青少年压力与吸烟行为的关系:应对方式的中介作用

目的:探讨压力与青少年吸烟行为之间的关系,及应对方式在二者之间的中介作用。方法:采用青少年生活事件问卷,应对方式问卷和自编中学生吸烟行为调查问卷对2415名中学生进行问卷调查。结果:1青少年吸烟行为存在显著的性别和年级差异。2压力、消极应对与青少年吸烟行为之间两两显著相关。3消极应对在压力与青少年吸烟行为之间有显著的中介作用。结论:压力既是青少年吸烟行为的直接预测因素之一,也可以通过消极应对间接影响青少年吸烟行为。     

家庭、同伴及认知态度对社交性吸烟启动的影响

目的调查高校中社交性吸烟行为的发生率,探讨认知态度、同伴和家庭因素对大学生启动吸烟的影响。方法对579名高校大学生采用随机抽样方法进行社交性吸烟饮酒行为等相关问题、吸烟认知态度以及家庭环境和简明应对方式的调查。采用卡方检验、单因素方差分析和回归分析进行统计。结果被调查者总体吸烟率19.6%,其中社交性吸烟者占全部吸烟者的18%。对吸烟行为的认知态度及同伴影响与社交性吸烟行为显著正相关(r=0.264,0.428;P=0.000);社交场合的饮酒行为与社交性吸烟行为显著正相关(r=0.220,P=0.000)。年龄、同伴影响、社交场合的饮酒行为是大学生启动吸烟行为危险因素,其中社交场合有人向被试递烟是启动吸烟的重要危险因素(OR=6.284,P=0.000)。结论社交性吸烟行为在大学生中较为普遍,同伴吸烟和递烟行为以及对社交性吸烟的认知态度是大学生启动吸烟的危险因素。     

父母与同伴因素对青少年槟榔嚼食行为的影响

目的:探讨父母与同伴因素对青少年槟榔嚼食行为的影响机制。方法:采用问卷法对1150名湘潭市中小学生的槟榔嚼食行为、父母和同伴的嚼食行为与态度、嚼食结果预期、拒嚼效能感进行调查。结果:(1)"现在嚼食者"占总人数的39.8%;男生中"现在嚼食者"比率高于女生(54.8%vs. 26.2%);从小学→初中→高中,"现在嚼食者"比率上升(31.8%vs. 40.8%vs. 49.7%);(2)父母、同伴的嚼食行为及态度对上月槟榔嚼食量均有正向预测效应,嚼食结果预期、拒嚼效能感在其间起完全中介作用;(3)同伴的嚼食行为及态度对相关变量的预测作用均超过父母的嚼食行为与态度的影响,但差异均不显著。结论:父母与同伴因素通过提升嚼食结果预期和降低拒嚼效能感进而对青少年槟榔嚼食行为产生影响。     

交往不良同伴对青少年自身问题行为的影响:性别和年龄的调节作用

目的:考察青少年交往不良同伴对自身问题行为的影响,以及性别和年龄的调节作用。方法:采用自评问卷对1302对双生子的不良同伴交往和自身问题行为水平进行测量。结果:①青少年自身的问题行为与性别、年龄及不良同伴交往均显著相关。②在交往不良同伴对自身问题行为影响方面存在性别差异:男性青少年交往不良同伴更易出现问题行为。③年龄对交往不良同伴与自身问题行为之间的关系起到调节作用:年龄小的青少年交往不良同伴更易产生问题行为。结论:交往不良同伴对青少年自身问题行为的影响因性别和年龄而不同。     

吸烟者吸烟内隐态度研究现状与展望

吸烟者的吸烟行为和戒烟行为受吸烟内隐态度影响。研究表明吸烟者对吸烟持消极内隐态度,也有表明持积极内隐态度。吸烟内隐态度形成和激活受吸烟量、重要他人吸烟、吸烟渴求状态和吸烟情境线索的影响。吸烟内隐态度干预方法包括戒烟教育、广告宣传与专项训练。未来研究需进一步探讨我国吸烟者吸烟内隐态度的特殊性、测量方法的有效性、不同内隐态度联结模式及其形成与激活的特异性、对吸烟行为和戒烟行为影响机制的差异性、干预的有效性等。     

