分化型甲状腺癌的外科治疗

目的总结分化型甲状腺癌的诊治经验。方法回顾性分析110例分化型甲状腺癌的临床资料。结果全组均行手术治疗辅以内分泌治疗,110例分化型甲状腺癌中,乳头状癌88例(80.0%),滤泡状腺癌22例(20.0%);淋巴结转移者22例(20.0%)。手术方式包括单侧病变行患侧腺叶 峡部及对侧大部切除60例(其中功能性颈清扫12例),患侧腺叶 峡部切除29例(其中功能性颈清扫7例);双侧病变行一侧腺叶 峡部及对侧大部分切除18例(其中功能性颈清扫5例),甲状腺全切除术 双侧颈清扫2例;1例肺转移患者行甲状腺全切及颈部淋巴结清扫术后行131I内放射治疗。98例术后随访,10年生存率91.8%。结论分化型甲状腺癌预后较好,治疗关键是正确选择适当的手术方式。     

手术治疗分化型甲状腺癌48例

目的探讨分化型甲状腺癌的治疗方法。方法 48例均行手术治疗,据病理组织类型、肿瘤大小、病变范围、年龄和颈部淋巴结转移选择不同术式。单侧分化型甲状腺癌行患侧甲状腺及峡部切除或加对侧甲状腺部分切除;双侧者行全甲状腺切除,保留背侧部分组织;高危患者(年龄>45岁,肿瘤>4 cm)行颈淋巴结清扫术,术后辅以内分泌治疗。结果患侧腺叶+峡部切除术12例,患侧腺叶+峡部切除术+对侧腺体部分切除术34例,双侧甲状腺全切除术2例,功能性颈淋巴结清扫术16例,中央区颈淋巴结清扫术18例。术后发生神经损伤及甲减3例,无手术死亡病例。随访5 a以上者44例,无死亡病例,颈部淋巴结转移4例,无远处转移病例。结论分化型甲状腺癌应根据病理组织类型、肿瘤大小、病变范围、年龄和颈部淋巴结转移选择不同手术方式。     

76例分化型甲状腺癌的诊断及治疗

目的探讨分化型甲状腺癌的临床特点、诊治。方法回顾分析2000年9月至2008年10月行手术治疗的76例甲状腺癌病例。结果甲状腺乳头状癌65例,滤泡状癌11例,均行手术治疗,所有患者术后均予甲状腺素治疗。术后发生喉返神经损伤及其他并发症4例（5．26％）,平均随访2．5年（1—5年）,颈部淋巴结转移5例。结论分化型甲状腺癌应根据病理组织类型、肿瘤大小、年龄和颈部淋巴结转移选择不同手术方式,术后辅以内分泌治疗。     

全内镜下甲状腺切除术治疗分化型甲状腺癌25例

目的 总结全内镜下甲状腺切除术治疗分化型甲状腺癌的经验并评估其治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析自2004年11月至2009年7月行乳晕腋窝入路全内镜下甲状腺癌手术25例患者的临床资料. 结果全部25例患者均在全内镜下成功实施甲状腺根治性手术,11例行患侧腺叶全切,14例行患侧腺叶全切加峡部及对侧腺叶大部分切除;7例术中清扫淋巴结.术后病理诊断均证实为分化型甲状腺癌(乳头状癌23例,滤泡状癌2例),中位随访时间28.0月(5～58月),无手术并发症,无复发病例,全部患者对美容效果满意.结论 内镜下甲状腺切除手术治疗分化型甲状腺癌是一种兼顾安全性,可行性及美容性的方法.     

儿童甲状腺癌的临床特点和治疗

目的探讨儿童甲状腺癌的临床病理特点及外科治疗方法。方法回顾性分析1990年1月~2005年12月南昌大学第二附属医院手术治疗的26例儿童甲状腺癌患儿的临床病理资料、特点及治疗方法。结果女性患儿15例,稍多于男性(11例)。患儿均经病理证实为甲状腺癌,其中乳头状癌14例,滤泡状癌9例,髓样癌2例,未分化癌1例。行肿瘤剔除手术1例;一侧腺叶及峡部切除加患侧中央区淋巴结清扫术5例,加单侧颈淋巴结清扫术15例;行甲状腺全切或近全切除加双侧颈淋巴结清扫术5例。颈淋巴结转移21例(80.8%)。术后3例患儿出现暂时性有症状性甲状旁腺机能减退,经治疗后缓解;全组未出现永久性甲状旁腺功能减退、无喉返神经麻痹及手术相关性死亡。5,7年总生存率为96.2%和91.6%。结论儿童甲状腺癌多为分化型甲状腺癌,手术治疗后预后较好。     

