预防胸腔镜手术并发症的体会

目的 寻求预防和减少胸腔镜手术并发症的方法。方法回顾性总结10年来电视胸腔镜手术(VATS)治疗肺、食管、纵隔、心包、胸膜等10余种胸部疾病病例，其中肺大施切除462例，食管疾病手术94例，纵隔肿瘤或囊肿切除86例，肺叶切除或肺楔形切除140例，胸外伤止血等手术22例，心包开窗和胸膜肿瘤切除及其他手术54例，胸部疾病活检术54例。手术均采用静吸复合全麻，双腔管气管内插管866例，单腔管气管内插管46例。结果886例经VATS完成手术，26例改为传统开胸术。发生手术并发症36例，占3．95％，其中术中并发症10例，占1．1％，包括食管黏膜破裂4例，神经损伤2例，4例术中止血不彻底术后出血。术后并发症26例，占2．85％，包括肺泡漏气≥7d19例，胸腔积液或积气再次置闭式引流管3例，房颤2例，胸腔感染1例和呼吸衰竭死亡1例。结论VATS适应证选择和手术应当掌握循序渐进的原则，注意对胸外科医师培养，尽快掌握VATS操作和相关知识是减少并发症的重要环节。     

Double respiratory sequelae of head injury: subglottic stenosis and bilateral pneumothoraces

An 18-yr-old man with insulin-dependent diabetes developed severesubglottic stenosis after a very brief period of intubation.Emergency tracheostomy was complicated by the development ofbilateral pneumothoraces. This case highlights the importanceof making an early diagnosis to minimize the risk of complicationsand examines postintubation subglottic stenosis in the contextof poorly controlled insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Br J Anaesth 2003; 90: 94–6     

Evidence of pulmonary aspiration during difficult airway management of a morbidly obese patient with the LMA CTrach

We describe a pulmonary aspiration that occurred during tracheal intubation with the LMA CTrach (SEBAC, Pantin, France) in a male morbidly obese patient (178 cm height, BMI=48 kg m(-2)) admitted for elective gastric banding. Our report suggests that manipulations of the CTrach such as Up-manoeuvre may lead to pulmonary aspiration in the case of regurgitated gastric content.     

Factors affecting surgical outcome in the elderly at Auckland Hospital

Background: The aim of the present study was to define the factors which affect the outcome of major abdominal surgery in elderly patients. Method: Data were collected prospectively using the surgical audit on all patients who were 65‐years‐old or older and had undergone major abdominal surgery at Auckland Hospital between January 1997 and November 2000. Risk factors studied were age, sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists grade, operative duration, timing of surgery (elective, urgent or emergency), surgeon (consultant or registrar) and the presence of the scrubbed consultant in theatre. Surgical outcome (no complications, complications or death) was defined according to the complication stratification and severity score developed by the University of Otago. Direct logistic regression was used to determine the significance of the risk factors. Results: 1141 patients (614 women and 527 men) who underwent 1248 procedures were studied. The factors that affected the mortality were the ASA grade (P = 0.0001) and operative timing (P = 0.0008). The factors that affected the severity of postoperative complications were ASA (P = 0.0001), operative timing (P = 0.0001) and duration (P = 0.0001). Conclusions: The ASA, timing and duration of surgery were the most significant factors affecting patient outcome. Age had a less important effect. Arranged surgery and short operative duration have a favourable outcome in selected elderly patients. Therefore, the elderly should not be denied indicated major abdominal surgery on basis of age alone.     

