2型糖尿病患者血清25-羟维生素D3与下肢动脉病变的相关性研究

目的 探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血清25-羟维生素D3[25(OH)D3]水平与下肢动脉病变的关系.方法 入选196例2型糖尿病患者,记录其年龄、身高、腰围、臀围及血压,并检测血糖、血脂及血清25(OH)D3水平,依据血清25(OH)D3浓度进行分组:25(OH)D3<25 nmol/L为25(OH)D3严重缺乏组,25(OH)D3≥25 nmol/L且<50 nmol/L为25(OH)D3缺乏组,≥50 nmol/L且<75 nmol/L为25(OH)D3不足组,≥75 nmol/L为25(OH)D3充足组.采用彩色多普勒超声对入选患者进行下肢动脉检查,根据下肢动脉病变的判断标准,将其中伴有下肢动脉病变的患者(124例)作为病例组,不伴有下肢动脉病变的患者(72例)作为对照组.结果 2型糖尿病下肢病变者的血清25(OH)D3明显降低,年龄、腰/臀比、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、SBP及TC明显升高(P<0 Q.05).单因素分析显示,2型糖尿病患者年龄、腰/臀比、HOMA-IR、SBP、TC及LDL-C水平与下肢动脉病变的发生有关系;多因素分析显示行,高龄、高InHOMA-IR水平、高SBP以及低维生素D水平为2型糖尿病合并下肢动脉病变的独立危险因素.结论 血清25(OH)D3与2型糖尿病下肢动脉病变有密切相关性.     

25-羟基维生素D3水平与2型糖尿病视网膜病变的关系研究

目的探讨血清25羟基维生素D水平与2型糖尿病视网膜病变的关系。方法眼科住院或门诊的2型糖尿病患者，本研究共纳入了99例2型糖尿病伴视网膜病变患者，其中非增值性病变者61例，增值性病变者38例，并纳入了90例2型糖尿病不合并视网膜病变者。本研究控制了各组间年龄、性别、体重指数、病程等重要常规临床参数，先后采用单因素及多因素统计方法，分析了25-羟基维生素D3对糖尿病视网膜病变风险的影响。结果单变量分析结果显示，糖尿病视网膜病变组糖化血红蛋白、TG、25．羟基维生素D3水平差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。25羟基维生素D水平在对照组、非增值性视网膜病变组、增值性视网膜病变组逐渐降低，差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05）。多因素Logistie回归分析显示：维生素D不足独立影响非增值性及增值性视网膜病变的风险（P〈0．05），OR值分别为2．15（1．19，7．71），3．36（1．56，7．96）。结论维生素D不足是糖尿病视网膜病变发生的危险因素，补充维生素D可能对预防至治疗糖尿病视网膜病变有益。     

高同型半胱氨酸血症与2型糖尿病微血管病变的相关性

目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者血浆同型半胱氨酸(HCY)水平与慢性并发症的关系.方法 根据糖尿病微血管病变(DMAP)发生情况,将206例2型糖尿病患者分为无微血管并发症(NDC)组和DMAP组,DMAP组又分为糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)组和糖尿病肾病(DN)组,同时以98例健康人作为对照组,采用化学发光法检测各组血浆HCY、叶酸(FA)和维生素B12 (Vit B12)水平.结果 糖尿病各组血HCY明显高于对照组(P＜0.05),DMAP组高于NDC组(P＜0.05),而FA、Vit B12水平与对照组相比均显著降低(P＜0.05).糖尿病患者HCY水平与FA、VitB12水平呈负相关(P＜0.01).结论 高HCY血症是DMAP的重要危险因素,测定糖尿病患者血浆HCY、FA、Vit B12水平有助于监测、判断DMAP的发生发展.     

糖化血红蛋白检测对糖尿病微血管病变评估的价值

目的探讨糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)水平对2型糖尿病微血管病变患者的评估价值。方法对45例2型糖尿病微血管病变患者、41例无微血管病变患者及42例正常对照患者分别检测HbAlc及空腹血糖(FBG)水平。结果微血管病变组HbAlc、FBG与无微血管病变组、正常对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01);无微血管病变组HbAlc、FBG与正常对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 HbAlc检测有助于判定糖尿病微血管病变的发生、发展,提高对糖尿病肾病的预防和早期诊断。     

高同型半胱氨酸血症与糖尿病脑血管病变的相关性研究

糖尿病脑血管性病变是糖尿病慢性并发症之一,主要包括微血管和大血管病变,是2型糖尿病患者致死、致残的主要原因之一。自1969年McClly首次提出同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)与动脉粥样硬化存在相关性以来,近十多年,有研究发现血浆Hcy水平与糖尿病脑血管病之间也存在着强相关性,本文就血浆H     

