单侧手术早期修复腭裂

目的为了使腭裂患儿在行腭裂修复术后具有正常的语言功能,又不影响面上颌骨发育.方法笔者从1992～1998年收治20例1岁以内的Ⅲ度腭裂患儿,采用在患侧(单侧腭裂)或一侧(双侧腭裂)形成黏骨膜瓣的单侧手术早期修复腭裂.结果术后未发现腭瘘,语言功能良好.近期随访观察未发生面上颌骨发育异常.结论单侧手术对腭部的损伤较小、手术时间短、出血少,尤其适用于腭裂患儿的早期手术,对面上颌骨发育干扰小.早期手术利于患儿形成正常语言功能.     

单侧手术早期修复腭裂

目的 为了使腭裂患儿在行腭裂修复术后具有正常的语言功能，又不影响面上颌骨发育。方法 笔者从1992－1998年收治20例1岁以内的Ⅲ度腭裂患儿，采用在患侧（单侧腭裂）或一侧（双侧腭裂）形成黏骨膜瓣的单侧手术早期修复腭裂。结果 术后未发现腭瘘，语言功能良好。近期随访观察未发生面上颌骨发育异常。结论 单侧手术对腭部的损伤较小、手术时间短、出血少，尤其适用于腭裂患儿的早期手术，对面上颌骨发育干扰小。早期手术利于患儿形成正常语言功能。     

改良腭咽松弛切口修复低龄婴幼儿不完全性腭裂

目的：寻找和开辟一条不影响颌骨发育而早期修复婴幼儿不完全腭裂、恢复腭咽功能的新途径。方法：笔者从2000—2003年选择性地对1-1.5岁的不完全腭裂患儿，采用改良腭咽松弛切口施行腭裂修复术18例，手术均在气管插管全身麻醉情况下进行。结果：术中出血少，无手术意外及腭瘘等并发症。结论：改良腭咽松弛切口修复婴儿期不完全性腭裂，对腭部的损伤较小、手术时间短、出血少，是一种不影响颌骨发育，早期修复腭裂、恢复腭咽功能、简便易行、易于推广使用的理想修复方法，早期手术利于患儿形成正常语言功能。     

唇裂硬腭一期修复对完全性腭裂手术及牙弓发育的影响

目的:观察单侧完全性唇腭裂患儿唇裂硬腭一期修复对腭裂修复手术及患儿牙弓发育的影响。方法:40例年龄为3～6月龄的单侧完全性唇腭裂患儿,随机分为两组。观察组:行唇裂及硬腭一期修复;对照组:仅行唇裂修复。然后两组患儿均在1岁半时行腭裂修复。两次手术时分别取两组患儿上牙颌模型,测量上腭裂隙的宽度变化并进行比较;腭裂修复术时,对比两组患儿出血量的多少以及所作松弛切口的差异性,对两组牙颌模型进行牙弓的长、宽测量并做比较。结果:通过对牙颌模型的测量,发现在腭裂手术时观察组腭裂隙缩窄更明显,较对照组有显著性差异,具有统计学意义(P0.05);腭裂手术时,观察组较对照组所作松弛切口更少,平均出血量也更少,均有显著性差异(P0.05);1岁半时,两组患儿牙弓发育无明显差异(P0.05)。结论:单侧完全性唇腭裂患儿唇裂及硬腭一期修复可使上腭裂隙缩窄更明显,腭裂修复时所作松弛切口更少,减少了术后上腭骨面裸露面积,减轻了对患儿上颌骨生长的抑制作用,有利于患儿恢复;早期犁骨瓣关闭硬腭短期内对牙弓发育无明显影响。     

早期与延迟腭帆形成术的语音效果比较

目的：探讨不同手术时期对腭裂术后语音效果的影响。方法：对78例早期腭帆形成术（手术时平均年龄为3．2个月）及43例延迟腭帆形成术（手术时平均年龄为15个月）的两组术后患儿,由2名有经验的专职语音师进行包括语音音色、音素、过高鼻音与过低鼻音的评估,观察其不良的语音习惯,如唇习惯、舌习惯及发音时的脸部异常表情动作等,从而作出语音效果评估。结果：两组术后患儿的语音评估结果差异有显著性意义（P＜0．05）,即早时期接受腭帆修复手术者,语音效果好。结论：腭帆形态术实施时间早,可为良好的语音发育创造正常的解剖生理条件,因而语音效果好;早期实施腭帆形态术,对腭裂患儿的语音功能正常发育有重要意义。     

