猫后根初级传入纤维终未在后索核内的超微结构及其突触联系

用顺行溃变方法对猫后索核内后根初级传入纤维终末的超微结构和突触联系进行了研究.在切断C4～T1和 L4～S1脊神经后根3～4天后,电镜下发现后索核内有三种溃变终末,出现最多的是电子致密型溃变,此外,也观察到了少量的神经微丝型溃变和电子透明型溃变.溃变的初级传入终末多数较大,含有圆形突触小泡.溃变初级传入终末作为突触前成分主要与后索核内的树突形成轴-树突触,而轴-体突触和轴-轴突触较少.此外,还观察到溃变轴突终末参与形成突触复合体.     

猫丘脑腹后外侧核内皮质—丘脑纤维终末与丘脑—皮质投射神经元之间的突触连接

用ＣＢ－ＨＲＰ逆行追踪与顺行溃变相结合的方法，对描丘脑腹后外侧核内的来自大脑皮质体感Ⅰ区的皮质—丘脑纤维终末与丘脑—皮质投射神经元之间的突触连接进行了电镜观察。向猫大脑皮质体感Ⅰ区内注射ＣＢ－ＨＲＰ５ｈ后，电解损毁原注射部位，术后动物存活４ｄ。电镜下发现丘脑瓜后外侧核内存在５种突触连接方式；（１）溃变的轴突终未与ＨＲＰ标记神经元胞体形成轴－体突触；（２）溃变的轴突终末与ＨＲＰ标记的树突形成轴—树突触；（３）溃变的轴突终末和其它突触前成分共同与中央树突形成汇聚型的突触复合体；（４）溃变的轴突终末与未标记树突形成的轴—树突触；（５）正常的轴突终末与ＨＲＰ标记神经元形成对称型的轴—体突触。     

大鼠孤束核向伏核投射的神经元接受迷走神经的初级传入——溃变与HRP追踪结合法的电镜观察

本文用切断一侧结状神经节近侧端的迷走神经和HRP注入伏核逆行追踪相结合的方法,在电镜水平对孤束核向伏核投射的神经元是否接受迷走神经初级传入纤维终末进行了研究。在孤束核内可见下列突触关系:(1)溃变轴突终末与HRP逆标树突形成轴-树突触;(2)无标记正常轴突终末与HRP逆标胞体或树突分别形成轴-体或轴-树突触;(3)HRP顺标轴突终末与无标记树突形成轴-树突触;(4)溃变轴突终末与无标记树突形成轴-树突触。由上述结果可知:孤束核向伏核投射的神经元接受迷走神经的初级传入终末;伏核神经元的下行终末与孤束核内的神经元之间有突触联系。     

猫三叉神经尾侧脊束核—丘脑—皮质通路在丘脑水平的突触联系

本文采用HRP逆行追踪与顺行溃变结合法对猫三叉神经尾侧脊束核-丘脑-皮质通路在丘脑腹后内侧核内的突触联系型式进行了研究。在电镜下发现,丘脑腹后内侧核內有五种突触联系形式:(1)溃变轴突终末与HRP标记树突形成轴-树突触;(2)溃变轴突终末与HRP标记的胞体形成轴-体突触,上述两类突触型式为该通路在丘脑水平的直接突触联系方式,此外尚有(3)溃变轴突终末与非HRP标记的树突形成的轴-树突触;(4)HRP标记树突与非溃变轴突终末形成轴一树突触;(5)HRP标记树突与非HRP标记的含有突触小泡的突触前树突形成的树-树突触。本文首次报道了三叉丘系纤维与丘脑皮质投射神经元间的直接突触联系方式为轴-树和轴-体突触。同时也发现了以树突为中心的突触复合体,它是该通路在丘脑水平的一个显著特点。     