546例分化型甲状腺癌手术治疗分析

目的 探讨分化型甲状腺癌的手术治疗方式.方法 回顾性分析2001年1月至2006年12月收治的546例行手术治疗的分化型甲状腺癌患者的临床资料,均行双侧甲状腺全切除术和选择性颈淋巴结清扫术.结果 全组无手术及住院期间死亡.颈部淋巴结转移阳性率为76,2%(358/470).单侧喉返神经损伤的发生率1.1%(6例),双侧喉返神经损伤0例;甲状旁腺部分损伤0.4%(2例),甲状旁腺完全损伤0例;喉上神经损伤0.7%(4例),术后出血0.6%(3例),食管损伤0.2%(1例).结论 对于分化型甲状腺癌患者,均应行双侧甲状腺全切除术;对于肿瘤直径＞1 cm的患者,还应行双侧中央组+患侧颈深组淋巴结清扫.     

分化型甲状腺癌58例手术治疗

目的：探讨分化型甲状腺癌的治疗方法.方法：58例均行手术治疗,据病理组织类型、肿瘤大小、病变范围、年龄和颈部淋巴结转移选择不同术式,术后辅以内分泌治疗.结果：术后发生神经损伤及其他并发症3例,随访58例,颈部淋巴结转移3例.结论：分化型甲状腺癌应根据病理组织类型、肿瘤大小、病变范围、年龄和颈部淋巴结转移选择不同手术方式.     

甲状腺全切除术76例临床应用

目的:探讨多发性结节性甲状腺肿、Graves病、桥本甲状腺炎及分化型甲状腺癌的手术治疗方法.方法:回顾性分析甲状腺全切除手术76例患者的临床资料,从甲状腺切除范围、手术技巧、术中及术后并发症方面,探讨治疗甲状腺疾病的手术方式.结果:全组患者均接受双侧甲状腺全切术.首次手术患者64例,其中5例(7.8%)术后出现一过性或短期完全恢复的低钙血症,无喉返神经损伤病例;复发病例12例,其中4例(33.3%)患者发生一侧喉返神经受损并伴有暂时性甲状旁腺功能低下,其中一例患者发生永久性甲状旁腺功能低下.结论:双侧甲状腺全切术可作为多发性结节性甲状腺肿、Graves病、桥本氏甲状腺炎及分化型甲状腺癌常规手术方法.     

结节性甲状腺肿合并分化型甲状腺癌诊断与治疗

目的：探讨结节性甲状腺肿合并分化型甲状腺癌的临床特点及诊治原则。 方法：回顾性分析2003年10月—2011年10月收治的47例结节性甲状腺肿合并分化型甲状腺癌的临床资料。 结果：患者均表现为颈部包块或颈部增粗,术前B超显示结节伴细沙粒样钙化者19例（40.43%）。47例患者均行手术治疗,术后经病理学检查确诊为分化型甲状腺癌（其中乳头状癌36例,占76.60%;滤泡样癌11例,占23.40%）,手术方式包括：患侧腺叶+峡部全切术+VI区淋巴结清扫;两侧腺叶+峡部全切术+VI区淋巴结清扫;颈部淋巴结肿大、转移者加行改良颈清扫术。术后均给予左旋甲状腺素片治疗。47例患者术后随访6~36个月,平均为（15.6±8.9）个月,3例分别于术后16~33个月复发,再次手术,效果良好。全组无死亡病例。 结论：结节性甲状腺肿合并甲状腺癌术前诊断困难,术前超声检查可提供可考依据,术中快速冷冻切片病理学检查是提高甲状腺癌检出率的关键;个体化、精细规范的手术治疗对结节性甲状腺肿合并分化型甲状腺癌有良好的治疗效果。     

甲状腺癌的外科治疗：附487例报告

目的探讨甲状腺癌的诊断、治疗以及手术并发症的防治等。方法对1990年3月—2006年7月收治的487例甲状腺癌手术治疗的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果术前和术中诊断甲状腺癌分别为279例(57.3%)和162例(33.3%),术后确诊46例(9.4%);再次手术140例(28.7%),发现残癌79例(56.4%);487例手术患者无1例院内死亡,17例术后出现短暂性声嘶,2例永久性声嘶,14例出现低钙抽搐或肢端麻木。413例患者获随访,其中颈部淋巴结复发者33例,局部复发者24例,远处转移者17例。分化型甲状腺癌,髓样癌和未分化癌术后5年生存率分别为99.8%,95.8%和87.0%。结论甲状腺结节伴钙化者应怀疑甲状腺癌可能,术中冷冻快速切片有助于甲状腺癌的诊断和术式的选择。应充分重视首次手术,术中应常规显露喉返神经。术后患者坚持终生服用甲状腺素片有助于预防复发和转移。     

