低分子肝素联合激素、环磷酰胺治疗难治性肾病综合征疗效分析

目的：探讨低分子肝素联合激素、环磷酰胺治疗难治性肾病综合征的临床效果。方法：选择我院难治性肾病综合征患者42例,上述患者分为观察组和对照组。观察组给予低分子肝素联合激素、环磷酰胺治疗,对照组患者给予激素和环磷酰胺联合治疗。评定两组治疗效果。结果：观察组治愈8例（治愈率38.1%）、显效9例（显效率42.8%）、有效3例（有效率14.2%）、无效1例（无效率4.9%）。对照组治愈4例（治愈率19.3%）、显效8例（显效率38.1%）、有效3例（有效率14.2%）、无效6例（无效率28.4%）。观察组治疗总有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：低分子肝素联合激素、环磷酰胺治疗难治性肾病综合征临床效果显著,而低分子肝素能够改善机体高凝状态,值得借鉴。     

低分子肝素联合激素、环磷酰胺治疗难治性肾病综合征疗效观察

目的探究在难治性肾病综合征(RNS)治疗中联合应用低分子肝素、激素、环磷酰胺的效果。方法 80例RNS患者,将其随机分为实验组(低分子肝素+激素+环磷酰胺)与参照组(激素+环磷酰胺),各40例。对比两组患者的治疗效果以及各指标的变化情况。结果实验组的治疗总有效率显著高于参照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后两组患者的各项指标均较治疗前改善,实验组各指标改善程度优于参照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论联合应用低分子肝素、激素、环磷酰胺治疗RNS能够取得较好的治疗效果,值得予以推广。     

低分子肝素联合激素、环磷酰胺治疗难治性肾病综合征的疗效观察

目的调查研究低分子肝素联合激素、环磷酰胺在难治性肾病综合征治疗中的疗效。方法将患者60例随机分配为两组,其中对照组30例患者再平均分为三组,小组1给与糖皮质激素（泼尼松）口服,1ing／（kg·d）,8周后改20mg／d,小组2给与环磷酰胺口服,2mg／（kg·d）,1次／d,6周后停用,小组3给与低分子肝素钠,2000u皮下注射,每6小时一次;实验组30例患者将实施三种药物联合治疗。结果实验组综合治疗总有效率（93.3％）高于对照组单纯疗法（70．7％）,均符合统计学差异（P〈0．05）。结论低分子肝素联合激素、环磷酰胺治疗难治性肾病综合征具有显著疗效,值得推广。     

辛伐他汀与低分子肝素联合用药方案治疗肾病综合征的临床研究

目的：研究辛伐他汀与低分子肝素联合用药方案治疗肾病综合征的临床疗效。方法68例于本院进行治疗的肾病综合征患者分为对照组34例和观察组34例,对照组患者给予激素和免疫抑制剂等常规治疗,观察组患者在对照组基础上给予辛伐他汀与低分子肝素联合用药方案进行治疗,对比观察两组患者的临床疗效。结果对照组总有效率为73.53%,观察组总有效率为91.18%,观察组明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论辛伐他汀与低分子肝素联合用药方案治疗肾病综合征的临床疗效明显,益于激素和免疫抑制剂发挥作用,促进肾病综合征早期缓解,值得临床推广应用。     

雷公藤多苷联合低分子肝素治疗难治性肾病综合征32例疗效观察

目的：观察雷公藤多苷联合低分子肝素治疗难治性肾病综合征的疗效。方法：将32例难治性肾病综合征患儿随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组16例,两组均给予泼尼松治疗,治疗组加用雷公藤多苷联合低分子肝素治疗,对照组加用环磷酰胺（CTX）治疗,疗程均为6个月。结果：治疗组总有效率为68．8％,对照组总有效率为50．0％,治疗组疗效明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）,无明显不良反应。结论：雷公藤多苷联合低分子肝素治疗难治性肾病综合征安全、有效、无严重不良反应。     

