乐山市江河介质中放射性核素含量调查

目的调查乐山市境内江(河)介质中水源水体总放射性及消落区泥沙和水生植物中放射性核素含量,为核辐射应急预防措施提供科学依据。方法按国家标准规定的检测方法,采用FJ-2603型低本底总α、β弱放射性测量装置进行总α、β放射性测定,及美国ORTEC公司生产的ADCAMTM918型γ谱仪器进行放射性核素分析。结果核设施下游江(河)枯水期水体中放射性比活度总α平均为0.067±0.127Bq/L,总β为0.067±0.038Bq/L。消落区泥沙中天然放射性核素238U、235U、232Th、226Ra、和40K的含量平均分别为42.8、1.6、53.0、47.4、468.7Bq/kg、水生植物平均分别为10.72、0.23、6.23、9.71、1013.9Bq/kg。泥沙中人工放射性核素137Cs含量平均为0.4Bq/kg,水生植物平均为0.18Bq/kg。结论枯水期水源水体中总α放射性比活度与乐山1990年调查结果处于同一水平,总β放射性比活度有所增加。泥沙及水生植物中天然放射性核素含量K>U>Ra(Th。人工放射性核素137Cs有低水平的检出,其活度为世界因核爆等全球沉降水平。     

近年南通市环境介质总α和总β放射性水平调查

目的了解南通市环境介质天然放射性水平,积累南通市基线数据。方法采集南通市环境中大气沉降灰、气溶胶、生活饮用水和食品,进行总α、总β放射性水平监测。结果 2014—2017年南通市气溶胶中总α放射性浓度为(0.23～1.65) mBq/m~3,总β放射性浓度为(0.32～2.60) mBq/m~3,大气沉降物中总α放射性浓度、总β放射性浓度分别为(4.7～44.0) Bq/m~2,(37.1～104.0) Bq/m~2;2013—2017年南通市生活饮用水年均总α放射性浓度为(0.009～0.050) Bq/L,总β放射性浓度为(0.060～0.124) Bq/L,各类食品中总α、总β放射性水平均值范围分别(0.40～11.72) Bq/kg,(31.99～130.74) Bq/kg。经方差分析,以上各样品年度间总α、总β放射性浓度差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论近年来南通市环境中大气沉降灰、气溶胶、生活饮用水和食品总α、总β放射性未发现明显变化,人居环境是安全的。     

内蒙古地区稀土产品放射性水平与卫生学评价

给出了内蒙古地区稀土产品的总α、总β、U、Th、Ra的放射性比活度水平及环境外照射γ剂量率水平,同时对生产中产生的废渣中放射性比活度进行了测定。本研究对稀土产品中放射性水平标准的制定及环境的影响提供了数据资料。     

乌鲁木齐市调味品和茶叶中总α和总β放射性水平调查与分析

目的 通过对乌鲁木齐市调味品和茶叶中总α和总β放射性的调查,掌握本地调味品和茶叶的总α和总β放射性基线资料。方法 采集本地产或者原料为新疆的调味品和茶叶,进行称重、碳化和灰化,参照生活饮用水总放射性的比较测量法,采用MPC 9604.低本底α、β测量仪,测定调味品和茶叶中总α和总β放射性水平。结果 11种调味品中总α放射性范围为2.2~182.7 Bq/kg,总β放射性范围为6.4~689.0 Bq/kg,4种茶叶中总α放射性范围为29.8~199.8 Bq/kg,总β放射性范围为568.7~885.9 Bq/kg。结论 通过调查初步掌握了乌鲁木齐市各族人民普遍食用的调味品和茶叶中的天然放射性本底资料,积累了基线数据。白砂糖的天然放射性高于其他省市,需要进一步扩大样本量,完善基线值。     

澜沧江橄榄坝断面水体放射性水平

目的 了解云南省出境河流澜沧江水体放射性水平的情况,为开展云南省出境河流水环境辐射评价提供一定的依据。方法 依据国家相关的标准规定以及实验室资质认定的分析监测方法。结果 2008~2010年,橄榄坝断面水体中的U、Th、²²⁶Ra、⁴⁰K、总α和总β的监测结果分别为0.234~2.110 μg/L、0.046~0.360 μg/L、4.9~11.9mBq/L、16.8~89.5 mBq/L、0.023~0.106 Bq/L、0.080~0.1109 Bq/L。结论 橄榄坝断面水体中的U、Th、²²⁶Ra、⁴⁰K、总α和总β放射性水平属正常本底水平。     