儿童甲状腺癌的临床特征及外科治疗

目的　探讨儿童甲状腺癌的临床特征、外科治疗和预后。方法　回顾性分析我院 1980～2 0 0 1年收治的 2 5例儿童甲状腺癌的临床资料。结果　全组均行手术治疗。 2 5例儿童甲状腺癌中 ,乳头状癌 17例 ,乳头状癌合并滤泡状分化者 3例 ,滤泡状癌 3例 ,髓样癌 1例 ,甲状腺纤维肉瘤 1例。术后随访时间 4个月至 18年 ,中位随访时间 6年。死亡 2例中 ,1例术中颈静脉角处有癌灶残留 ,术后 2年出现颈部淋巴结及肺部广泛转移而死亡 ,1例死于甲状腺纤维肉瘤复发。其余患儿均存活良好。结论　儿童甲状腺癌多为分化型肿瘤 ,且以乳头状癌多见 ,预后良好 ,手术是其主要治疗手段。即使对有局部复发或颈部淋巴结转移的病例 ,再次手术仍可获得良好效果。     

Clinical study on pulmonary metastases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma--with special reference to the extent of thyroid resection and RI therapy

Prognosis of differentiated thyroid carcinoma is favorable unless distant metastasis develops. We have experienced 70 cases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma with pulmonary metastases and analysed the outcome of treatment of patients, with special reference to the extent of thyroid resection and postoperative ablative RI therapy. The following results were obtained: Of the 42 survivors 22 (52.4%) received total thyroidectomy, whereas 23 of 28 expired patients underwent less-than-total thyroidectomy. A total of 42 patients underwent radioiodine treatment following thyroid resection. 17 out of 18 patients who had received total thyroidectomy survived. On the other hand, only 11 out of 24 patients who had received less-than-total thyroidectomy survived. In the non-RI treatment group, prognoses were unfavorable in both total and less-than-total thyroidectomy groups. From these results, it is emphasized that ablative doses of RI should be given to patients with pulmonary metastases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma after total thyroidectomy.     

Sternal metastasis as first manifestation of a papillary thyroid carcinoma: A case report

IntroductionPapillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC) are differentiated forms of thyroid carcinoma. Sternal metastases from differentiated thyroid cancers (DTCs) are rare and are of particular prognostic interest. Radioiodine therapy has traditionally been the treatment of choice for metastases from differentiated thyroid cancers; however, bone metastases are known to be resistant to this form of treatment. Surgical resection of distant metastases from DTCs offers a better chance of achieving long survival and a better quality of life. We report the case of a 59-year-old women who presented a presternal mass for one year revealing metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma, a total thyroidectomy with lymph node dissection and reconstruction of the sternal defect were performed. Overall, we demonstrate that radical resection of sternal metastases can be performed safely even in patients with poor prognosis to achieve palliation and potentiation of Radioiodine therapy.Case reportThis is a 59-year-old women referred by the endocrinology service for a sternal metastasis of a papillary thyroid carcinoma, who presented a painless, firm and fixed presternal mass for one year, a total thyroidectomy with lymph node dissection was performed with En-bloc resection and reconstruction as a one-stage procedure. Reconstruction of the chest wall was obtained by the rigid reconstruction with titanium bars and coverage with polymesh dual prosthesis, followed by radioiodine therapy and substitution with L-thyroxine. The patient is currently in good health condition, and does not present any complications and was in euthyroidism under substitution for the long term follow up.DiscussionThyroid cancer is the fastest increasing cancer in the United States, It is expected to replace colon cancer as the fourth leading cancer by 2030.2 More than 90% of thyroid carcinoma cases are classified as papillary or follicular carcinoma, both referred to as differentiated thyroid carcinomas (DTCs) and are associated with a 97%–98% 10-year survival rate. However, this rate can decrease to 14%–21% when patients present with bone metastases. Bone metastases have been reported to occur in 2%–13% of patients with DTC (Osorio et al. [1]). Several techniques have been used to repair after wide sternal resection for metastatic malignancies. Furthermore, choice of the reconstruction techniques depends on the size and the site of the defect and the preference of the surgeon (Lequaglie et al. [2]).ConclusionSternal metastases from papillary thyroid carcinomas are rare,few cases of sternal metastasis as first presentation of a well-differentiated PTC are described in the literature. Operative management of these metastases is still controversial, but radical resection offer patients an optimal probability of long-term survival.     