腭咽闭合功能相关因素的Logistic回归分析

目的:探讨影响初期腭裂修复术后腭咽闭合功能的相关因素。方法:对143例非综合征性腭裂术后患者进行回顾性研究,对可能影响腭咽功能的因素如性别、手术年龄、手术方法、腭裂类型等通过SPSS软件进行单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析。结果:单因素分析发现性别与腭裂术后腭咽功能并无相关性(P>0.1)。多因素Logistic分析表明:手术年龄大于2岁后腭咽闭合不全的风险性增加(OR=2.69,P<0.05);腭帆提肌重建术相对于VonLangenbeck法术后腭咽闭合不全率降低(OR=0.22,P<0.05);单侧完全性腭裂(UCCLP)和软腭裂(SCP)患者术后腭咽闭合率分别高于双侧完全性腭裂(BCCLP)和硬软腭裂(HSCP)患者(P<0.05)。结论:手术年龄、腭裂类型以及腭裂修复方法是影响初期腭裂术后腭咽功能的主要因素。手术年龄适当提前、采用功能性腭帆提肌重建修复方法有助于提高腭咽闭合率。     

唇裂硬腭一期修复对上颌骨发育的近期影响

目的:观察比较唇裂及硬腭一期修复的手术方法与传统方法对上颌骨发育的影响。方法:将30例单侧完全性唇腭裂患儿随机分为数量相等的两组。观察组:婴儿期行唇裂及硬腭一期修复,二期行腭裂修复,随访时平均年龄(5.99±0.49)岁;对照组:婴儿期仅行唇裂修复,二期行腭裂修复,随访时平均年龄(6.05±0.54)岁;另15例无先天性唇腭裂的6岁龄儿童作为正常组;三组分别取头颅侧位片及上牙颌模型,进行测量分析。结果:两组唇腭裂患儿之间的上颌骨发育无明显差异,与正常组比较,均有生长抑制,对照组上颌骨发育受限更明显。结论:唇裂及硬腭一期修复可以适当减轻腭裂手术对上颌骨发育的影响,但与传统治疗方法相比尚无明显差异。     

新生儿和婴儿唇、腭裂全麻一次性修复术的呼吸道管理

唇、腭裂患儿在新生儿、要儿时期语言肌肉尚未废用性萎缩,不正确的语音习惯亦未形成,此时实施唇、腭裂一次性修复术既能早期恢复患儿的正常面貌与语言功能,又可减少其家属分次手术的经济负担与精神压力。因此,唇、腭裂修复术宜在1岁前完成为佳,以防止肺功能进一步受损,现将42例新生儿和要儿唇、腭裂全麻一次性修复术的呼吸道管理报告如下。     

32例小婴儿腭裂修复术

目的 探讨腭裂手术修复的时机。方法 对３２例２５ｄ～３个月的婴儿单侧或双侧腭裂进行手术修补,对发音效果及上颌骨发育进行随访。结果 手术全部获得成功,其语音质量和发音的准确度都与同龄正常儿童无异或接近正常,近期内未发现上颌骨发育障碍。结论 在手术熟练和条件具备的情况下,２５ｄ～３个月内是腭裂修复的好时机。     

早期腭裂修复同时运用植骨技术一期修复牙槽嵴裂

传统的唇腭裂发病理论认为早期牙槽嵴裂手术影响上颌骨的发育,而将牙槽嵴裂植骨修复确定在9～11岁.我们在免费救助贫困家庭唇腭裂患者的临床工作中发现,一些由于家庭贫困生长至成年仍没有做腭裂手术的大龄患者,在颅面发育的早期,虽然上颌骨发育没有受到手术等因素的影响,但成年后仍然有上颌骨发育不良、反颌畸形与严重的鼻畸形等,这使我们对早期牙槽嵴裂手术影响上颌骨发育的理论产生疑问.近年来随着唇腭裂发病基因调控的理论的发展,一些学者对唇腭裂的修复手术做了大胆的改进与创新,尤其Carstens [1]2002年提出的源于颅面胚胎学理论及Moss 和Salentijn[2]的功能基质假说的功能基质整复理论,为牙槽嵴裂早期修复提供了良好的理论基础.2007年1月至2009年12月,我们应用髂骨松质骨行牙槽嵴裂植骨技术对12例单侧完全性腭裂的患儿行腭裂修复同时修复牙槽嵴裂,通过1～2年随访,效果良好.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.