日本血吸虫重组Bb(pGEX-Sj14-3-3)疫苗免疫BALB/c小鼠诱导免疫应答的动态检测

目的 研究日本血吸虫重组双歧杆菌属两歧双歧杆菌(Bb) (pGEX-Sjl4-3-3)疫苗免疫小鼠后其免疫应答的动态变化.方法 将重组疫苗分别采用口服灌胃和鼻内接种免疫BALB/c小鼠,分别于免疫后2、4、6、8、10、12、14、16、18、20和22周ELISA法测小鼠血清中IgG及其亚类、IgE和IgA及脾细胞培养液中IFN-γ、IL-12、TNF-α和IL-10水平;MTT法测定脾细胞增殖;流式细胞仪检测脾细胞凋亡率及CD4+和CD8+T细胞亚群百分率.结果 口服组血清IgG、IgG1、IgG2a、IgG2b、IgG3、IgE和IgA水平分别在免疫后8、6、6、4、8、10和6周达峰值.脾淋巴细胞增殖和凋亡水平均在免疫后4周达峰值;CD4+T细胞于8周达峰值,CD8+T细胞于14周达峰值.IFN-γ、IL-12、TNF-α和IL-10水平分别于8、8、6和4周达峰值.鼻内接种组血清IgG、IgG1、IgG2a、IgG2b、IgG3、IgE和IgA分别于4、6、4、4、8、10和8周达峰值.脾淋巴细胞增殖及凋亡水平也均在4周达峰值;CD4+T细胞于8周达峰值,CD8+T细胞于4周达峰值.IFN-γ、IL-12、TNF-α和IL-10水平分别于2、2、4和4周达峰值.口服及鼻腔内接种是两种较好的免疫途径,且后者优于前者.结论 该疫苗可诱导小鼠产生有效的免疫应答.     

细粒棘球绦虫重组Bb-Eg95-EgA31融合蛋白诱导小鼠免疫应答

目的研究细粒棘球绦虫(Eg)重组双歧杆菌(Bb)-Eg95-EgA31融合蛋白免疫小鼠后诱导的免疫应答。方法 56只SPF级雌性Balb/c小鼠随机均分7组,分别为重组Bb-Eg95-EgA31皮下注射组(A组)、肌肉注射组(B组)、鼻腔内接种组(C组)、口服灌胃组(D组)、空载体对照组(E组)、Bb对照组(F组)和Bb培养用液体培养基(MRS)对照组(G组)。免疫后8周各组鼠用50个Eg原头节攻击,攻击25周后,处死小鼠,分离细粒棘球蚴包囊并称重,计算囊重抑制率;ELISA检测血清IgG及其亚类和IgE和脾细胞上清液IL-12、IFN-γ、TNF-α和IL-10水平;MTT法测定脾细胞增殖反应;流式细胞仪检测脾CD4+和CD8+T细胞百分比和脾细胞凋亡发生率。结果重组Bb-Eg95-EgA31免疫组小鼠的囊重抑制率分别为45.33%、41.33%、70.67%和62.67%;血清IgG、IgG2a、IgG2b和IgG1水平升高,IgG3和IgE降低;脾IFN-γ、IL-12和TNF-α水平升高,IL-10水平降低;脾T淋巴细胞明显增殖;脾CD4+和CD8+T细胞显著增加;脾细胞凋亡发生率显著降低。结论细粒棘...     