呼伦贝尔地区孕妇基础25-羟维生素D水平与孕中期血脂代谢及妊娠期糖尿病相关性分析

目的探讨呼伦贝尔地区孕妇基础25-羟维生素D水平与孕中期血脂代谢及妊娠期糖尿病相关性。方法选择2017年1月至2019年8月呼伦贝尔市人民医院孕妇792例作为研究对象,采用电化学发光法(ECL)测定基础25-羟维生素D水平,根据测定结果分为维生素D缺乏组、维生素D不足组和维生素D充足组。于孕中期采用全自动生化分析仪测定各组总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)及低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)水平;采用血糖测定仪测定患者空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2h PG)水平;对孕妇进行随访,记录妊娠期糖尿病发生率;采用Pearson相关性分析软件对呼伦贝尔孕妇基础25-羟维生素D水平与孕中期血脂水平、妊娠期糖尿病发生率进行相关性分析。结果 792例呼伦贝尔孕妇中维生素D缺乏组231例,维生素D不足组412例,维生素D充足组149例。三组TC及HDL-C水平比较,差异无统计意义(P 0.05);维生素D缺乏组TG和LDL-C、FPG、2h PG水平均高于维生素D不足组和维生素D充足组(P 0.05);入组孕妇随访过程中确诊妊娠期糖尿病患者75例,占8.84%,且患者均为维生素D缺乏孕妇。Pearson相关性分析结果表明,孕妇25-羟维生素D水平与妊娠期糖尿病发生率、TG和LDL-C水平呈负相关性(P 0.05);与TC及HDL-C水平无相关性(P 0.05)。结论呼伦贝尔地区孕妇基础25-羟维生素D水平与孕中期血脂代谢及妊娠期糖尿病发生率存在相关性,应采取有效措施干预,改善孕妇糖脂代谢,降低妊娠期糖尿病发生率。     

血清25羟维生素D与2型糖尿病患者骨密度、骨质疏松、骨骼肌质量相关性研究

目的:探讨血清25羟维生素D与2型糖尿病患者之间骨密度、骨质疏松、骨骼肌质量相关性。方法:选取2018年8月～2019年8月就诊于某院的116例2型糖尿病患者,对其进行血清25羟维生素、骨密度、骨质疏松以及骨骼肌质量等统计,探讨其间的相关性。结果:观察组2型糖尿病患者的血清25羟维生素D、BMD以及四肢骨骼肌含量均明显低于健康参与者组成的对照组(P0.05)。骨质疏松组患者的血清25羟维生素D、BMD以及四肢骨骼肌均明显低于骨量减少/正常组(P0.05);血清25羟维生素D、BMD以及四肢骨骼肌肉量与骨质疏松的发生呈负相关性(P0.05);25羟维生素D、BMD以及四肢骨骼肌肉量的减少是2型糖尿病患者发生骨质疏松的危险因素(P0.05)。结论:2型糖尿病患者的血清25羟维生素D水平明显低于正常人,并且2型糖尿病患者的血清25羟维生素D水平与骨密度呈负相关,血清25羟维生素D水平越低,患者发生骨质疏松的概率越高,血清25羟维生素D可以为临床诊断骨质疏松提供参考。     

C反应蛋白与2型糖尿病大血管 微血管并发症关系探讨

近年研究发现C反应蛋白（CRP）与2型糖尿病密切相关，认为2型糖尿病可能是炎症因子介导的炎症反应性疾病，炎症因子导致胰岛B细胞分泌胰岛素功能受损及产生胰鸟紊抵抗（IR）。最近越来越多的研究表明，血清炎症因子与糖尿病及其大血管并发症有关，并在糖尿病微血管病变的发生发展中起重要的作用。本文对90例2型糖尿病患者的血清CRP水平进行检测，旨在探讨其与糖尿病及其大血管、微血管并发症关系。     

2型糖尿病患者血清ORP、TNF-α和IL-6水平检测临床价值

目的进一步探讨2型糖尿病患者C反应蛋白（CRP）、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）和白细胞介素-6（IL-6）水平变化的临床意义。方法选90例2型糖尿病患者分为无微血管病变组50例、微血管病变组40例，另选50例正常人作为对照组，检测其CRP、TNF—α和IL-6水平并进行对比分析。结果2型糖尿病患者血清CRP、TNF-α和IL-6水平与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），微血管病变组的CRP、TNF—α和IL-6水平与无微血管病变组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05和0．01）。结论检测2型糖尿病患者血清CRP、TNF—α和IL-6有助于了解其病情发展过程，评估预后。     

血浆同型半胱氨酸水平与2型糖尿病患者微血管病变的关系

目的对2型糖尿病患者微血管病变与血浆同型半胱氨酸水平的关系进行深入探究。方法以2019年1月至2020年1月作为研究时段,选取我院接纳治疗的2型糖尿病患者100例为研究对象,依据患者是否存在微血管病变分为无微血管病变组(50例)以及微血管病变组(50例),另选同期体检健康患者50例为对照组,对所有研究对象的收缩压、血肌酐、糖化血红蛋白、同型半胱氨酸水平进行检测,并对相关数据实行对比分析。结果微血管病变组、无微血管病变组、对照组间的收缩压、血肌酐、糖化血红蛋白、同型半胱氨酸数据差异有显著统计学意义(P <0.05);且经多因素Logistic回归分析,收缩压、血肌酐、糖化血红蛋白、同型半胱氨酸水平均为患者微血管病变的独立危险因素(P <0.05)。结论在2型糖尿病患者微血管病变中,血浆同型半胱氨酸水平属独立危险因素,故可将其作为2型糖尿病病变诊断指标。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.