大鼠三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核胶状质突触小球的超微结构

用透射电镜观察了大鼠三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核胶状质突触小球的各种突起成分及突触联系。突触小球的中央轴突终未与周围两类 (一、二型)树突棘,树突干形成非对称的轴树突触。含突触小泡的二型树突棘、树突干与不含小泡的一型树突棘、树突干形成对称的树树突触,并与中央轴突终末形成树轴突触。周围轴突终末(P)与中央轴突终末形成对称的轴轴突触,并与小球内的树突形成对称的轴树突触。     

三叉神经尾侧脊束核胶状质亚核内连续性突触的亚显微结构研究

本文用电镜观察了小鼠三叉神经尾侧脊束核胶状质亚核内的突触联系。该核内的连续性突触有:1.树—轴—树突触(D-A-D_1):树突D内只含少量扁圆形突触小泡,与轴突A形成树-轴突触(D-A);而轴突A又与树突D_1形成轴-树突触(A-D_1)。2.轴-树-树突触(A-D-D_1):轴突终末A与Ⅱ型树突D形成轴-树突触(A-D);而树突D又与Ⅱ型树突D_1形成树-树突触(D-D_1)。3.轴-轴-树突触(A-A_1-D):轴突终末A与轴突终末A_1形成轴-轴突触(A-A_1);而轴突终末A_1与Ⅱ型树突D形成轴-树突触(A_1-D)。     

丘脑腹后外侧核内内侧丘系纤维终末的超微结构和突触联系

采用顺行溃变法对猫丘脑腹后外侧核内内侧丘系终末的超微结构和突触联系进行了研究.在电损毁后索核2～5天后,电镜下发现丘脑腹后外侧内内侧丘系终末存在三种溃变形式:电子致密型,神经微丝型和电子透明型,以电子致密型最为多见.溃变的内侧丘系终末常较大,主要含有大量密集的圆形突触小泡.主要形成不对称型的轴-树突触,还可见到轴-体突轴、轴-轴突触及轴-轴-树系列突触,并参与形成以树突为中心的突触复合体.     

大鼠孤束核内5－羟色胺能轴突终末的突触联系

用顺行演变与免疫组织化学结合的双标技术，电镜下观察大鼠孤束核内５－羟色胺样免疫反应（５－ＨＴ－ＬＩ）轴突终末的突触联系，特别是与迷走神经初级传入（溃变）终末的关系。发现：１．５－ＨＴ－ＬＩ轴突终末和迷走神经初级传入终末终止于同一个树突形成轴－树突触；２．５－ＨＴ－ＬＩ轴突终末与树突形成轴－树突触；３．５－ＨＴ－ＬＩ轴突终末与迷走神经初级传入终末或非标记的轴突终未形成轴一轴相贴（ａｘｏ－ａｘｏｎｉｃ－ｃｏｎｔａｃｔ）。以上结果提示，孤束核内的５－ＨＴ能神经成分可能通过突触后、突触前机制调控经迷走神经传入的信息。     

脑腹后外侧核内内侧丘系纤维终末的超微结构和突触联系

采用顺行溃变法对猫丘脑腹后外侧核内内侧丘系终末的超微结构和突触联系进行了研究。在电损毁后索核２～５天后，电镜下发现丘脑腹后外侧内内侧丘系终一要存在三种溃变形式：电子致密型，神经微丝型和电子透明型，以电子致密型最为见。溃变的内侧丘系终末常较大，主要含有大量密集的圆形突触小泡。主要形成不对称型的轴－树突触，还可见到轴－体突轴、轴－轴突触及轴－轴－树系列突触，并参与形成以树突为中心的突触复合体。     

猫后索核内后根初级传入终末与丘脑投射神经元之间的突触联系

用ＨＲＰ逆行追踪与顺行溃变相结合的方法，研究了猫后索核内初级传入终末与丘脑投射神经元之间的突触联系形式。在电镜下可见后索核内有５种突触联系式：１．溃变轴突终末与ＨＲＰ标记树突形成的轴－树突触；２．溃变轴突终末与ＨＲＰ标记胞体形成的轴－体突触；３．溃变轴突终末与非标记树突形成的轴－树突触；４．轴－轴－树连续性突触；５．非溃变的含扁平小泡或多形小泡轴突终末与ＨＲＰ标记的神经元胞体形成的轴－体突触。本文     

