软组织缺损的一种良好方法。尤其对修复足踝部骨外露,骨髓炎,跟腱缺损,复合组织瓣（携带跟腱及肌肉）是一种较好的选择。     

Functional development of the donor leg after vascularized fibula graft in childhood

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of free vascularized fibula grafts on developing donor leg function, the authors reviewed their experience of procedures performed in children. METHODS: Over a 10-year period, 30 children (average age 7.2 years, without gender concern) underwent fibula harvest via an anterolateral approach. Graft length averaged 6.0 cm. Follow-up averaged 8 years. RESULTS: No vascular injury or shank dysplasia ensued. Neural injury occurred in 8 patients: to the profound peroneal nerve in 1 and to the superficial peroneal nerve in 7. Symptoms resolved spontaneously at 3 to 5 months in 6, but persisted in 2 patients in the latter group at 8 years' follow-up. Of 24 children who underwent rapid walking (200 m) followed by immediate stair climbing (50 steps), 2 (whose grafts were longer than average) had slight and 1 had obvious ankle pain. However, muscle strength and range of motion in the donor ankle were no different from values in the recipient leg in the 24 cases. X-ray findings showed that, with growth, the remaining 2 fibular segments in the donor leg became longer, but the length of the gap between did not change. Thus, the gap left by harvest became relatively shorter long after operation, benefiting the stability of the ankle joint in adulthood. CONCLUSION: Unlike free vascularized fibula grafts performed in adulthood, from which serious complications to the donor leg have been reported, the procedure performed in childhood appears not to have an adverse effect on functional development.     

Intraneural Ganglion of the Superficial Peroneal Nerve: A Case Report

Ganglia affecting the peripheral nerves of the foot and ankle are rare. The most frequent location of occurrence is the common peroneal nerve at the level of the fibular neck. We report the case of an intraneural ganglion of the superficial peroneal nerve and its branches. Although there have been many previous reports of intraneural ganglion involvement with the common peroneal nerve, deep peroneal nerve, sural nerve, and the posterior tibial nerve, to our knowledge, this is the first reported occurrence of an intraneural ganglion distinctly localized to the superficial peroneal nerve and its branches. The presumptive diagnosis was made preoperatively using magnetic resonance imaging, and then confirmed postoperatively by pathologic examination. Despite the use of operative magnification, it was impossible to remove all of the cyst elements within the nerve trunk, because the nerve fascicles were intimately intertwined. Therefore, complete resection of the common trunk of the superficial peroneal nerve and its terminal branches was performed, and the proximal stump was buried in a hole in the distal fibula. Two years after the surgery, the patient was pain free and asymptomatic except for cutaneous anesthesia in the distribution of the superficial peroneal nerve.     

腓浅神经的行程与腓骨骨折的手术入路

目的：体表定位腓浅神经,为腓骨骨折提供安全合适的手术入路。方法：经4%甲醛溶液固定的成人尸体下肢标本66例,男42例,女24例;年龄37～88岁,平均69岁;左侧35例,右侧31例。对下肢的腓浅神经进行解剖,观察测量腓浅神经在小腿各部位的行走、分支情况及与体表标志的关系。结果：腓浅神经于腓骨颈的前外侧离开腓总神经,旁开腓骨头与外踝连线稍前方,下行于肌内、深筋膜下和浅筋膜内;主干12例在小腿以单支向下至足背,50例在穿出深筋膜于浅筋膜内分为2支,4例穿出肌肉后即分为2支。结论：为了避免损伤腓浅神经,腓骨中上段骨折宜从腓侧后肌间隙入路,腓骨下段骨折宜从腓侧前肌间隙入路。目的：体表定位腓浅神经,为腓骨骨折提供安全合适的手术入路。方法：经4%甲醛溶液固定的成人尸体下肢标本66例,男42例,女24例;年龄37～88岁,平均69岁;左侧35例,右侧31例。对下肢的腓浅神经进行解剖,观察测量腓浅神经在小腿各部位的行走、分支情况及与体表标志的关系。结果：腓浅神经于腓骨颈的前外侧离开腓总神经,旁开腓骨头与外踝连线稍前方,下行于肌内、深筋膜下和浅筋膜内;主干12例在小腿以单支向下至足背,50例在穿出深筋膜于浅筋膜内分为2支,4例穿出肌肉后即分为2支。结论：为了避免损伤腓浅神经,腓骨中上段骨折宜从腓侧后肌间隙入路,腓骨下段骨折宜从腓侧前肌间隙入路。     

Damage to the Superficial Peroneal Nerve in Operative Treatment of Fibula Fractures: Straight to the Bone? Case Report and Review of the Literature

Ankle fractures are a significant part of the lower extremity trauma seen in the emergency department. Neurologic complications of ankle fracture surgery are infrequently described but account for significant morbidity. The risk of nerve injury is increased for the Blair and Botte type B pattern of the intermediate cutaneous dorsal nerve branch, crossing the distal fibula from posterior to anterior (at 5 to 7 cm from malleolar tip). This pattern is present in about 10% to 15% of patients. Injuries to the superficial peroneal nerve and its branches negatively influence the outcome. Early recognition and protection might reduce the incidence of superficial peroneal nerve injuries during open reduction and internal fixation of lateral malleolus fractures. We describe 2 surgically treated ankle fractures with superficial peroneal nerve branch (intermediate cutaneous dorsal nerve) involvement and review the current literature.     