年轻女性流动人口高危行为及其影响因素分析

目的:考察女性流动人口的高危行为(每日吸烟、大量饮酒、自杀意图和自杀尝试)及其与各影响因素(同伴危险行为、流动性、满意度和抑郁)的关系。方法:运用问卷调查法对478名从农村到北京打工的年轻女性流动人口进行测查。结果:①13.2%的女性流动人口每天都吸烟,22.9%的女性流动人口曾大量饮酒,10.9%和2.3%的女性流动人口有自杀意图和自杀尝试;②30%左右的女性流动人口有1种及以上的高危行为,14%的女性流动人口的高危行为数量达到并超过2种。女性流动人口报告的高危行为数量越多,同伴危险行为越多,生活和工作满意度越低,抑郁得分也越高;③同伴危险行为、满意度和抑郁可以显著地直接预测女性流动人口的高危行为,同伴危险行为、流动性和满意度又通过抑郁情绪间接地预测该人群的高危行为。结论:应高度关注年轻女性流动人口的心理健康水平,给予她们必要的社会支持,帮助她们远离不良同伴的诱惑和不良影响。     

私立学校1307名中学生吸烟与自尊水平调查

目的:探讨中学生吸烟与自尊水平的关系.方法:以"青少年控烟项目调查问卷"和Rosenberg10条目自尊量表对武汉市私立学校的1307名初一和初二的学生进行调查.结果:从"不吸烟"、"尝试吸烟"、"吸一整支烟"到"吸过100支烟",学生的自尊量表得分依次降低,分别为29.92、29.03、28.57、27.41;已戒烟学生的得分显著高于没有戒烟的学生;未来可能吸烟者的自尊得分显著低于未来不会吸烟的学生.结论:中学生吸烟行为与自尊水平有一定相关性.在青少年吸烟的干预措施中,应加强提高自尊心理水平的健康教育.     

南阳市城区青少年成瘾性物质使用情况调查

目的 了解南阳市城区青少年成瘾性物质使用情况,为预防和干预提供依据.方法 应用2008年和2013年南阳市青少年健康相关行为调查资料,分析南阳市城区青少年对成瘾性物质的使用情况.结果 南阳市城区青少年尝试吸烟、经常吸烟、严重吸烟、尝试饮酒、规律饮酒、重度饮酒、醉酒行为报告率分别为31.12％、4.12％、0.75％、71.04％、12.88％、12.58％、15.67％;青少年使用镇静催眠药、复方止咳药水、有机溶剂、盐酸曲马多、毒品的行为发生率分别为6.75％、4.38％、3.50％、0.46％、0.25％.与2008年调查结果相比,调查人群尝试吸烟、经常吸烟、滥用镇静剂、尝试吸毒等行为发生率有所下降,其他行为发生率无明显改变.结论 成瘾性物质对青少年身心健康存在极大的危害,要根据个体心理特点采取相应措施,减少青少年对成瘾性物质的使用.     

犯罪和普通青少年的生活事件、同伴积极影响与问题行为的关系:双重调节效应

目的:探讨同伴积极影响在负性生活事件对青少年问题行为预测中的调节效应,并分析这一调节效应在犯罪和普通青少年两类群体中不同表现。方法:采用结构方程模型,运用青少年生活事件核查表、同伴积极影响问卷和问题行为问卷对来自上海和昆明的561名犯罪青少年和358名普通青少年进行测量。结果:1家庭结构和被试类型在同伴积极影响和问题行为得分上存在交互效应。2犯罪青少年和普通青少年的生活事件、同伴积极影响和问题行为间存在显著相关。3同伴积极影响可以调节生活事件对普通青少年的问题行为的影响,但对犯罪青少年却不存在相应的作用。结论:同伴积极影响是缓冲生活事件对普通青少年的问题行为预测的重要因素,但对犯罪青少年并未起到类似作用。     