The action of capsaicin on primary afferent central terminals in the superficial dorsal horn of newborn mice

Capsaicin was injected subcutaneously (50 mg/kg) into 10 mice on days 2 or 3 after birth, and 12 h, 3 and 5 days later the distribution and structure of degenerated primary afferent central axons or terminals (C-terminals) in the lumbar spinal dorsal horn were examined by electron microscopy. Degenerated terminal axons with dense or lamellar bodies or higher electron density were conspicuous 12 h after treatment with capsaicin. Severely degenerated unmyelinated axons, including dense or lamellar bodies engulfed by microglial cells, were numerous in the most superficial (marginal) layer, but rarely seen in the substantia gelatinosa. Two types of primary afferent central terminals in the substantia gelatinosa showed various extents of degeneration: small dark C-terminals (CI-terminals) with densely packed agranular synaptic vesicles, and large light ones (CII-terminals) with less dense agranular synaptic vesicles and a few granular synaptic vesicles. Thus, many central axon terminals of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons that are sensitive to capsaicin enter the marginal layer and substantia gelatinosa. Degenerated primary afferent central axons or terminals markedly decreased in the superficial dorsal horn 3 and 5 days after capsaicin treatment, still, there were many degenerating DRG neurons at this time as shown by our previous study. Previously we also reported that fewer slightly degenerating unmyelinated dorsal root axons and small DRG neurons appear at 12 h and larger DRG neurons degenerate later than smaller ones after treatment with capsaicin. As a result, the discovery of many severely degenerated terminal axons in the superficial dorsal horn soon after treatment supports the idea that capsaicin first acts on the central terminals and that this is followed by damage to larger DRG neurons.     

Early morphological changes of primary afferent neurons and their processes in newborn mice after treatment with capsaicin

Degenerating figures of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and their central and peripheral processes (dorsal root and saphenous nerve) and terminals (central terminals in the superficial dorsal horn and cutaneous nerve of the hind paw dorsal skin) of neonatal mice were examined 30 min, 1, 2 and 5 h, and 2, 3, 5, and 10 days after subcutaneous injection of capsaicin on post-natal day 2. Many small DRG neurons showed degeneration 1 h after treatment. Scarcely any features of degeneration were seen in the DRG and dorsal root 10 days after treatment. The degenerating aspects of terminal axons in the marginal layer of the superficial dorsal horn were characterized by enlarged round axons with closely packed osmiophilic materials, lamellar bodies, and loss of axoplasmic organelles. Two types of central terminals (C-terminals) showed degeneration in the substantia gelatinosa from 30 min after treatment onward. One type consisted of small, round, sinuous or slender dark terminals (CI-terminals), and the other of large, pale, round or angular terminals (CII-terminals). Those that degenerated markedly had homogeneously electron-dense axoplasm with dilated synaptic vesicles and inclusion bodies. Extensive degeneration of terminal axons in the marginal layer occurred 5 h after treatment, whereas conspicuous degeneration of C-terminals occurred from 30 min to 10 days after treatment in the substantia gelatinosa. CI-terminals showed marked degeneration during the first 3 days, whereas marked degeneration of CII-terminals occurred between 5 and 10 days after treatment. This time difference between the peaks of degeneration of CI- and CII-terminals indicates an important difference in the origins of these two types of capsaicin-sensitive, nociceptive fibers in the superficial dorsal horn; CI-terminals are derived from small DRG cells, whereas CII-terminals are derived from larger DRG cells. Unmyelinated axons in the dorsal root, saphenous nerve, and dorsal skin of the hind paw showed similar degeneration patterns 2 h after treatment to those of terminal axons in the marginal layer. Thus, the degenerating profiles in the marginal layer suggest that these axons arose from collaterals of unmyelinated primary axons descending or ascending within the marginal layer. Numerous enlarged degenerating axons showing vacuolation were conspicuous in the dorsal skin 3 days after treatment. The synchronous degeneration of the smaller DRG neurons, their central and peripheral processes, and their CI-terminals in the substantia gelatinosa supports the idea that the smaller DRG neurons are directly influenced by capsaicin, and that their degeneration is followed by centrifugal degeneration.     