低分子肝素钙治疗肾病综合征疗效观察

目的探讨低分子肝素钙对肾病综合征（Ns）患者高凝状态的影响。方法对比观察用激素加低分子肝素钙注射液（实验组）和单纯用激素组（对照组）治疗NS患者,其凝血功能的改变。结果实验组在临床疗效、改善肾功能指标（肌酐）、降低血液高凝状态等方面明显优于对照组,P均〈0．05。结论使用低分子肝素联合糖皮质激素是治疗原发性NS的有效方法。     

低分子肝素钙联合缬沙坦治疗难治性肾病综合征的效果评价

目的研究分析低分子肝素钙联合缬沙坦治疗难治性肾病综合征的临床疗效。方法在本院接收的难治性肾病综合征患者中,随机选取68例进行研究,所有研究对象在2014年8月至2016年8月期间入院治疗,采用随机数字表法将68例患者分为两组,即为观察组和对照组,每组各为34例,采用常规方法治疗对照组患者,在常规方法的基础上应用低分子肝素钙联合缬沙坦治疗观察组患者,评价两组治疗效果,评价标准包括治疗有效率和肾功能。结果观察组患者治疗有效率比对照组高,有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者Upro、ALB、Cr、BUN水平均优于对照组,有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论低分子肝素钙联合缬沙坦治疗难治性肾病综合征的临床疗效较好,值得应用。     

低分子肝素钙联合缬沙坦治疗难治性肾病综合征的效果评价

目的研究分析低分子肝素钙联合缬沙坦治疗难治性肾病综合征的临床疗效。方法在本院接收的难治性肾病综合征患者中,随机选取68例进行研究,所有研究对象在2014年8月至2016年8月入院治疗,采用随机数字表法将68例患者分为两组,即为观察组和对照组,每组各为34例,采用常规方法治疗对照组患者,在常规方法的基础上应用低分子肝素钙联合缬沙坦治疗观察组患者,评价两组治疗效果,评价标准包括治疗有效率和肾功能。结果观察组患者治疗有效率比对照组高,有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者Upro、ALB、Cr、BUN水平均优于对照组,有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论低分子肝素钙联合缬沙坦治疗难治性肾病综合征的临床疗效较好,值得应用。     

低分子肝素辅助治疗小儿肾病综合征疗效分析

目的：分析低分子肝素辅助治疗小儿肾病综合征的疗效。方法：选择我院2014年1月～2015年1月收治的肾病综合征患儿30例,随机分成对照组和实验组各15例,对照组给予常规综合治疗,实验组在常规综合治疗的基础上给予低分子肝素辅助治疗,对两组临床疗效进行比较分析。结果：实验组临床治疗有效率显著优于对照组（P＜0.05）;治疗后两组24h尿蛋白、血浆白蛋白、血总胆固醇水平均显著优于治疗前（P＜0.05）,实验组各项观察指标均显著优于对照组（P＜0.05）;治疗期间两组患儿均没有发生严重的不良反应。结论：在常规综合治疗的基础上,给予低分子肝素辅助治疗小儿肾病综合征具有比较显著的临床效果,安全可靠,值得临床推广。     

低分子肝素与黄芪当归合剂联用治疗难治性肾病综合征的疗效观察

目的探讨低分子肝素与黄芪当归合剂联用对难治性肾病综合征（RNS）患者尿蛋白、血浆白蛋白、血肌酐和胆固醇的影响。方法将60例患者随机分为治疗组、对照组各30例。对照组给予泼尼松及环磷酰胺（CTX）治疗,治疗组给予激素、CTX治疗的同时,另予低分子肝素联合黄芪当归剂治疗。在治疗第8,12周时分别检测各组尿蛋白、血浆白蛋白、血肌酐和胆固醇。结果与对照组比较,治疗组的尿蛋白,血肌酐（Scr）和胆固醇明显下降（P〈0．05）,血浆白蛋白显著回升（P〈0．05）。结论在治疗难治性肾病综合征患者方面,低分子肝素与黄芪当归合剂联用比激素和CTX更能有效降低尿蛋白。血肌酐和胆固醇,增加血浆白蛋白水平。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.