工读生和普通生社会联接在亲子依恋与行为问题中的中介作用

目的:探讨工读生和普通生社会联接在亲子依恋与行为问题中的中介作用。方法:使用青少年父母同伴依恋问卷、青少年自评量表、学校依恋问卷、儿童青少年社会支持量表对248名工读生和678名普通生进行施测。结果:①方差分析表明,工读生和普通生亲子依恋和社会联接各因素得分存在显著差异,男女生同伴依恋得分差异显著;②中介模型与数据吻合很好,且在不同群组学生中,模型的中介路径不同。结论:亲子依恋对于行为问题有抑制效用,社会联接起部分中介作用。     

Peer and parental influences on adolescent tobacco use

Longitudinal models of the development of adolescent smoking and smokeless tobacco (ST) use were tested for a sample of 643 adolescents, age 14 to 17. The sample was assessed at three time points. Smoking, smokeless tobacco, and other problem behaviors formed a single problem behavior factor. Structural equation modeling indicated that inadequate parental monitoring and association with deviant peers at Time 2 predicted tobacco use at Time 3. When parental and peer smoking at Time 2 were added to the model, each accounted for significant variance in predicting Time 3 smoking, but inadequate parental monitoring and association with deviant peers still accounted for some of the variance in Time 3 smoking. In predicting boys' smokeless tobacco use, monitoring at Time 2 predicted smokeless tobacco use, but only when parental approval of ST use was not included. Fathers approval of ST use at Time 2 predicted ST use at Time 3, while maternal disapproval predicted its use.Preparation of this paper was supported in part by Grant DA 07389 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse and Grants CA 38273 and CA 44648 from the National Cancer Institute.     

Family socialization of adolescent's self-reported cigarette use: the role of parents' history of regular smoking and parenting style

OBJECTIVE: To examine the main and interactive effects of parental history of regular cigarette smoking and parenting style on adolescent self-reported cigarette use. METHODS: Predictors of adolescent self-reported cigarette use, including parents' history of regular cigarette smoking and two dimensions of parenting behavior, were analyzed in a sample of 934 predominately Caucasian (96.3%) parent-adolescent dyads. Families were drawn from the control group of a randomized control trial aimed at preventing adolescent substance use. RESULTS: In addition to the main effects of parents' history of regular smoking and parental warmth, logistic regression analysis revealed that the interaction of these two variables was associated with adolescent self-reported cigarette use. Parental warmth was associated with a decreased likelihood of the adolescent ever having smoked a cigarette; however, this was true only if neither parent had a history of regular cigarette smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that adolescent smoking prevention programs may be more efficacious if they address both parental history of regular smoking and parenting behavior.     

Interacting effects of depression and tobacco advertising receptivity on adolescent smoking

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the independent effects of exposure to others who smoke and receptivity to tobacco advertising on adolescent smoking practices and the moderating influence of depression on these relationships. METHODS: Participants were 1,123 high school freshmen who completed a self-report survey as part of a longitudinal investigation of the biobehavioral predictors of adolescent smoking adoption. Sixty percent of freshmen reported that they were never smokers (i.e., never tried or experimented with smoking, even a few puffs), and 40% reported being ever smokers (i.e., ever smoked at least a partial or whole cigarette). RESULTS: In logistic regression models, the adjusted likelihood of ever smoking was greater for students reporting exposure to peer smoking. Further, a significant interaction was detected between receptivity to tobacco advertising and depression; specifically, adolescents with a high receptivity to tobacco advertising and clinically significant depressive symptoms were more likely to smoke than adolescents without these symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Our data support the hypothesis that adolescents with both high advertising receptivity and depressed moods are most vulnerable to experiment with smoking. Tailoring prevention and intervention efforts to encompass tobacco advertising's effects and the role of depression could lead to a reduction in youth smoking.     

