缺血性卒中患者脑内微出血特点及危险因素的研究

目的 探讨脑内微出血在缺血性卒中患者中的发生率及在脑内各区域的分布情况,观察缺血性卒中亚型之间微出血发生率的差异,初步分析其相关因素及其与腔隙性脑梗死、脑白质病变等微小血管病变程度之间的关系。方法 连续入选261例心源性栓塞型、大动脉粥样硬化型及小动脉闭塞型3个亚型的缺血性卒中患者。记录患者一般临床资料及实验室检查结果,应用头颅磁共振梯度回波T2*加权成像（gradient-echoT2*-weighted,GRE-T2*）观察脑内微出血的数目及部位,同时观察腔隙性脑梗死数目和部位以及脑白质病变程度。结果 80例患者（30.70%）存在脑内微出血,数目为1～109个。微出血最常见于皮质-皮质下区（46.09%）,其次位于基底节区（27.80%）。各亚型中小动脉闭塞型患者脑内微出血的发生率最高（53.30%）。高血压、腔隙性脑梗死数目及脑白质改变程度为缺血性卒中患者脑内微出血发生的独立危险因素,比值比（odds ratio,OR）分别为4.364、1.190和1.310;脑内微出血的分级与腔隙性梗死分级（r =0.519,P <0.001）及白质改变程度（r =0.437,P <0.001）显著相关。结论 微出血在缺血性卒中患者特别是小动脉闭塞患者中发生率较高,微出血与腔隙性脑梗死数目及脑白质改变明显相关。     

脑分水岭梗塞的CT、临床研究

目的 :研究脑分水岭梗塞的病因、分类、发病机制及影像学特点。方法 :回顾性研究了 4 3例脑分岭梗塞的临床、 CT资料。结果 :本组单侧分水岭梗塞 38例 ,双侧 5例。皮层前型 16例 ,皮层后型 9例 ,皮层下型 15例 ,混合型3例。 17例合并腔隙性脑梗塞 ,脑白质疏松症 ,皮层下动脉硬化性脑病。临床表现因梗塞部位不同而异。结论 :全身血压骤降可导致脑分水岭梗塞。颈内动脉 /脑内大动脉高度狭窄或闭塞伴血流动力学异常亦可导致脑分水岭梗塞     

脑内微出血的研究进展

MRI能显示脑内一些无症状的微小或轻微病变。既往只能依靠病理才能诊断的脑白质疏松(leukoaraiosis)和腔隙性脑梗死(lacunar cerebral infarction)等微小血管病变，临床上利用MRI T2加权相的脑白质高信号改变已能作出诊断。但多数研究集中在脑微小血管病变所致的缺血性损害，对通过严重破坏的小血管壁发生的脑内微出血(intracerebral     

腔隙性脑梗死合并脑微出血临床及影像学特征研究

目的探讨腔隙性脑梗死患者合并脑微出血(cerebral microbleeds,CMBs)的临床及其影像学特征。方法采用前瞻性研究方法,连续收集2013年8月~2015年9月在本院神经内科住院的腔隙性脑梗死患者120例,根据有无CMBs将患者分为有CMBs组(39例)和无CMBs组(81例),比较2组间基本临床资料、生化指标及影像学特点是否存在差异,并采用多因素逐步Logistic回归模型分析CMBs发生的独立危险因素。结果 120例腔隙性脑梗死患者中合并CMBs39例(32.5%),其中2组年龄(t=6.373,P0.001)、高血压病(χ~2=5.385,P=0.02)、高尿酸(χ~2=4.474,P=0.04)、腔隙性脑梗死数目(t=8.773,P0.001)以及脑白质疏松程度评分(t=7.964,P0.001)比较差异具有统计学意义。Logistic回归分析显示,年龄、高血压病、腔隙性脑梗死数目以及脑白质疏松程度评分是腔隙性脑梗死患者发生CMBs的独立危险因素。结论腔隙性脑梗死患者CMBs发生与年龄、高血压病、腔隙性脑梗死数目以及脑白质疏松程度有关。     

腔隙性脑梗塞

腔隙性脑梗塞(Lacunar infarcts)是指发生在大脑半球深部白质和脑干直径约为3～4毫米的缺血性微梗塞。系由较大的脑动脉,如大脑中、前、后动脉、椎基底动脉的深穿支闭塞所致,亦可称之为深穿支闭塞”。这种微梗塞治愈后在脑组织上留有腔隙或陷窝,故称之为腔隙性脑梗塞。在临床上可表现为腔隙性卒中(Lacunar strokes)。腔隙性脑梗塞与临床上经常遇到的动脉粥样硬化性脑梗塞即脑血栓形成,两者在病因、病理及临床表现等方面均有不同。前者主要系高血压及其伴     