Medullary thyroid carcinoma. The need for early diagnosis and total thyroidectomy

Forty patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma and 3 patients with C-cell hyperplasia were studied. Seventeen (40%) cases were sporadic and 26 (60%) were hereditary. Eight patients had type lla multiple endocrine neoplasia, 7 patients had type llb multiple endocrine neoplasia, and 11 patients had familial nonmultiple endocrine neoplasia medullary thyroid carcinoma. Mean follow-up was 6.3 years, with actuarial survival of 88% and 78% at 5 and 10 years (22 and 13 patients), respectively. Seven patients died 1.5 to 10 years after the initial operation; all had advanced disease at presentation (6 with distant, 1 with lymph node metastasis). No deaths occurred in patients with familial nonmultiple endocrine neoplasia medullary thyroid carcinoma, C-cell hyperplasia, or medullary thyroid carcinoma limited to the thyroid gland. Nineteen (68%) of 28 patients diagnosed without screening had regional or distant metastases, whereas only 6 (40%) of 15 patients diagnosed by screening had metastases. Twenty-six patients treated initially with total thyroidectomy and central neck clearance required an average of one reoperation, whereas those with lesser initial procedures required an average of two reoperations. We concluded that (1) familial nonmultiple endocrine neoplasia medullary thyroid carcinoma, early medullary thyroid carcinoma or C-cell hyperplasia, and asymptomatic patients have a good prognosis; (2) screening for medullary thyroid carcinoma by measuring serum calcitonin levels results in earlier diagnosis; and (3) total thyroidectomy and central neck clearance is the procedure of choice for medullary thyroid carcinoma.     

Prospective management of nodal metastases in differentiated thyroid cancer

Previous studies have concluded that lymph node metastases do not affect survival rates in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma and, therefore, nodal metastasis has not been evaluated as a prognostic factor in recent definitions of risk groups. To determine the significance of nodal disease, we reviewed 227 consecutive patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (173 with papillary, 37 with follicular, and 17 with Hürthle cell carcinoma). Of 70 (31%) patients with lymph node metastases (14 [20%] palpable preoperatively and 56 [80%] detected by routine sampling of middle and lower cervical nodes), 13 (19%) developed a recurrence compared with only 3 of 157 (2%) without nodal disease (p less than 0.01). Sixty-eight patients were treated with modified neck dissection, 63 of whom received adjuvant radioiodine. There were 10 recurrences in 63 patients (16%) who had been treated with radioiodine, compared with 3 recurrences in 7 (42%) patients who did not receive adjuvant radioiodine. Follow-up ranged from 2 to 28 years, with a mean of 8 years. Involvement of the lymph nodes was a marker for systemic disease occurring synchronously in 4 of 5 patients who presented with distant metastases and preceding systemic recurrence in 9 of 10 patients. Four patients (2%), all with lymph node metastases (three with concomitant extrathyroidal invasion and one with systemic metastases at initial presentation), died of thyroid carcinoma. Cervical lymph node metastases were associated with a higher incidence of recurrence and occurred synchronously or preceded the development of distant metastases in 13 of 15 (87%) patients. Although these findings were not statistically significant for overall survival, they lend support to routine cervical lymph node sampling for detection of and modified neck dissection with adjuvant radioiodine therapy for treatment of lymph node metastases. Such measures should reduce the subsequent recurrence rate and permit early detection and treatment of systemic disease.     

Surgical treatment of sternal metastases from thyroid carcinoma: report of two cases

Radioiodine therapy is currently the treatment of choice for metastasizing differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC); however, skeletal metastases are resistant to this form of therapy. The surgical removal of distant metastases from DTC offers the best chance for prolonged survival and improved quality of life. Furthermore, the surgical removal of a resectable skeletal metastasis can be a valuable complement to radioiodine therapy. This report describes two cases of sternal metastases from thyroid carcinoma that were managed successfully by surgery involving partial excision of the sternum followed by reconstruction of the chest wall with Marlex mesh. Both patients recovered uneventfully. Sternal resection with Marlex mesh reconstruction of the chest wall defect proved a simple and effective method for managing sternal metastasis. Thus, the surgical resection of distant bony metastases in patients with DTC is recommended as it can be curative, provide symptomatic palliation, or allow for more effective radioiodine treatment. Received: July 3, 2000 / Accepted: March 6, 2001     