Smoking practices and risk awareness in parents regarding passive smoke exposure of their preschool children: a cross-sectional study in Tehran

Background: Young children living with parents who smoke are exposed to unacceptable health hazards. Aim: To determine patterns of parental smoking, the level of parental awareness about hazards of secondhand smoke, and the effect of risk awareness on smoking behavior. Setting: Health centers affiliated with two teaching hospitals in Tehran. Design: Cross-sectional. Materials and Methods: Data was collected from parents of preschool children visiting the health centers, through face-to-face interview, during a period of 18 months. Statistical Analysis: Data was analyzed by multiple logistic regression, and analysis of variance was done for comparison of means. Results: In a total of 647 families, prevalence of parental smoking was 35.7%, (231 families). In 97.8% of smoking families, only the fathers smoked; and in 5 (2.2%) families, both parents were regular smokers. Prevalence of smoking was higher in poor families as compared with families who were well-off (39% vs. 25%; P = 0.025), and also in families with lower educational level. There was no significant difference in risk awareness between smokers and nonsmokers (P > .05). Conclusion: Low socioeconomic status and low education were identified as risk factors for children's exposure to secondhand smoke; parental risk awareness had no apparent effect on the smoking behavior. Unlike western societies, fathers were the sole habitual smokers in most families. Since factors that influence smoking behavior vary in different cultures, interventional strategies that aim to protect children from the hazards of tobacco smoke need to target diverse issues in different ethnic backgrounds.     

Nicotine dependence and problem behaviors among urban South African adolescents

Tobacco use and its concomitant, nicotine dependence, are increasing in African countries and other parts of the developing world. However, little research has assessed nicotine dependence in South Africa or other parts of the African continent. Previous research has found that adolescent problem behaviors, including tobacco use, tend to cluster. This study examined the relationship between nicotine dependence and adolescent problem behaviors in an ethnically diverse sample of urban South African adolescents. A community sample (N = 731) consisting of “Black,” “White,” “Coloured,” and “Indian” youths aged 12–17 years was drawn from the Johannesburg metropolitan area. Structured interviews were administered by trained interviewers. Nicotine dependence was assessed by the Fagerström Test of Nicotine Dependence. Logistic regression analyses showed that higher levels of nicotine dependence significantly predicted elevated levels of violent behavior, deviant behavior, marijuana and other illegal drug use, binge drinking, early sexual intercourse, multiple sexual partners, and inconsistent condom use, despite control on the adolescents’ demographic characteristics, peer smoking, conflict with parents, peer deviance, and the availability of legal and illegal substances. These relationships were robust across ethnicity and gender. The findings indicate the need for policy makers and prevention and intervention programs in South Africa to consider adolescent nicotine dependence in conjunction with comorbid problem behaviors, including other substance use, sexual risk behaviors, and deviant behaviors.     

Differentiating stages of smoking intensity among adolescents: stage-specific psychological and social influences

Researchers' understanding of the impact of sociocultural and psychological factors on the various stages of adolescent smoking uptake is limited. Using national data, the authors examined transitions across smoking stages among adolescents (N = 20,747) as a function of interpersonal, familial, and peer domains. Peer smoking was particularly influential on differentiating regular smoking, whereas alcohol use was most influential on earlier smoking. Although significant, depression and delinquency were attenuated in the context of other variables. Higher school grade was more likely to differentiate regular smoking from earlier smoking stages, whereas African American ethnicity and connectedness to school and family were protective of smoking initiation. Results lend support for an interactional approach to adolescent smoking, with implications for stage-matched prevention and intervention applications.     

Personal Factors Associated with Smoking Among Marginalized and Disadvantaged Youth in Japan

Background

A national survey in Japan reported that the prevalence of smoking among high school students has sharply decreased in recent years. However, the survey only considered students who attended regular high schools (RHSs), and Japan offers part-time high schools (PHSs) that are often attended by academically and socioeconomically disadvantaged youth.

Purpose

Therefore, we examined the smoking prevalence and smoking-related factors among PHS students.

Method

A self-administered questionnaire-based survey was conducted at six PHSs. The subjects included 540 enrolled students aged 15 to 18 years. The questionnaire included items on smoking status, smokers in the family, frequency of convenience store use, lifestyle behaviors, and health awareness. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors that were significantly associated with smoking.

Results

A total of 45.6 % of students had smoking experience, and 29.3 % were smokers. For males and females, the smoking prevalence was about 3 and 7–12 times higher, respectively, than that reported in the national survey. The factors found to be significantly associated with smoking included having a smoker in the family, experience with drinking alcohol, and using convenience store daily (odds ratio [OR]?=?12.5) or sometimes (OR?=?3.63). There was a significant dose–response relationship between smoking and convenience store use.