阑尾不同部位化脓性病变与并发门静脉炎的临床观察

为分析阑尾不同部位化脓性病变与并发门静脉炎的关系，对３５年中收治的１６８３例急性化脓及坏疽性阑尾炎患者进行了回顾性分析。其中有２５例并发或术后出现门静脉炎或／和肝脓肿。经术中肉眼观察，阑尾远端病变５２７例，２例（０．３７％）并发或术后出现门静脉炎或／和肝脓肿；中远端病变８４０例，６例（０．７１％）并发或术后出现门静脉炎或／和肝脓肿；近端病变（阑尾整个病变）３１６例，１７例（５．３７％）并发或术后出现门静脉炎或／和肝脓肿。２５例门静脉炎或／和肝脓肿中１６例是在切除阑尾手术后才出现寒颤、高热等门静脉炎症状的。本组资料表明，阑尾近端的化脓性病变较之中、远段病变易于发生门静脉炎或／和肝脓肿     

Nongenitourinary complications associated with robot-assisted laparoscopic and radical retropubic prostatectomy: A single institution assessment of 1,100 patients over 11 years

Objectives

Robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) and radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) provide similar outcomes in terms of biochemical recurrence, postoperative continence, and erectile function. Little is known about other complications of these procedures. To further address this, we examined patient outcomes at our institution over an 11-year period.

Recognition and management of maternal cardiac disease in pregnancy

Heart disease is a leading cause of maternal death. The aimof this study is to review the most common causes of cardiacdisease, highlight factors that should be recognized by theclinician, and address recent advances in the anaesthetic managementof these patients. Incipient cardiac disease, including peripartumcardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction and aortic dissection,accounts for approximately one in six maternal deaths. The keysto successful diagnosis and management of incipient diseaseare: a high index of suspicion, particularly in women with knownrisk factors for cardiovascular disease; a low threshold forradiological investigations; early cardiology input; and invasivemonitoring during labour and delivery. Echocardiography is asafe, non-invasive test, under-used in pregnancy. Managementof pregnant women with pre-existing cardiac problems shouldbe undertaken by multidisciplinary teams in tertiary centres.In women with pre-existing cardiac disease wishing to proceedto term, cardiac status must be optimized preoperatively andplanned elective delivery is preferable. Vaginal delivery ispreferable, and with careful incremental regional anaesthesiais safe in most women with cardiac disease. The presence ofadequate systems for early detection, appropriate referral tospecialist centres, and timely delivery with multidisciplinarysupport can minimize the serious consequences of poorly controlledheart disease in pregnancy.     

Bone cement implantation syndrome

Bone cement implantation syndrome (BCIS) is poorly understood.It is an important cause of intraoperative mortality and morbidityin patients undergoing cemented hip arthroplasty and may alsobe seen in the postoperative period in a milder form causinghypoxia and confusion. Hip arthroplasty is becoming more commonin an ageing population. The older patient may have co-existingpathologies which can increase the likelihood of developingBCIS. This article reviews the definition, incidence, clinicalfeatures, risk factors, aetiology, pathophysiology, risk reduction,and management of BCIS. It is possible to identify high riskgroups of patients in which avoidable morbidity and mortalitymay be minimized by surgical selection for uncemented arthroplasty.Invasive anaesthetic monitoring should be considered duringcemented arthroplasty in high risk patients.     

Spontaneous spinal epidural haematoma: a rare cause of quadriplegia in the post-partum period

Spontaneous spinal epidural haematoma (SSEH) is a rare cause of neurological deficit in the pregnant and post-partum patients. However, SSEH with associated myelitis presenting as quadriplegia and respiratory paralysis in the post-partum period has never been reported. We report the development of acute onset quadriplegia progressing to respiratory arrest in a 24-yr-old woman 2 weeks after normal vaginal delivery. There was no history suggestive of any coagulopathy (inherited or acquired), eclampsia, pre-existing neurological deficit, or iatrogenic manipulations such as spinal/epidural injections. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a posterior epidural haematoma extending from C4-C7 and areas of signal changes in spinal cord from cervicomedullary junction to D5 level (suggestive of demyelination). We highlight this rare cause of quadriplegia; focusing on the altered dynamics of the epidural vasculature in the peripartum period leading to SSEH.     