Intentional marginal excision of osteosarcoma of the proximal fibula to preserve limb function

Three cases of osteosarcoma (stage IIB) of the proximal fibula were successfully treated by marginal excision that preserved the common peroneal nerve and lateral stabilizers of the knee joint. Caffeine-assisted chemotherapy was administered to three boys, ages 15, 17, and 11 years, and resulted in a complete response. Two patients initially presented with peroneal nerve palsy that resolved completely with preoperative chemotherapy. The subsequent intentional marginal procedures resulted in preservation of the common peroneal nerves, lateral collateral ligaments, and biceps femoris tendons. In two cases the collateral ligament and biceps tendon were reattached to the tibia with a spike washer or suture anchors, and in the third case they were reattached by suture only to the ligamentous and capsular structure of the tibia. All three patients have normal ankle and knee joint function without evidence of recurrence 122, 120, and 61 months after surgery, respectively. Preservation of limb function without compromising the principles of tumor surgery is a desirable goal in any patient but particularly in young patients. For patients with osteosarcoma of the proximal fibula, this approach provides a better quality of life than conventional wide excision.     

Donor-site complications of autogenous nonvascularized fibula strut graft harvest for anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion surgery: experience with 163 consecutive cases

Background contextThe fibula is a source of bone graft for reconstruction of the appendicular and axial skeleton.PurposeThe aim of this study is to determine donor-site complications and morbidity in a large series of patients who underwent autogenous fibula harvesting for anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACCF) surgery.Study design/settingRetrospective review (Level III).Patient sampleOne hundred sixty-three patients over an eight-year period who underwent ACCF with autogenous fibula.Outcome measuresDonor site complications (such as infection, cellulitis, pain, damage to the superficial peroneal nerve, ankle instability, tibial stress fracture, and so forth), treatment, and final outcome were determined from patient records.MethodsRetrospective study of patients who underwent ACCF with autogenous nonvascularized fibula strut graft over an eight-year period (from 1995 to 2002) was conducted. Donor site complications (such as infection, cellulitis, pain, damage to the superficial peroneal nerve, ankle instability, tibial stress fracture, and so forth), treatment, and final outcome were determined from patient records.ResultsOne hundred sixty-three patients underwent ACCF with autogenous fibula graft during the study period. The most common short-term complication (lasting <3 months) was incisional pain, present in 86 of 163 patients (53%). Incisional pain lasted longer than 3 months in 25 of 163 patients (15%) but resolved in all but two patients by 24 months. Two patients (1.2%) developed superficial peroneal neuromas. Five patients (3%) developed tibial stress fractures. Two patients (1.2%) developed ankle instability. Fifteen (9%) patients developed cellulitis that resolved in all patients after a short course of oral antibiotics, with one additional patient developing a deep infection requiring surgical debridement and intravenous antibiotics.ConclusionsAlthough autogenous fibula is an excellent graft for multilevel ACCF reconstruction, surgeons should carefully consider the associated morbidity of fibular harvest before surgery. In this series, most complications were of short duration. However, nine patients with long-term complications required five additional surgical procedures. Therefore, patients who are scheduled to undergo autogenous fibula harvest should be advised about these potential complications.     

Superficial Peroneal Nerve to Deep Peroneal Nerve Transfer With Allograft Conduit for Neuroma in Continuity

The anterior approach to the ankle for surgery can result in injury to the superficial peroneal nerve, resulting in a painful neuroma and significant patient morbidity. A paucity of data is available evaluating the role of the superficial peroneal nerve to deep peroneal nerve transfer as a method of treatment of neuromas in continuity after ankle arthrodesis. We describe 11 patients who underwent nerve transfer with nerve allograft and conduit repair to treat recalcitrant painful neuromas after ankle arthrodesis. At a mean follow-up period of 31 months, the mean visual analog pain scale score had improved from 7.9 preoperatively to 2.45 postoperatively (p?<?.0001). These data suggest that nerve transfer with a nerve allograft can provide significant clinical improvement for painful neuromas of the peripheral nerves at the ankle.     

Successful management of foot drop by nerve transfers to the deep peroneal nerve

Traumatic damage to the common peroneal nerve due to sharp injury, gunshot wound, sciatic nerve tumor, radiculopathy, or hip replacement surgery may result in foot drop. We present an alternative strategy for reanimation of foot drop following deep peroneal nerve palsy, successfully restoring voluntary movement. Fourteen consecutive patients with deep peroneal nerve injuries resulting in foot drop underwent nerve transfer of functional fascicles of either the superficial peroneal nerve or of the tibial nerve as donor for deep peroneal-innervated muscle groups. Eleven cases had successful restoration of British motor grade 3+ to 4+/5 ankle dorsiflexion, one case had restoration of grade 3 ankle dorsiflexion, and two cases had no restoration of dorsiflexion. Nerve transfer to the deep peroneal nerve is a feasible and effective method of treating deep peroneal nerve injuries of less than 1-year duration.     

Entrapment of the superficial peroneal nerve. Three case reports

Entrapment of the superficial peroneal nerve is an unusual cause of pain in the ankle and foot. In such cases decompression of the nerve at the point of exit from the deep fascia will produce a good result. Three cases are described.     

Hahn's Operation for Pseud Arthrosis After Osteomyelitis of the Tibia in Children: A Report of Three Cases

Three children with pseudarthrosis of the tibia after osteomyelitis and extensive sequestration of the diaphysis were operated according to Hahn with transfer of the fibula to the proximal part of the tibia at ages 2-9 years. Because of damage to the distal growth plate, secondary to the infectious process, epiphyseodesis of the proximal ends of the tibia and fibula on the unaffected side was necessary to reduce the length discrepancy. Restored continuity of the tibial diaphysis resulted in restored longitudinal growth proximally and in increased diaphyseal width. in all three cases the operation resulted in good weight-bearing limbs with only slight residual disability at adult age. Hahn's original method is simpler and in children may result in a limb which is closer to normal than the modifications of his method.