Conclusion

The smoking prevalence among PHS students was remarkably higher than that among RHS students. These findings suggest that marginalized and disadvantaged youth should be targeted for tobacco control, and intervention is needed to protect youth from tobacco sales and advertising at convenience stores.     

Snus use and other correlates of smoking cessation in the Swedish Twin Registry

BACKGROUND: We investigated 12 variables and their interactions as correlates of smoking cessation among regular smokers in the population-based Swedish Twin Registry (STR). METHOD: Detailed information on tobacco use and personal characteristics were available from 14 715 male and female twins aged 42-64 years who participated in a screening of the population-based STR and reported being regular smokers in their lifetime. A two-stage analytic design was used to examine correlates of smoking cessation. The sample was split at random and significant main effects and interactions identified in the testing set were examined in the validation set. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) describe the association between correlates and smoking cessation. RESULTS: Twelve main effects were significantly associated with smoking cessation in the testing set; eight were confirmed in the validation set. Of the nine interactions identified in the testing set, none remained significant when evaluated in the validation set after Bonferroni correction. HRs were highest for Swedish oral smokeless tobacco (snus) use (HR 2.70, 95% CI 2.30-3.20), >11 years of education (HR 1.57, 95% CI 1.43-1.73) and being married or cohabitating (HR 1.51, 95% CI 1.39-1.63). Although not statistically significant after Bonferroni correction, snus use also appeared important in the context of interactions, where lower nicotine dependence score, higher socio-economic status (SES) and greater body size were associated with smoking cessation only among participants who never used snus. CONCLUSIONS: Snus use was the strongest independent correlate of smoking cessation. Further studies should investigate the mechanism of this association.     

Predictors of cigarette use among South African adolescents

This study assessed the interrelation among domains of ethnic factors; the individual’s sense of well-being; personality, attitudes, and behaviors; sibling and peer smoking; and adolescent smoking behavior. The sample consisted of 1,468 South African adolescents selected from 4 ethnic groups self-identified as defined by current South African usage: Black (mainly Zulu and Xhosa), Indian, White, and Colored (mixed ancestry). In accordance with family interactional theory, there was a sequence of patterning from ethnic factors and the individual’s sense of well-being to adolescent personality, attitudes, and behaviors and models of smoking. All of the 4 domains in the model also had a direct effect on adolescent smoking behavior. The findings suggest 4 possible targets of therapeutic or preventive intervention with regard to adolescent smoking: ethnic factors; the individual’s sense of well-being; personality, attitudes, and behaviors; and smoking within the peer group. This research was supported by Research Scientist Award DA 00244 to Judith S. Brook from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, and grant TW 05391 to David W. Brook, from the Fogarty International Center.     

Psychological Characteristics in Patients during Treatment for Tobacco Dependence

Background

Few studies compare mood in tobacco cessation patients with mood in continuing smokers and then estimate the effects of a tobacco cessation program according to status of mood. We investigated whether mood in patients (n = 7) dependent on tobacco improved through the standard Japanese 12-week program for smoking cessation comparing smokers (n = 11) and nonsmokers (n = 16).

Methods

A brief Japanese version of the short profile of mood states (POMS) was used in this study. The subscale includes 5 negative mood factors (tension-anxiety, depression, anger-hostility, fatigue and confusion-bewilderment) and positive mood factors (vigor-activity). We also examined expiratory CO concentration (ppm), percentage of COHb, urinary nicotine and its metabolite concentration, Brinkman index, and tobacco dependence score (TDS) for both smoking cessation group and smokers group.

Results

All the short profiles for mood state points in nonsmokers were below 50. Two of TDS items in smoking cessation patients were significantly higher in percentage than those in smokers. Brinkman indices and expiratory CO concentration were significantly higher in smoking cessation patients than those in smokers. The rate of improvement in tension-anxiety points in smoking cessation patients was significantly higher than that in smokers.

Conclusion

Counseling according to the standard program in the treatment of tobacco dependence may be an effective procedure to improve mood status.