细粒棘球绦虫转Eg95-EgA31融合基因苜蓿疫苗诱导Balb/c小鼠免疫应答的动态观察

目的动态观察细粒棘球绦虫转Eg95-EgA31融合基因苜蓿疫苗免疫Balb/c小鼠后诱导的免疫应答。方法热絮凝法提取转基因苜蓿的叶蛋白,再用无菌双蒸水将叶蛋白提取液的浓度配制成20μg/μl。88只Balb/c小鼠随机分为2组,分别用100μl灌胃和10μl滴鼻免疫小鼠,每3天1次,连续免疫2个月。在末次免疫后0、2、4、6、8、10、12、14、16、18和20周各组随机剖杀4只小鼠,眼球取血,常规酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)检测血清中IgG及其亚类和IgE水平;取脾,分离脾细胞,流式细胞仪(flow cytometr,FCM)检测脾CD4+和CD8+T淋巴细胞亚群的百分比,体外经脾细胞悬液或加入Eg粗抗原(EgAg)、伴刀豆球蛋白A(ConA)或脂多糖(LPS)刺激培养,四甲基偶氮唑盐比色法(MTT法)检测免疫鼠脾T淋巴细胞增殖情况,ELISA法检测脾细胞培养上清液中IL-12、IL-10、IFN-γ和TNF-α水平。结果在末次免疫后4～6周,2组免疫小鼠的血清IgG及其亚类和IgE水平升高,脾T淋巴细胞增殖水平升高,CD4+和CD8+T细胞亚群百分比分别升高,脾细胞培养上清液中IL-12、IFN-γ、TNF-α和IL-10水平分别升高。结论细粒棘球绦虫转Eg95-EgA31融合基因苜蓿疫苗在免疫早期(4～6周)可诱导免疫鼠脾T淋巴细胞增殖,产生Th1和Th2混合型免疫应答,CD4+和CD8+T细胞亚群在细粒棘球绦虫转Eg95-EgA31融合基因苜蓿疫苗诱导的保护性免疫机制中起重要作用。     

细粒棘球绦虫转Eg95-EgA31融合基因苜蓿疫苗诱导小鼠免疫应答的研究

目的:探讨细粒棘球绦虫(Eg)转Eg95-EgA31融合基因苜蓿疫苗诱导BALB/c小鼠产生的免疫应答及其对Eg原头节攻击感染的保护性作用。方法:热絮凝法提取转基因苜蓿的叶蛋白,再用无菌双蒸水将叶蛋白提取液的浓度配制成20g/L。分别用100μL灌胃和10μL滴鼻免疫小鼠,每3d免疫1次,连续免疫2个月。同时设转空质粒(pBI121)苜蓿叶蛋白及正常苜蓿叶蛋白对照组。末次免疫后8周,用Eg原头节腹腔注射进行攻击感染(50个Eg原头节/每鼠),感染后24周剖杀小鼠,分离并称重细粒棘球蚴组织,计算囊重减少率;采眼球血,常规ELISA检测血清中IgG及其亚类和IgE水平;取脾,分离脾细胞,流式细胞术(FCM)检测脾CD4+和CD8+T淋巴细胞亚群的百分比;脾细胞体外经脾细胞悬液或加入Eg粗抗原(EgAg)、伴刀豆球蛋白A(ConA)或脂多糖(LPS)刺激培养后,四甲基偶氮唑盐比色法(MTT法)检测免疫小鼠脾T淋巴细胞增殖情况,AnnexinV-FITC和碘化丙啶(PI)双染色法检测脾细胞的凋亡发生率,常规ELISA法检测脾细胞培养上清液中IL-12、IL-10、IFN-γ和TNF-α水平。结果:与正常蛋白对照组相比,疫苗口服接种组小鼠检获包囊质量明显降低,囊重减少率为64.1%,脾细胞凋亡发生率明显降低,脾T细胞增殖水平、CD4+T细胞亚群的百分比和CD4+/CD8+比值显著升高,血清中IgG、IgG2b和IgE水平显著升高,脾细胞培养上清液中IFN-γ、1L-12和TNF-α水平显著增高,IL-10水平明显降低。结论:细粒棘球绦虫转Eg95-EgA31融合基因苜蓿疫苗口服接种可抑制免疫鼠脾细胞发生凋亡,诱导免疫鼠脾T细胞增殖,产生Th1型细胞免疫应答以对抗Eg原头节的攻击感染,CD4+ T细胞亚群、IgG、IgG2b和IgE在疫苗诱导的保护力中起重要作用。     

多房棘球绦虫重组BCG-EmⅡ/3疫苗免疫小鼠后脾细胞亚群的动态观察

目的动态观察多房棘球绦虫重组BCG-EmⅡ/3疫苗免疫小鼠后脾细胞亚群的变化。方法将疫苗采用鼻腔内接种免疫Balb/c鼠,在免疫后0、2、4、6、8、10、12、14、16周和18周各剖杀4只小鼠取脾,分离脾细胞,流式细胞仪检测脾CD4+和CD8+T淋巴细胞亚群的百分比,同时设有PBS对照。结果疫苗接种组的脾CD4+和CD8+T细胞亚群分别在免疫后2～10周和2～18周升高,分别在免疫后4周和10周达最高水平。结论多房棘球绦虫重组BCG-EmⅡ/3疫苗可诱导小鼠脾CD4+和CD8+T细胞亚群的增殖。     