血脑屏障与脑小血管病

脑小血管病是指主要累及直径400μm以下的脑微小动脉血管病,临床表现为无症状性脑梗死,各种腔隙综合征和血管性认知功能障碍,影像学表现为腔隙性脑梗死灶,脑白质缺血性损害,微出血及血管间隙扩大的多种病因性疾病。血脑屏障渗透性的改变与脑小血管病之间有着重要的关系,即血管内皮及相关结构功能障碍导致血脑屏障渗透性增加,造成血液成分漏出到血管周围组织和脑实质内,继发相应的病理生理改变,导致脑小血管病相关的影像学和病理变化。     

老年人脑白质病变的临床MRI研究

目的 :探讨老年人脑白质病变 (White Matter L esion,简称 WML )的 MRI表现及其临床意义。方法 :采用 MRI SE序列对 82例老年人 WML进行颅脑 MRI检查 ,评估其 MRI表现及其临床意义。结果 :老年人 WML的MRI主要表现是脑白质内点状及斑片状信号异常 ,以 T2加权像改变为明显。病变分为腔隙性脑梗塞或 /和腔隙病变、脑白质稀疏症、皮层下动脉硬化性脑病 (subcortical arterosclerotic encephalopathy,简称 SAE)等几种类型。 WML病变常见于患有高血压和高脂血症的患者 ,临床上可无症状 ,也可表现为神经、精神的异常。结论 :老年人 WML以腔隙性脑梗塞和腔隙病变最多见 ,SAE少见 ,而脑白质稀疏症多见于无症状的老年人     

缺血性脑卒中合并脑微出血的危险因素

目的研究缺血性脑卒中患者脑微出血的临床、影像学及血清生物学的危险因素,以及不同部位微出血与危险因素之间的关系。方法回顾性分析纳入153例缺血性脑卒中患者,应用磁敏感成像(susceptibility weighted imaging,SWI)技术检测脑微出血,计数并记录其部位。颅脑MRI的脑白质病变的严重程度采用Fazekas评分进行评估。应用Logistic回归分析法研究缺血性脑卒中合并脑微出血的危险因素,并研究危险因素与不同部位脑微出血数量的关系。结果 59例(38.6%)患者存在CMBs。皮层-皮层下CMBs出现率为34.0%,深部CMBs为24.8%,幕下CMBs为27.5%。多因素Logistic回归显示,男性、高血压病及中重度深部脑白质病变是伴有CMBs的有显著统计学意义的相关因素(P0.05)。校正年龄及性别后,偏相关分析显示,高血压病仅与深部CMBs的数量仍然显著相关(r=0.174,P=0.032)。中重度深部脑白质病变与皮层-皮层下CMBs及深部CMBs数量存在显著相关(r=0.285,P0.001,r=0.258,P=0.001)。结论男性、高血压病及中重度深部白质病变为脑微出血的危险因素;高血压病主要与与脑深部微出血的数量相关,而中重度深部脑白质病变与脑皮层-皮层下及深部微出血数量相关。     

缺血性卒中患者脑微出血的相关因素分析

目的 探讨缺血性卒中患者发牛脑微出血(CMBs)的相关因素. 方法 对85例急性缺血性卒中患者进行磁共振检查,其中包括梯度回波T2加权成像(GE-T2~*WI),并对患者的临床资料和影像学特点进行分析. 结果 26例(30.6%)患者中共检出CMBs 124个,每位患者的CMBs数目在1～16个之间.CMBs在基底节丘脑区和皮质一皮质下区分布较多,在幕下区较少见.发生在脑十的CMBs可有相关症状及体征.CMBs数目与年龄、腔隙性梗死数目及白质疏松程度评分有相关性(r=0.243,P=0.025;r=337,P=0.002;r=0.438,P=0.000).CMBs在GE-T2~*WI上显影良好,部分CMBs可在自旋叫波(SE)T2WI及DWI序列上显影. 结论 CMBs是脑微小血管病变标志,主要预测因素有高龄、多发腔隙性梗塞和白质疏松.     

