剖宫产并发子宫出血的预防

随着剖宫产率的增高，预防剖宫产术中出血尤为重要，我院自2001年1月-2004年12月剖宫产343例，为探讨预防剖宫产术中出血，将有关出血预防因索报道如下。     

388例剖宫产手术指征的分析

目的：分析剖宫产手术指征，在哪些方面增加，其应用是否合理。方法：对1998年1月至2003年12月在我院行剖宫产的388例手术指征进行回顾性分析。结果：剖宫产率呈上升趋势，胎儿宫内窘迫、相对性头盆不称，臀位、社会因素、羊水过少、脐带因素已成为剖宫产的主要指征。结论：提高产科医生的技术水平，加深对剖宫产手术指征的认识。合理掌握剖宫产指征对减少围产儿死亡，降低剖宫产率及其并发症，减少不必要的医源性损伤具有重要的价值。     

剖宫产子宫切除术5例分析

剖宫产子宫切除术在产科的严重子宫出血和休克等抢救中一直发挥着重要作用。尽管一百年来，临床产科在理论、操作、诊病手段、药物等方面都有了很大的发展，但是，剖宫产子宫切除术的上述作用至今仍然是不容忽视的，有时甚至是无法替代的。现将两年来本院剖宫产术中大出血而行子宫切除的5例进行分析，以期参与探讨、指导临床。     

结扎子宫动脉上行支治疗剖宫产术出血26例

出血是剖宫产术常见并发症之一。随着剖宫产率的不断上升，正确、及时处理剖宫产术出血，对抢救产妇生命，保住产妇子宫，提高其生活质量，减少医患纠纷尤为重要。我院1998年6月～2003年6月，对26例剖宫产术中出血的患者，施行子宫动脉上行支及其伴行静脉一侧或双侧结扎术，术后联合直肠置放米索前列醇，取得了满意结果，报告如下。     

穴位按摩结合足浴对促进剖官产术后肛门排气的效果评价

剖宫产术后产妇腹胀及便秘多是由于麻醉药物、抗生素等不良反应及手术刺激引起副交感神经抑制，致使胃肠道蠕动功能减慢所致。缩短手术后肛门排气时间对恢复正常饮食，促进产妇早期恢复和开展母乳喂养有着重要意义。为观察穴位按摩结合温水足浴对剖宫产术后肛门排气时间的影响，本文对2011年11月至2012年2月在我科剖宫产分娩的246例产妇进行对比研究，现报道如下。     

剖宫产手术常见并发症的探讨

目的探讨剖宫产手术常见并发症的发病率及预防措施。方法回顾性分析2003年7月至2006年8月在我院实行剖宫产手术961例和同期阴道分娩1468例产妇的临床资料。结果剖宫产术后常见并发症180例，发病率18．73％。其中出血92例占9、57％，是发病率最高的并发症。同期阴道分娩组出血47例，发病率3．20％，两组出血并发症发病率相比较具有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。另外，剖宫产术后发热、感染、新生儿损伤和新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征均明显高于同期阴道分娩组。结论严格掌握适应证、适时进行剖宫产手术、正确合理的处理是减少并发症发生的重要措施。     

瘢痕子宫再次妊娠阴道分娩的护理

随着医疗技术的发展，剖宫产率逐渐升高，剖宫产后瘢痕子宫再次分娩也随之增加。剖宫产后再次妊娠阴道试产，护理尤为重要，我院2005年10月-2006年9月共收治瘢痕子宫阴道试产产妇46例，现将护理体会总结如下：[第一段]     

1636例剖宫产指征探讨

目的：为了正确掌握剖腹产指针，本文对我所收集的2002年1月至2004年1月资料中的1636例剖宫产指针进行探讨。方法：对1636例剖宫产病例进行回顾性分析。结果：因剖宫产适应症的变化，近几年来围产医学的进步，目前一些社会因索的片面要求，应用剖宫产解决分娩的疑难问题口渐增多，社会因素、头盆不称、胎儿窘迫、臀位、剖宫产史、妊高症成为手术的主要指针。结论：必须提高产科医生对剖宫产认识，正确掌握剖宫产指针，降低剖宫产率，提高母儿身心健康。     

剖宫产术对母乳喂养的影响

剖宫产术是妇产科最常见的手术，是解决难产、产科并发症、合并症的主要手段。剖宫产的术式有子宫体部剖宫产术，子宫下段剖宫产术（包括经腹膜和腹膜外剖宫产术），目前应用最广泛的是经腹腔子宫下段剖宫产术。为了寻求一种有利于母乳喂养的剖宫产术，我院自2000年6月采用了新式剖宫产术，即采用腹壁横切口经腹腔子宫下段剖宫产术，钝性分离皮下组织，不缝合壁层腹膜，无外缝线的术式，至2001年10月共进行80例，取得了良好效果，现报告如下。     

二次剖宫产324例临床分析

目的探讨新式剖宫产对二次剖宫产的影响。方法对2001年1月至2009年1月期间确山县人民医院324例二次剖宫产的临床资料回顾性分析，探讨新式剖宫产、传统式剖官产对二次剖宫产的影响。结果研究组切皮至进腹腔时间、子宫切开至胎头娩出时间长于对照组。中、重度粘连研究组高于对照组、新生儿窒息率研究组高于对照组，差异有统计学意义。结论新式剖宫产二次开腹时盆腔粘连严重，应严格剖宫产指征，对有剖宫产指征的患者应根据具体情况，选择最佳手术方式。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.