PAI-1基因多态性对哮喘气道重塑影响的研究

目的探讨纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1(PAI-1)基因启动子-675 4G/5G多态性对哮喘气道重塑的影响。方法慢性持续期哮喘患者(30例)和健康人(20名)分列为轻度哮喘组、中重度哮喘组和健康人组,用等位基因特异性PCR(ASO)法测定PAI-1启动子区域-675位点多态性,ELISA法测定血浆PAI-1、TGF-β1和MMP-9水平,高分辨率CT(HRCT)观察所有受试者肺部影像学特征,运用PickerPQ6000分析软件测定气道壁厚度(T)、气道壁面积(WA),采用气道壁厚度/气道外径(T/D)和气道壁面积占气道总面积百分比(WA%)作为标化指标。结果PAI-1的4 G/4 G、4 G/5 G和5 G/5 G 3种基因型表达的TGF-β1、T和WA%差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。血浆PAI-1仅与血浆TGF-β1存在相关关系(r=0.335,P<0.05),与T、T/D、WA和WA%无相关关系(P>0.05)。多元方差分析显示PAI-1基因多态性、血浆TGF-β1、血浆PAI-1水平与PAI-14G/5 G基因多态性的交互作用对气道重塑表型的影响有统计学意义(P=0.050,P=0.026,P=0.030)。结论PAI-1启动子4 G/5 G多态性可能是哮喘气道重塑的独立影响因素。     

Lack of association of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G promoter polymorphism with cardiovascular disease in the elderly

Summary.  Elevated circulating plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) may increase risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The 4G allele of the 4G/5G PAI-1 promoter polymorphism is associated with higher levels of PAI-1. We examined the association of PAI-1 4G/5G genotype and CVD events in the elderly participants of the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS). We measured 4G/5G genotype in a nested case-control study within the CHS. Cases included incident angina, myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke. 4G/5G genotype was not found to be associated with markers of fibrinolysis or CVD risk in the selected elderly cohort. There were no differences in genotype frequencies by case-control status (5G/5G frequency 16–22%; χ² P = 0.07). The 5G allele was not associated with incident CVD events when individuals with at least one 5G allele were compared to 4G/4G homozygotes. The presence of at least one 4G allele was likewise not associated with incident CVD when those with 4G/4G and 4G/5G genotypes were compared to 5G/5G homozygotes. Our results suggest that the PAI-1 4G/5G promoter polymorphism is not associated CVD risk factors or incident CVD events in the elderly.     

PAI-1 4G/5G insertion/deletion promoter polymorphism and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) plays an important role in the regulation of fibrinolysis and extracellular matrix turnover. PAI-1 4G/5G insertion/deletion polymorphism in the PAI-1 promoter region has been shown to modulate PAI-1 plasma levels. We investigated the relationship between this polymorphism and the prevalence of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes in the Austrian population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 147 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (96 men, 51 women; median age, 65 years; IQR, 59-71) were analyzed for the PAI-1 4G/5G genotype. RESULTS: The genotype distribution in the individuals tested was as follows: 17% (n = 25) 5G/5G, 54% (n = 80) 4G/5G, and 29% (n = 42) 4G/4G. Patients homozygous for allele 4G had a significantly higher risk of diabetic proliferative retinopathy than patients without signs of diabetic retinopathy or nonproliferative retinopathy (OR, 7.3; 95% CI, 1.4-38.8; P = 0.02). No significant associations were observed between the PAI-1 genotype and the presence of albuminuria. CONCLUSION: According to our results, diabetic proliferative retinopathy might be associated with the prevalence of PAI-1 genotype 4G/4G.     