血浆同型半胱氨酸与不同类型脑小血管病相关性分析

目的：分析血同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）与不同类型脑小血管病的相关性。方法纳入脑小血管病患者123例（病例组）,其中单纯脑白质疏松症（LA）39例,腔隙性梗死（LI）35例,脑微出血（CMB）16例,脑白质疏松并腔隙性梗死和（或）脑微出血33例,40例健康者为对照组。对2组患者均进行Hcy检测。结果LA、LI、CMB及脑白质疏松并腔隙性梗死和（或）脑微出血组血浆同型半胱氨酸均高于对照组（P＜0.05）,脑白质疏松并腔隙性梗死和（或）脑微出血组血浆同型半胱氨酸明显高于其他3组脑小血管病组（P＜0.05）,LA、LI及CMB血浆同型半胱氨酸无明显差异。结论Hcy与脑小血管病（SVB）的病情严重程度具有密切关系。     

Cerebral microbleeds and white matter changes in patients hospitalized with lacunar infarcts

Abstract. Microbleeds (MBs) detected by gradient-echo T2*-weighted MRI (GRE-T2*),white matter changes and lacunar infarcts may be regarded as manifestations of microangiopathy. The establishment of a quantitative relationship among them would further strengthen this hypothesis. We aimed to investigate the frequency and the number of MBs in patients hospitalized with lacunar infarcts and their quantitative relationship with the severity of white matter changes (WMC) and the number of old lacunar infarcts. We performed a hospital-based survey of patients with acute lacunar infarct. Eighty-two consecutive Chinese patients with acute lacunar infarcts on diffusion-weighted imaging were recruited in 2002. The number of MBs, number of old lacunar infarcts on T2-weighted imaging and the severity of WMC on MRI on admission were recorded. MBs were detected in 22 (27%) patients. The number of MBs ranged from 1 to 42 (mean 6.59, median 3). Advancing age and previous transient ischemic attacks or cerebrovascular accidents (TIA/CVA) were more common in patients with MBs than those without. There were significant correlations among the number of MBs, extent of WMC and number of lacunar infarcts: lacunar infarcts and MBs (r = 0.297, p = 0.007); lacunar infarct and WMC (r = 0.331, p = 0.002); WMC and MBs (r = 0.522, p < 0.0001). In conclusion, linear associations exist among MBs, WMC and lacunar infarcts. Our results suggest that all three may have a shared pathogenesis such as advanced microangiopathy.     

Relation of cerebral small-vessel disease and brain atrophy to mild Parkinsonism in the elderly.

The association between cerebral small-vessel disease, brain atrophy, and the risk and severity of mild parkinsonian signs (MPS) remains unclear. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of lacunar brain infarcts, cerebral white matter lesions (WMLs), and cortical atrophy on the risk and severity of MPS. This study is a cross-sectional community-based cohort study comprising 268 subjects, 65 to 83 years of age, residing in the Augsburg region of southern Germany, and without contraindications for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. Main outcome measures. Subcortical and periventricular WMLs, lacunar brain infarcts, and cortical atrophy determined using a standardized MRI protocol developed for the Rotterdam Scan Study and an established rating scale. MPS, assessed in a standardized neurological examination and based on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor scale. Lacunar brain infarcts and large subcortical white matter lesions were associated with an elevated risk of resting tremor. More severe cortical atrophy was related to an increased risk of rigidity and bradykinesia. In a linear regression analysis relating each individual MRI measurement with the severity of MPS, the number of lacunar brain infarcts and the degree of brain atrophy were correlated with the severity of resting tremor, whereas the size of subcortical and periventricular WMLs was correlated with the severity of rigidity. A higher degree of brain atrophy was associated with increased severity of either cardinal sign. In our study, presence and volume of lacunar brain infarcts, cerebral WMLs, and cortical atrophy were associated with the risk as well as severity of MPS. Determining the presence of these brain changes using brain imaging might contribute to identify persons at risk for MPS.     