铜绿假单胞菌重组Bb-OprF疫苗诱导小鼠细胞免疫应答的研究

目的研究铜绿假单胞菌重组双歧杆菌(rBb)-OprF疫苗免疫小鼠,PAO1株攻击后产生的细胞免疫应答。方法将rBb-OprF疫苗分别采用皮下注射、肌肉注射、鼻腔黏膜和口服灌胃4种途径免疫Balb/c小鼠,免疫后8周用5×106CFU的PAO1株攻击,攻击1周后杀鼠取脾,MTT法检测特异性脾淋巴细胞增殖,流式细胞术检测脾CD4+T和CD8+T细胞比率,用ELISA法检测脾细胞培养上清IFN-γ、IL-12、TNF-α和IL-10的水平。结果脾T淋巴细胞增殖明显;脾细胞CD4+和CD8+T细胞亚群显著增加;脾细胞培养上清IFN-γ、IL-12、TNF-α和IL-10的水平显著升高,其中IFN-γ最为显著。结论铜绿假单胞菌rBb-OprF疫苗可诱导小鼠产生混合型的Th1和Th2免疫应答。     

共刺激分子4-1BBL基因免疫对HBsAg核酸疫苗诱导小鼠特异性免疫应答的影响

目的 研究共刺激分子4-1BBL基因免疫对HBsAg核酸疫苗诱导小鼠特异性体液和细胞免疫应答的影响.方法 将HBV表面抗原核酸疫苗pcDS2单独或联合共刺激分子4-1BBL质粒肌肉注射免疫C57BL/6小鼠;ELISA法检测小鼠血清抗-HBs IgG及亚型IgG1和IgG2a;迟发型超敏反应(DTH)反应检测体内细胞反应;流式细胞仪检测CD4+ T淋巴细胞分泌IL-4和IFN-γ及CD8+T淋巴细胞分泌IFN-γ水平;流式细胞仪检测小鼠脾细胞HBsAg特异性体外细胞毒性T淋巴细胞杀伤作用(CTL).结果 与单纯免疫核酸疫苗pcDS2组比较,pcDS2和4-1BBL联合免疫组小鼠的抗-HBs水平显著提高,抗-HBs IgG亚类以IgG2a占优;免疫小鼠经HBsAg脚掌皮下刺激后,联合免疫组小鼠脚掌的厚度显著高于pcDS2组;联合免疫组CD4+T淋巴细胞的IL-4和IFN-γ表达水平及CD8+T淋巴细胞的IFN-γ表达水平显著升高;DNA疫苗免疫的各组小鼠,HBsAg特异性体外CIL杀伤作用高于对照组,其中联合免疫组小鼠的体外CTL杀伤作用最强.结论共刺激分子4-1BBL不仅能增强HBV DNA疫苗诱导特异性体液免疫应答,还能增强特异性型细胞免疫反应,尤其增强体内CIL的杀伤活性.     

八肽胆囊收缩素对经钥孔戚血蓝蛋白免疫小鼠T淋巴细胞亚群的影响

目的：探讨八肽胆囊收缩素（CCK-8）对经钥孔戚血蓝蛋白（KLH）免疫小鼠T淋巴细胞亚群的影响。方法：雌性BALB/c小鼠KLH免疫同时分别给予不同剂量CCK-8。流式细胞法检测小鼠外周血及脾细胞中CD4+、CD8+T细胞阳性百分率；RT-PCR法检测脾细胞中Th1型细胞因子IFN-γ、Th2型细胞因子IL-4 mRNA表达；ELISA法检测其培养上清中IFN-γ、IL-4水平；HE染色观察小鼠肺组织病理变化。结果：CCK-8下调KLH免疫小鼠外周血及脾细胞中上升的CD4+、CD8+T细胞阳性百分率，降低CD4+/CD8+比值；进一步提高其IFN-γ mRNA表达和培养上清中IFN-γ分泌量，同时下调上升的IL-4 mRNA表达和培养上清中IL-4分泌量；减轻KLH免疫所致小鼠肺部炎症。结论：CCK-8可调节适应性免疫应答，抑制T细胞尤其是CD4+T细胞活性；抑制Th2功能，提高Th1功能，因此可能在变态反应性疾病的发病和防治中具有一定作用。     