纤溶酶原激活物抑制因子1基因启动子区4G／5G多态性与妊娠糖尿病的相关性研究

目的研究妊娠妇女纤溶酶原激活物抑制因子1（PAI-1）基因启动子区4G／SG多态性的分布并探讨其在广西南宁地区汉族妇女妊娠糖尿病（GDM）发病中的作用。方法研究对象为60例GDM患者（GDM组）和60例正常孕妇（对照组）,采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性分析（PCR—RFLP）法测定其PAI-1基因启动子区4G／5G基因,并用发色底物法测定血浆PAI-1活性。结果GDM组怀孕前体质量指数（BMI）和血浆PAI-1活性均显著高于对照组23．1±1．9VS21．6±1．6（P〈0．01）;（788．4±66．1）AU／LVS（713．4±35．4）AU／L（P〈0．01）。PAI-1基因4G／4G、4G／5G、5G／5G3种基因型和4G、5G2种等位基因在两组中的分布差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,GDM组4G／4G基因型频率和4G等位基因频率高于对照组。4G／4G基因型孕妇的怀孕前BMI和血浆PAI-1活性显著高于4G／5G和5G／56基因型者（P〈0．01）;体质量过大孕妇PAI-1活性显著高于体质量正常者（P〈0．01）。多元逐步线性回归分析提示血浆PAI-1活性与基因分型高度相关（r=0．582,P〈0．001）。结论PAI-1基因启动子区4G／4G基因型频率在GDM孕妇显著增高,该基因型可能为广西南宁地区汉族人群GDM的易感基因。GDM妇女血浆PAI1活性增高可能与PAI-1基因启动子区4G等位基因频率增高有关。孕妇怀孕前BMI增高可能与PAI-1基因启动子区4G／4G基因型频率增高有关,并可能与GDM发生有关。     

Improvements in the outcome of children with meningococcal disease

Recent years have seen a marked reduction in the mortality of children with meningococcal disease in paediatric intensive care units (PICU); the reasons for this improvement are multifactorial. The mortality rates for critically ill children overall have improved and reasons for this are probably increased centralisation of PICU services and that fewer critically ill children are now looked after on adult units. Specific treatment pathways for sepsis have improved with the publication of clinical guidelines for children and initiatives such as the Surviving Sepsis Campaign. There is a continuing need to focus on the care delivered to children before reaching PICU and to minimise the morbidity suffered by survivors of this disease.     

Serum lipids and disease severity in children with severe meningococcal sepsis

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of cholesterol and lipoproteins in children with severe meningococcal sepsis. DESIGN: Retrospective observational study. SETTING: A university-affiliated pediatric intensive care unit. PATIENTS: Fifty-seven patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit with meningococcal sepsis or septic shock. INTERVENTIONS: Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations were measured in serum samples drawn within 6 hrs after admission to the pediatric intensive care unit and 12, 24, 48, 72 hrs, 7 days, and 1-3 months afterward. Standard deviation scores of these variables (sd scores) were calculated to correct for age-related differences. To assess disease severity, the Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM) score, the Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, and the Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) score were determined as well as selected laboratory variables. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Ten patients died. Total serum cholesterol on admission was very low in all patients. This hypocholesterolemia was caused by low HDL concentrations but in particular by low LDL cholesterol levels. Eight patients had undetectable LDL levels on admission. Total cholesterol levels were significantly lower in nonsurvivors than in survivors (0.97 vs. 1.60, p = .013), whereas levels of LDL and HDL did not significantly differ between both groups. Total cholesterol sd scores were similar between survivors and nonsurvivors. Within survivors, cholesterol sd score was significantly lower in patients with shock compared with those with sepsis. The total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL levels correlated with clinical variables of disease severity and with levels of cytokines. Total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL levels normalized rapidly in survivors and were completely normal 1-3 months after admission. CONCLUSIONS: Extremely low levels of total serum cholesterol, HDL, and LDL are found in the initial phase of children with severe meningococcal disease. Total cholesterol levels are significantly lower in nonsurvivors than in survivors, but not the sd score. Total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL levels on admission are inversely associated with disease severity. Hypocholesterolism is associated with hypocortisolism. The concentrations of total cholesterol and lipoproteins steadily increase after 24 hrs in survivors and are normalized 1-3 months after pediatric intensive care unit admission.     