关于甲状腺癌诊断治疗中的几个问题

探讨提高甲状腺（甲癌）诊断治疗水平的方法。方法 根据笔者的临床经验,结合复习近期国内外文献,提出在甲癌诊断治疗中应注意的有关问题。结果和结论 甲癌在诊断中应注意性腺癌、多灶癌、双侧癌,甲状腺良性疾病与甲癌并存,以及甲状腺微小癌或隐匿癌等情况;对需手术治疗的甲状腺肿块,术中、术后均应行病理检查,以防甲癌漏诊;除未分化癌外,甲癌均以手术治疗为主。术式选择应根据病理类型、临床分期、病人情况等决定;术后应     

Metastatic renal cell carcinoma to the thyroid gland: report of seven cases and review of the literature

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to retrospectively report clinical manifestations, type of treatment, survival rate of thyroid metastases from renal carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seven patients were retrospectively collected from files of different Burgundy's hospitals. All renal and thyroid gland specimens were controlled by the anatomopathologist. RESULTS: Tumors occurred in four women and three men (mean age: 66 years). Symptoms were generally a solitary mass. The metastatic tumor to the thyroid gland was the initial presentation of renal carcinoma in one case. In the other cases, patients had documented previous evidence of renal carcinoma as remotely 8.1 years before the thyroid metastases. Thyroglobulin immunohistochemistry was always negative in the foci of metastatic renal carcinoma. All patients had surgical resection of there metastasis. The majority of patients died with disseminated malignancies (mean: 38.1 months after there thyroid resection). Three patients are still alive, one after a complementary pancreatic resection for a secondary pancreatic metastasis and one other with cervical and mediastinal lymph node recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical treatment of the metastatic disease is suggested, as this may prolonged patient survival.     

Changing clinical, pathologic, therapeutic, and survival patterns in differentiated thyroid carcinoma.

Records of 792 patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma seen at the Lahey Clinic Foundation over a 40-year period were analyzed; 631 patients had a minimum followup period of 15 years. Differentiated types currently constitute nearly 90% of thyroid carcinomas. The clinical presentation has improved substantially through the years, and the results of treatment generally have improved. The per cent of patients with primarily incurable and locally unresectable disease or distant metastases has decreased from 7% before 1950 to 1% currently, and this group resulted in almost one third of the total fatalities and one half of fatalities within the first 5 years after treatment. Clear relationships were demonstrated between older age, men, extraglandular extension, blood vessel invasion, major capsular involvement, multifocal disease, and higher mortality rates. Lymph node metastases were found to exert a protective effect in all categories of disease analyzed, and this effect was directly related to the number of lymph node metastases present such that no deaths occurred in those patients who had more than 10 node metastases. Surgical treatment recommended is subtotal thyroidectomy for patients at high risk of death from disease as defined by combinations of age, sex, and extraglandular extension. Patients at low risk or with small carcinomas can be treated satisfactorily by lobectomy. Lymph node resections should be of a limited type or a modified neck dissection and should be performed only therapeutically. No improvement, as judged by mortality or recurrence rates, could be demonstrated by the use of radio therapy after surgery, and its use should be discouraged. Thyroid hormone administered for suppression of endogenous thyroid-stimulating hormone production improved mortality rates significantly in patients with papillary and mixed forms of carcinoma in all age groups but did not affect survival in patients with follicular carcinoma of the thyroid.20     

Prognosis of patients with T4 prostate carcinoma

BACKGROUND: The clinical course of patients with T4 prostate carcinoma was examined in order to consider whether there are alternative treatment options besides androgen ablation therapy. METHODS: From 1986 to 1995 at Chiba University Hospital, there were 22 cases of T4 prostate carcinoma. Sixteen cases had no bone metastasis at initial diagnosis. Tumor grade and response of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) to endocrine treatment were evaluated in these 16 cases. RESULTS: Four patients had moderately differentiated and 12 had poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. For initial treatment, all patients received endocrine therapy. Anti-androgen therapy was effective in 15 cases and the 5 year cause-specific and progression-free survival rates were 72.1 and 38.1%, respectively. Patients with moderately differentiated tumors tended to have a longer disease-free period than those with poorly differentiated tumors (P = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS: Endocrine therapy was effective in patients with T4 tumors. It was suggested that aggressive local treatment (i.e. radiotherapy) in combination with endocrine therapy may be considered if the patients had no distant metastases and had a long life expectancy.