输尿管镜手术严重并发症分析及防治

目的总结输尿管镜手术严重并发症及其防治措施。方法 300例应用输尿管镜手术患者中5例发生严重并发症,对其临床资料、处理方法及结局进行回顾性分析。结果术中输尿管穿孔2例（0.7%）,2例均改行开放手术,术后留置双J管3～4周;术中输尿管撕脱1例（0.3%）,因患肾严重积水行患肾切除术;术中导丝断裂1例（0.3%）,中转开放手术取出残留导丝,留置双J管3～4周;术后感染性休克1例（0.3%）,予抗感染和肾周切开引流治疗。5例均经积极治疗后痊愈出院,3例留置双J管者术后一月顺利拔出输尿管导管,行静脉肾盂造影检查无输尿管狭窄、梗阻等并发症发生;1例因肾周积液行肾周切开引流者术后一月复查B超肾周未见明显积液,术后3月随访,再次复查B超示双肾正常;1例行患肾切除术者术后3月随访肾功能正常。结论应用输尿管镜手术成功率高,严重并发症较少见,及时处理问题和熟练的手术操作是减少输尿管镜手术严重并发症的关键。     

Complicaciones intraoperatorias y postoperatorias de la cirugía de prótesis de pene. Diagnóstico y tratamiento

We describe the most frequent complications associated with penile implant surgery, paying special attention to their practical management. We have analyzed preoperative complications and postoperative complications separately. The intraoperative include perforation of the corpora cavernosa during dilation, cylinder cross-over or cross-placement and urethral injury during implantation. The most frequent postoperative complications are mechanical failure, cylinder erosion and prosthesis infection. We emphasize on rescue surgery and reimplantation techniques in cavernous tissue fibrosis.     

Popliteal aneurysm after total knee arthroplasty: Case reports and review of the literature

Vascular complications after total knee arthroplasty include arterial occlusion, arterial severance, arteriovenous fistula, and arterial aneurysm. Both a false aneurysm and a true aneurysm of the popliteal artery are described. The false popliteal aneurysm resulted from direct surgical trauma and required excision and repair. The true popliteal aneurysm was unsuccessfully treated with excision, transfemoral thrombectomy, and bypass surgery. Many of the vascular complications after total knee arthroplasty may be preventable and the following prudent guidelines are suggested. Careful preoperative evaluation is critical, including past medical history, palpation of pedal pulses, and review of radiographs to identify abnormal calcification in the vessels. Vascular consultation may be necessary. Should a vascular complication occur, immediate intervention with the advice and assistance of a vascular surgeon is imperative.     

Coflex腰椎棘突间动态稳定系统手术并发症分析

 目的 探讨Coflex腰椎棘突间动态稳定系统治疗退行性腰椎间盘疾病的手术并发症及治疗措施。方法 回顾性分析2007年11月至2011年6月采用Coflex内固定手术治疗121例退行性腰椎疾病患者资料,男76例,女45例;年龄37~75岁,平均54.6岁。其中单节段腰椎管狭窄症38例,单节段腰椎间盘突出症58例,双节段腰椎管狭窄症15例,双节段腰椎间盘突出症10例;病变节段均分布于L3,4、L4,5及L5S1间隙。记录并分析手术相关并发症及转归。结果 10例患者出现手术相关并发症,其发生率为8.3%(10/121)。其中器械直接相关并发症3例,包括假体固定翼折断、假体松动及棘突骨折各1例,予观察随访,假体均未移位,未影响手术疗效。非器械相关并发症7例：术中硬膜撕裂2例,创口浅表感染1例,经相应处理均治愈;再手术4例,再手术率为3.3%(4/121),其中2例为术中减压不彻底需再次减压,1例为椎间盘突出术后复发再次行髓核摘除术,另1例为术后椎管内血肿形成经手术清除血肿后好转。结论 Coflex 辅助治疗退行性腰椎疾病手术并发症发生率及再手术率均较低,且器械直接相关并发症较低,术中规范操作是降低器械直接相关并发症的关键;而严格掌握手术适应证、术中彻底有效减压是保证手术疗效、避免发生非器械相关并发症的关键。     