大鼠三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核胶状质非小球突触成分

用透射电镜观察了大鼠三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核胶状质神经毡非小球的突触成分。非小球的突触大部分为轴树突触,此外还见到轴轴、树树及树轴突触。它们的轴突终末成分,按所含小泡的形状,区分为圆形小泡终末、扁平小泡终末、多形小泡终末及大颗粒小泡终末。圆形小泡终末根据小泡的大小又有大圆形小泡终末及小圆形小泡终末。本文还讨论了突触分类及各种轴突终末的机能意义。     

大鼠臂旁核内接受孤束核内脏传入之神经元同时接受中央杏仁核的反馈调节──溃变、HRP法结合包埋后免疫电镜研究

为研究来自孤束核的内脏传导信息在臂旁核水平是否接受中央杏仁核的反馈调节及其递质性质，以及孤束核—臂旁核—中央杏仁核传导通路中，在臂旁核水平是否接受ＧＡＢＡ的调节，本文将ＨＲＰ注入中央杏仁核进行顺、逆行标记，同时将兴奋性氨基酸毒素海人酸注入孤束核进行损毁，观实其顺行溃变终末，取外侧臂旁核超薄切片后结合抗ＧＡＢＡ的免疫电镜染色，观察发现有下列几种标记；（１）顺行溃变终末，所有的都与臂旁核神经元形成非对称性突触；（２）ＨＲＰ标记终末有两类：第一类和臂旁核神经元形成对称性突触，占ＨＲＰ标记终末总数的８０％以上，第二类与臂旁核神经元形成非对称性突触，另外有大量的ＨＲＰ标记的胞体和树突；（３）胶体金标记的ＧＡＢＡ阳性终末，皆与突触后结构形成对称性突触；（４）ＧＡＢＡ／ＨＲＰ双标记终末，具有ＧＡＢＡ免疫阳性终末和第一类ＨＲＰ标记终末的共同特征。上述几种标记在臂旁核内有以下几种关系：（１）溃变终末和ＧＡＢＡ阳性终末与同一个ＨＲＰ标记或非标记的突形成轴－树突触；（２）溃变终末和第一类ＨＲＰ标记终末共同终止于同一非标记讨突；（３）溃变终末与ＨＲＰ标记树突或胞位形成非对称性突触；（４）ＧＡＢＡ／ＨＲＰ双标记终末与非标记树突或胞体?     

Nigral and cerebellar synaptic terminals in the intermediate and deep layers of the cat superior colliculus revealed by lesioning studies

The presence of degenerating nigral and cerebellar synaptic terminals in the intermediate and deep layers of the cat superior colliculus was demonstrated by electron microscopy following lesions of the substantia nigra or brachium conjunctivum. The superior colliculus was taken for analysis 4–5 days after operation. Nigral terminals underwent a dark type of degeneration following kainic acid lesion of the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra. The majority of nigral degenerating terminals and axons were found in the stratum griseum intermediate with a few in the stratum griseum profundum. Two kinds of cerebellar terminals were distinguished by general appearances such as size, type of synaptic contact and type of synaptic vesicle and by the pattern of degenerative changes following electrical lesion of the brachium conjunctivum. Large elongated synaptic terminals 4–7 μm in diameter, were found mainly in the stratum griseum profundum. They often had double termination with conventional dendrites and with vesicles containing dendrites. This kind of terminal had a filamentous type of degeneration. A second type of degenerating cerebellar terminal, characterized by an electron-lucent type of degeneration, was predominantly located in the stratum griseum intermediale. These terminals were circular, about 4 μm in diameter, and did not have synaptic contact with vesicle-containing profiles. The finding of the two types of degenerating terminal after lesion of the brachium conjunctivum can be considered as evidence of the coexistence of at least two kinds of cerebellar terminals in the superior colliculus. The presence of nigral and cerebellar terminals in the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus implicates the involvement of the substantia nigra and cerebellum in control of collicular visuomotor function.     