症状性小动脉硬化脑小血管病患者脑微出血的危险因素分析

目的 应用头颅MRI的SWI序列检测症状性小动脉硬化脑小血管病(cerebral small vessel disease,CSVD)患者脑微出血(cerebral microbleeds,CMBs)灶,分析不同部位CMBs的临床特征差异及CMBs的危险因素。方法 回顾性纳入2017年3月—2018年10月就诊于新疆昌吉州中医院神经内科的小动脉硬化的CSVD患者。根据有无微出血分为CMBs组与无CMBs组。应用二元logistic回归分析CMBs的独立危险因素;判断CMBs数量分级与独立危险因素的相关性。根据CMBs的位置分为脑叶区亚组、深部区亚组、幕下区亚组。比较脑叶区CMBs与非脑叶区CMBs、深部CMBs与非深部CMBs、幕下区CMBs与非幕下区CMBs亚组之间的临床特征差异。结果 共纳入144例CSVD患者,CMBs组42例(29.2%),无CMBs组102例(70.8%),其中脑叶区18例,深部白质区23例,幕下区9例。二元logistic回归分析显示,低载脂蛋白b水平(OR 0.308,95%CI 0.099～0.957,P=0.042)及高空腹血糖值(OR 1.128,9...     

磁共振扩散加权成像在鉴别新陈腔隙性脑白质梗死中的价值

目的分析新陈腔隙性脑白质梗死的T2WI、扩散加权成像(DWI)信号特点，比较两种梗死的病灶与脑白质、病灶与脑脊液对比度及表观扩散系数(ADC)，评价DWI在鉴别新陈腔隙性脑白质梗死方面的作用。方法急性期腔隙性脑白质梗死患者27例，选择43例陈旧腔隙性脑白质梗死患者作对照。测量病灶、正常脑白质、脑脊液信号强度，计算病灶与脑白质、病灶与脑脊液的对比度。测量病灶、正常脑组织、脑脊液的ADC值并比较。结果(1)急性脑白质腔隙性梗死DWI呈高信号，ADC图呈等或低信号。DWI的病灶与脑白质、病灶与脑脊液对比度均优于T2WI。(2)陈旧脑白质腔隙性梗死DWI呈等信号，ADC图呈高信号。DWI的病灶与脑白质对比度不如T2WI。(3)DWI图像上，急性腔隙性脑白质梗死病灶与脑白质、病灶与脑脊液对比度明显高于陈旧病灶，ADC则明显低于陈旧病灶，有助于区分新陈腔隙性梗死。结论DWI的检查时间短，诊断和鉴别意义大，建议在可能的情况下，将DWI作为急性卒中样发作患者的常规检查序列。     

Retinal arterial changes correlate with cerebral small-vessel disease

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation between retinal artery disease and cerebral small-vessel disease (SVD). METHODS: In a prospective cohort of patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic disease, the authors performed retinal photographs and brain MRI. Two ophthalmologists, not aware of the MR results, independently assessed retinal arterial narrowing, crossings, sclerosis, and tortuosity according to standard scoring lists. Two observers independently assessed white matter lesions (WML) and lacunar infarcts on the MR images. Lesions were considered abnormal only when both ophthalmologists or MR raters agreed. Cerebral SVD was defined as the presence of WML or lacunar infarcts. RESULTS: In 179 patients, retinal photographs and brain MRI were performed. Of the 108 patients with MR signs of SVD, 92% had at least one retinal vascular abnormality; of the 71 patients without SVD, 77% had retinal pathology (p < 0.01). All types of retinal vascular pathology occurred more frequently in patients with SVD, but only retinal arterial narrowing and sclerosis differed significantly. In the 109 normotensive patients, the presence of any retinal vascular change correlated with signs of SVD (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Pathologic changes in the retinal arteries parallel changes in the small cerebral arteries that cause WML and lacunes, both in hypertensive and in normotensive patients.     

Three-tesla magnetic resonance imaging study of cerebral microbleeds in patients with ischemic stroke

Abstract

Objectives: The aims of this study were to analyse the distribution of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) in patients with ischemic stroke and study the relationship between CMBs and the severity of old lacunar infarcts and cerebral white matter changes.

Methods: The study population consisted of 247 consecutive inpatients with ischemic stroke. Magnetic resonance imaging findings of these inpatients were observed. CMBs were counted respectively according to their locations, including the corticosubcortical regions, basal ganglia, thalami, brainstem and cerebellum. The number of the old lacunes and the severity of the cerebral white matter changes were also recorded. Based on the occurrence of CMBs, the patients were divided into two groups (72 patients with CMBs; 175 patients without CMBs).

Results: The most common location of CMBs in patients with ischemic stroke was the basal ganglia, followed by the corticosubcortical region, the thalami, the brainstem and the cerebellum. The severity of CMBs was closely correlated with the severity of lacunar infarcts and cerebral white matter changes, respectively.