热致死发酵乳杆菌对牛乳β-乳球蛋白过敏小鼠的免疫调节作用

目的:观察热致死的发酵乳杆菌对牛乳β-乳球蛋白(BLG)致敏小鼠Th1/Th2细胞平衡、血清抗体水平及T细胞亚群数量的影响,探讨其缓解过敏反应的作用。方法:用牛乳BLG和弗氏佐剂的混合液腹腔注射诱发BALB/c小鼠致敏,建立动物过敏模型。将实验动物随机分为空白组、致敏组和不同剂量的热致死发酵乳杆菌组。采用ELISA法测定各组小鼠血清总IgE、BLG特异性IgE和总IgG含量。体外分离培养各组小鼠脾细胞,采用ELISA法检测细胞上清液中Th1型细胞因子(IL-12、IFN-γ)和Th2型细胞因子(IL-4)水平,采用流式细胞术检测脾淋巴细胞中CD3+、CD4+和CD8+T百分含量。结果:发酵乳杆菌组小鼠脾细胞培养上清液中IFN-γ/IL-4比值为13.53,显著高于致敏组的3.34(P<0.05);血清总IgE、BLG特异性IgE和总IgG水平显著降低(P<0.05);脾细胞中CD3+和CD4+T细胞比例升高,CD4+/CD8+比值趋近正常组。特别是高剂量的热致死发酵乳杆菌组小鼠脾细胞培养上清液中抑制IL-4分泌的效果显著优于致敏组(P>0.05),且该组小鼠血清的抗体水平和CD4+/CD8+比值与空白组相比无差异(P>0.05)。结论:热致死的发酵乳杆菌干预可改善小鼠的BLG过敏症状,其作用可能与促进Th1占优势的Th1/Th2细胞平衡,阻断IgE、IgG分泌及平衡T细胞亚群数量相关。     

NOD小鼠人源化后CD4~+T和CD8~+T细胞及其分泌IFN-γ与IL-17的频率变化及意义

目的 观察分析NOD小鼠和NOD.β2mnullHHD小鼠Ⅰ型糖尿病(Type1 diabetes,T1D)发病情况以及脾T细胞亚群的频率及功能差异,揭示CD4+T和CD8+T细胞亚群在HLA-A*0201转基因NOD小鼠和NOD小鼠的T1D发病中作用的异同。方法采用测量血糖的方法观察2种小鼠的发病情况,采用流式细胞术分析小鼠脾淋巴细胞CD3+CD4+T、CD3+CD8+T细胞亚群频率以及这2群细胞分泌IL-17和IFN-γ频率的差异。结果 NOD.β2mnullHHD小鼠较NOD小鼠发病早且严重;NOD.β2mnullHHD小鼠脾淋巴细胞的CD3+CD4+T细胞亚群显著高于NOD小鼠,NOD.β2mnullHHD小鼠脾淋巴细胞的CD3+CD8+T细胞亚群显著低于NOD小鼠;2种小鼠的脾淋巴细胞中CD3+CD4+IL-17+T细胞亚群与CD3+CD8+IL17+T细胞频率无差异;NOD.β2mnullHHD小鼠脾淋巴细胞的CD3+CD4+IFN-γ+T和CD3+CD8+IFN-γ+T细胞亚群频率显著高于NOD小鼠。结论 HLA-2.1分子转入NOD小鼠后HLA-2.1分子加速了HLA-A*0201转基因NOD小鼠T1D的发病进程;NOD.β2mnullHHD小鼠相对NOD小鼠的T1D发病更早、病情更重,这与CD3+CD4+T和CD3+CD8+T细胞分泌的IFN-γ显著相关,而与IL-17无关,为T1D防治的临床转化基础研究提供实验数据。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.