腰椎后路手术早期并发症的防治

目的：分析腰椎后路手术早期并发症原因，探讨其防治方法。方法：回顾性调查1998～2002年收治的腰椎后路手术患者903例临床资料，男587例，女316例，平均年龄36．7岁(18～78岁)，术前诊断均依据患者术前主要症状、体征及相应的影像学结果确定，根据不同诊断采用相应的手术方法治疗，对其中发生的早期并发症(术后2周内)进行统计及临床分析。结果：903例中发生术后早期并发症者76例78例次(8．6％)，其中2例女性患者同时出现两种并发症。主要包括神经根刺激症状(占早期并发症的64．1％)，多数患者症状经对症处理，于4～30d(平均10．1d)得到缓解；消化道症状(11．5％)，除2例给予灌肠外，其他均对症处理3～10d(平均6．8d)后缓解；切口深(浅)部血肿(5．1％)、脑脊液漏(5．1％)、尿潴留(3．9％)、切口深部感染(2．6％)、下肢深静脉血栓(2．6％)、肺栓塞(2．6％)、泌尿系感染(1-3％)及皮下脂肪液化(1．3％)等，所有并发症均获得良性转归。结论：腰椎后路手术早期并发症影响手术疗效，除了注重术中操作外，严格掌握手术适应证，重视围手术期临床观察及处理和早期功能锻炼，将有利于腰椎后路早期手术并发症的防治。     

Acute toxic effects of 'Ecstasy' (MDMA) and related compounds: overview of pathophysiology and clinical management

Since the late 1980s ‘Ecstasy’ (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine,MDMA) has become established as a popular recreational drugin western Europe. The UK National Criminal Intelligence Serviceestimates that 0.5–2 million tablets are consumed weeklyin Britain. It has been reported that 4.5% of young adults (15–34yr) in the UK have used MDMA in the previous 12 months. Clinicallyimportant toxic effects have been reported, including fatalities.While the phenomenon of hyperpyrexia and multi-organ failureis now relatively well known, other serious effects have becomeapparent more recently. Patients with acute MDMA toxicity maypresent to doctors working in Anaesthesia, Intensive Care andEmergency Medicine. A broad knowledge of these pathologies andtheir treatment is necessary for anyone working in an acutemedical speciality. An overview of MDMA pharmacology and acutetoxicity will be given followed by a plan for clinical management.     

颈椎前路手术早期并发症原因分析及对策

目的总结颈椎前路手术的术中、术后早期并发症,分析原因并提出对策。方法回顾1992年1月至2003年12月颈椎前路手术412例,男308例,女104例;年龄18～76岁,平均45.6±12.9岁。颈椎病258例,颈椎外伤138例,颈椎肿瘤8例,颈椎结核8例。412例患者,病史最短4小时,最长达20年,平均548d。全瘫58例(14.1%),不全瘫192例(46.6%),无瘫痪症状162例(39.3%)。麻醉包括三大类(5种)局麻(局部浸润35例、颈丛阻滞52例、局部浸润 颈丛阻滞6例、全麻318例、全麻 颈丛1例。前路减压、自体髂骨植骨融合33例,前路减压、椎间融合器椎间融合术32例,前路减压、自体髂骨植骨融合、前路钢板内固定术347例。结果共42例51例次出现早期并发症,并发症的例次发生率为12.37%。28例次(6.80%)同手术直接相关,喉上神经损伤5例次,喉返神经损伤4例次,颈部切口感染及血肿4例次,脊髓损害症状加重5例次,神经根损伤2例次,植骨块移位2例次,取骨区感染及血肿各1例次,钢板、螺钉松动2例次,螺钉位置不当1例次,食管瘘1例次;23例次(5.08%)同手术间接相关。结论降低颈椎前路手术并发症的发生率,不仅要熟悉颈椎前路临床解剖,提高手术技巧,还要做好颈椎前路手术围手术期的处理。