The dorsal root distribution to the substantia gelatinosa of the rat with a note on the distribution in the cat

Summary The terminal degeneration in the substantia gelatinosa of the rat was studied with the Fink-Heimer silver technique following dorsal root section. Providing the survival time of the animal was in the range of 1–4 days, a massive degeneration was seen in lamina I, II and III of Rexed. The light microscope findings were corroborated by electronmicroscopic observations of degenerating boutons. Spinal cord material examined with silver methods one week after dorsal root section showed few signs of degeneration in the substantia gelatinosa. Although a significant dorsal root distribution to the substantia gelatinosa was found also in the cat, the terminal degeneration in lamina II showed considerable regional variations in this species.     

Fine structure and fluoride resistant acid phosphatase activity of electron dense sinusoid terminals in the substantia gelatinosa Rolandi of the rat after dorsal root transection

Summary Fluoride resistant acid phosphatase (FRAP) activity of the rat substantia gelatinosa Rolandi is confined to electron dense sinusoid terminals under normal conditions. Transection of dorsal roots or removal of dorsal root ganglia results in a rapid degeneration of more than half of the electron dense sinusoid axon terminals. First signs of degeneration ensue 20 hours after surgery; at the 24 hours state osmiophilic degeneration bodies develop that are translocated into glial elements in the course of the second postoperative day. At the same time, light microscopically visible FRAP-activity of the Rolando substance disappears. Electron histochemical investigations reveal that decreased enzyme activity is due to degeneration of FRAP-positive terminals. It is concluded that FRAP-positive terminals, representing the majority of electron dense sinusoids in the Rolando substance, are dorsal root collaterals; the origin of non-degenerating FRAP-negative electron dense terminals remains unknown for the time being.     

The projection of the lateral geniculate nucleus to area 17 of the rat cerebral cortex. I. General description.

Lesions were made in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the rat and the consequent degeneration in area 17 of the cerebral cortex was studied by light and electron microscopy. These lesions produced prominent degeneration of axon terminals in layer IV extending into layer III and a much lesser amount in layers I and VI. The darkened degenerating axon terminals forming asymmetric synaptic junctions and were frequently surrounded by hypertrophied astrocytic processes. These terminals appeared to be disposed randomly, forming no discernible patterns. In layer IV 83% of the synapsing, degenerating terminals formed junctions with dendritic spines, 15% with dendritic shafts, and 2% with neuronal perikarya. The dendritic shafts and neuronal perikarya appeared to belong to spine-free stellate cells. The dendrites giving rise to the spines receiving degenerating axon terminals could not be identified, for most of the spines appeared as isolated profiles that could not be traced back to their dendritic shafts. One example of a degenerating axon terminal synapsing with an axon initial segment was encountered. Small, degenerating myelinated axons were prevalent in layers VI, V and IV, but were only infrequent in the supragranular layers. These results are compared with those obtained in other studies of thalamocortical projections.     

皮质—脑桥核—小脑通路的HRP结合溃变电镜法研究

目的：观察大鼠脑桥核内皮质纤维终末的溃疡变型及其与脑桥核小脑投射神经元的突触联系方式,方法：采用HRP逆行标记结合溃变电镜技术。结果：（1）皮质纤维终末出现电子致密和微丝增生两种溃变类型。以电子致密型为主。后者终末又有两种不同形态,即含圆形清亮型小泡和多形清亮型小泡者,以圆形清亮型小泡终末占优势。（2）皮质纤维终末与脑桥核小脑投射神经元形成轴－树和少量轴－体突触,部分溃变终末与HRP标记的投射神经元形成单突触联系,结论：皮质纤维与脑桥核小脑投射神经元间存在的单突触联系构成了皮持－脑桥核－小脑通路。