Discussion: CMBs are closely related with cerebral microangiopathy and may be a marker of advanced stage cerebral microangiopathy.     

Effect of the apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele on white matter hyperintensities in dementia

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The clinical significance of the apoE epsilon4 allele in white matter changes in patients with dementia has been a subject of debate. We studied the association between the apoE epsilon4 allele and white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) before and after control for (1) potential vascular risk factors and (2) the presence of lacunar infarcts in patients with dementia. METHODS: The subjects were 131 patients with dementia who had either Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia, or a combination of these 2 types of dementia, with or without WMHs, lacunar infarcts, or both. The association of the epsilon4 allele with WMHs was examined before and after control for age, sex, duration of symptoms, education level, severity of dementia, presence of lacunar infarcts, and potential vascular risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, lipid disorders, smoking habit, drinking habit, and cardiac diseases. RESULTS: WMHs were observed in 73 (55.7%) of the patients. Neither the number of apoE epsilon4 alleles nor their presence was significantly associated with WMHs before or after control for the potential confounding factors. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that age, the presence of hypertension, and the presence of lacunar infarcts were independently associated with WMHs. CONCLUSIONS: The apoE epsilon4 allele was not associated with WMHs in patients with dementia. The fact that WMHs were significantly associated with hypertension and lacunar infarcts may indicate an ischemic origin of WMHs.     

Are white matter lesions directly associated with cognitive impairment in patients with lacunar infarcts?

Forty-four patients (mean age 66, SD 8 years) with either clinical evidence of a focal lacunar syndrome (n=36) or with disorders of memory or gait (n=8) in the presence of a lacunar infarct on CT were studied for cognitive functioning and for the presence of white matter lesions on MRI. MR images were assessed by a neurologist and a neuro-radiologist blinded to the clinical data. Thirty-six patients had one or more lacunar infarets on CT or MRI (in the thalamus in 5, in the caudate nucleus in 3 and in the internal capsule or corona radiata in the remaining patients). Twelve patients had multiple infarcts. Severe lesions of the white matter were found in 13 patients, mild to moderate lesions in 20 patients. Scores on Digit Span, Digit Symbol and delayed recall of the 15-Words test were significantly lower in the group with severe lesions, whilst there was a trend in the same direction for the Cognitive part of the Cambridge Examination of Mental Disorders in the Elderly, the Trailmaking B, Stroop colour interference test and the delayed visual reproduction of the Wechsler Memory Scale. These findings suggest that diffuse lesions of the white matter are an independent factor in the pathogenesis of intellectual dysfunction, also in patients with lacunar infarcts, but a truly independent analysis is difficult because the most severe involvement of the white matter tended to be associated with the largest number of lacunar infarcts.     

Brain arteriolosclerosis and hemodynamic disturbance may induce leukoaraiosis

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusive disease-induced hemodynamic disturbance is associated with extensive white matter high-intensity lesions (WMLs) on T2-weighted MR images in the hemisphere with lacunar infarct in the basal ganglia. BACKGROUND: Hemodynamic disturbance in the brain with arteriolosclerosis may be one of the mechanisms by which ischemic injury induces extensive WMLs. METHODS: The authors used MRI and PET to study 21 patients with unilateral ICA occlusion or stenosis and lacunar infarct in the bilateral basal ganglia. In hemispheres with ICA disease, the association of WMLs with the mean hemispheric values of oxygen extraction fraction (OEF)-an index of hemodynamic compromise-measured with the 15O-labeled gas steady-state technique was analyzed. Twenty-five patients with ICA occlusive disease without lacunar infarct were studied as control subjects. RESULTS: In the hemispheres with ICA disease, patients with lacunar infarct had a significantly greater severity of WMLs than control subjects, although the mean hemispheric values of the OEF showed no significant difference. The severity of WMLs correlated significantly with the mean hemispheric values of the OEF in patients with lacunar infarct, but not in control subjects. Multivariate analysis revealed that lacunar infarcts and increased OEF were independent predictors of extensive WMLs, with lacunar infarcts the most heavily weighted factor. CONCLUSION: Internal carotid artery occlusive disease-induced hemodynamic disturbance is associated with extensive WMLs in hemispheres with lacunar infarct. Hemodynamic disturbance may contribute to the development of extensive WMLs, although brain arteriolosclerosis may be a major contributing factor.