2014—2017年青海东部农业区饮用水与部分生物样品中放射性水平调查

目的了解青海东部农业区部分生物样品中放射性水平,掌握青海东部农业区饮用水、菠菜、小麦中天然放射性本底数据。方法通过对海晏、湟源、湟中、西宁、平安、互助、乐都、民和饮用水(枯水期和丰水期)、菠菜和小麦样品的采集制备,用HPGeγ能谱、低本底α、β测量仪分析测量,给出青海东部农业区饮用水和部分生物样品中的放射性核素含量和水平。结果2014—2017年青海东部农业区枯水期饮用水中总α、总β放射性比活度平均值分别为0.14、0.13Bq/L;丰水期总α、总β放射性比活度平均值分别为0.13、0.12Bq/L;菠菜和小麦中238U、137Cs比活度均在仪器的探测下限以下,波菜中232Th、226Ra和40K比活度分别为(0.356±0.120)、(0.465±0.065)、(138.148±25.267)Bq/kg,小麦中232Th、226Ra、40K比活度分别为(0.284±0.110)、(0.289±0.136)、(99.065±12.667)Bq/kg,菠菜中232Th、226Ra、40K比活度高于小麦。结论各地区此次动态监测未发现人工放射性核素的污染,属天然本底水平。     

2018—2021年盐城市水和食品及空气样品中总α和总β放射性水平调查

目的 了解盐城市水、食品及空气等各类样品中总α、总β放射性水平,为建立基线数据库,及时发现放射性污染变化提供数据支持。方法 2018—2021年,参照《江苏省食品中放射性样品物质监测工作手册》《辐射环境监测技术规范》(HJ/T61—2021)和《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(GB/T5750.13—2006)相关要求,采集盐城市水和部分食品及空气样本,检测总α、总β放射性水平。结果 2018—2021年,饮用水总α放射性水平为0.03～0.19 Bq/L,总β放射性水平为0.08～0.43 Bq/L,均达标;食品中总α放射性水平为0.02～26.20 Bq/kg,总β放射性水平为6.54～320.00 Bq/kg;空气样本中,气溶胶总α放射性水平在0.29～6.10 mBq/m³,总β放射性水平在0.28～5.37 mBq/m³,大气沉降灰总α放射性水平在13.20～39.60 Bq/m²,总β放射性水平在18.80～70.30 Bq/m²。结论 需根据实际情况,调整监测样品种类和监测频次,建立盐城市水...     

2017—2018年北京市集中式饮用水水源放射性水平调查

目的 调查2017—2018年北京市集中式饮用水水源放射性水平以便更好开展北京市集中式饮用水水源监测和评价工作。方法 选择市级和区级集中式饮用水水源、核设施最近的饮用水水源及桶装水取水水源共17个监测点位，测量水中的总α和总β放射性，根据不同水源类型增测U、Th、²²⁶Ra、²¹⁰Po、²¹⁰Pb、⁹⁰Sr、¹³⁷Cs、³H等。结果 2017—2018年北京市集中式饮用水水源放射性水平，总α：0.0280～0.0384 Bq/L，总β：0.0862～0.0932 Bq/L；天然放射性核素检出范围分别为：U：0.99～1.59 μg/L，Th：0.128～0.167 μg/L，²²⁶Ra：4.45～6.21 mBq/L，²¹⁰Po：1.06～1.20 mBq/L、²¹⁰Pb：1.66～7.90 mBq/L、⁹⁰Sr：1.04～2.16 mBq/L、¹³⁷Cs：（< 0.365） mBq/L、³H：（< 0.856） Bq/L。结论 北京市集中式饮用水水源放射性水平处于正常本底值。     

昆明某基地蔬菜中总α和总β放射性水平调查与分析

目的 了解昆明某基地蔬菜中总α、总β放射性水平。方法 采集该蔬菜种植基地不同品种的蔬菜，用FYFS-400X型低本底α/β测量仪，测量样品中总α、总β放射性水平。结果 叶类蔬菜中总α放射性水平为（0.62 ±0.59） Bq/kg，范围为 （0.23～1.66） Bq/kg，总β放射性水平为 （106.3 ±27.6） Bq/kg，范围为 （68.4～125.3） Bq/kg；茎类蔬菜中总α放射性水平为 （0.45 ±0.26） Bq/kg，范围为 （0.30～0.64） Bq/kg，总β放射性水平为 （86.5 ±17.6） Bq/kg，范围为 （71.7～113.4） Bq/kg；根类蔬菜中总α放射性水平为 （0.32 ±0.19） Bq/kg，范围为 （0.28～0.39） Bq/kg，总β放射性水平为 （119.5 ±31.2） Bq/kg，范围为 （91.2～141.3） Bq/kg。结论 昆明某种植基地蔬菜中总放射性水平相对较低，属于正常本底水平。     

苏州超市生鲜食品放射性水平抽样调查

目的 了解苏州市场上出售的生鲜食品的放射性水平,为开展天然辐射源食入照射内计量估算提供基本数据。方法 采用中等厚度相对测量法测量食品样本的总α和总β放射性水平。结果 食品样品中蔬菜(韭菜、土豆、茭白)的总α、总β放射性水平范围分别为0.219~1.349Bq/kg和56.977~127.916Bq/kg,β/α值为1.49×10²。肉类(猪肉、鱼肉)的总α、总β放射性水平范围分别为0.185~0.880Bq/kg和60.311~148.463Bq/kg,β/α值为1.42×10²。结论 本次所采集食品样品均未受到放射性物质污染,放射性水平在本底范围内。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.