4G4G genotype of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter polymorphism associates with disseminated intravascular coagulation in children with systemic meningococcemia

BACKGROUND: Meningococcal disease may present as sepsis, meningitis or a combination of both. Impaired fibrinolysis and massive elevation of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a characteristic feature of meningococcal sepsis. We and others have reported an association between mortality and the functional 4G/5G promoter polymorphism of the PAI-1 gene in children with meningococcal sepsis. OBJECTIVE: Multicenter study to investigate the association of the 4G/5G PAI-1 polymorphism and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in children with meningococcal disease in a Central European population. PATIENTS/METHODS: Blood samples and clinical information of 326 previously healthy children with meningococcal infection were collected from 95 pediatric hospitals in Germany, Switzerland, Italy, and Austria from 2000 to 2002. RESULTS: DIC, defined as platelet counts below 100 G L(-1), increased D-dimer levels and prolonged prothrombin time, was significantly associated with the 4G4G genotype [31 of 63 (49%) vs. 55 of 175 (31%), P = 0.014], resulting in a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.5 (95% confidence interval 1.1-2.1) to develop DIC. Carriers of the 4G4G genotype showed significantly lower platelet counts (183 G L(-1) vs. 227 G L(-1), P = 0.009) on admission. Fibrinogen and C-reactive protein levels were not associated with the PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism, nor were white blood cell counts. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show a correlation between the 4G4G genotype of the PAI-1 gene and development of DIC in meningococcal infection.     

Elastase and granzymes during meningococcal disease in children: correlation to disease severity

Objective To investigate the levels of human neutrophil elastase and lymphocyte-derived granzymes A and B in relation to disease severity in children with meningococcal disease.Design Clinical observational cohort study.Setting Paediatric intensive care unit.Patients All patients with meningococcal disease during the study period were included.Measurements and results Blood sampling was done on the day of admission and on days 3 and 7. Assays for elastase and granzymes were done with ELISA. Sixty-one patients were included: 19 having distinct meningitis; 17 meningitis and shock; and 25 fulminant septicaemia. On admission levels of elastase were increased in all patients, being highest in those with fulminant septicaemia and lowest in those with distinct meningitis. Granzyme A (although marginally) and granzyme B levels were only increased in patients with shock. In 20 of the 28 patients admitted for 3 days elastase decreased from admission (rapid-decrease group). In the remaining 8 patients, elastase started to decrease after 2 days (slow-decrease group). Patients of the slow-decrease group had a higher temperature up to day 4, needed more respiratory support (mean airway pressure in cm H₂O on days 3 and 4: p=0.02 and p<0.01, respectively), and more circulatory support (>2 inotropic agents on day 3; p=0.04) compared with the rapid-decrease group.Conclusions Human neutrophil elastase and granzyme B are related with disease severity during the initial phase of meningococcal disease and prolonged neutrophil activation is associated with the extent of organ dysfunction during the period thereafter.     

急性冠脉综合征患者纤溶酶原激活物抑制物-1基因4G/5G多态性分析

目的：探讨纤溶酶原激活物抑制物－1（PAI－1）启动子基因4G／5G多态性与急性冠脉综合征（acute coronary syndrome,ACS）的关系。方法：应用聚合酶链反应－限制性片段长度多态性（PCR－RFLP）对56例ACS病人及76例正常人PAI－1基因单核苷酸插入／缺失状态进行分析，并研究PAI－1基因多态性与血脂、体重指数（BMI）、血压的关系，分析4G／5G多态性与ACS的关系。结果：①病例组与对照组比较，4G／4G基因型频率较高（24／56和15／76，P＜0．01）；病例组4G／5G基因型频率明显低于对照组（25／56和48／76，P＜0．05）。病例组4G等位基因频率明显高于对照组（0．652和0．513），而5G等位基因频率明显低于对照组（0．348和0．487，P＜0．05）。②高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL）两组差异无显著性意义（P＞0．05）；病例组总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、BMI、收缩压、舒张压均明显大于对照组（P＜0．01，0．001，0．01，0．05），差异有显著性意义。结论：PAI－1基因4G／5G多态性与ACS密切相关，其4G／4G基因型在ACS患者中所占比例较高，ACS患者显著高血脂、高BMI、高血压。     

纤溶酶原激活剂抑制物-1基因4G/5G多态性与特发性卵巢早衰的相关性

目的:探讨纤溶酶原激活剂抑制物-1(plasminogen activator inhibitor-1,PAI-1)基因启动子区4G/5G多态性与特发性卵巢早衰(premature ovarian failure,POF)发病的关系。方法:应用PCR-RFLP分析,检测65例特发性POF患者(POF组)和75例正常妇女(对照组)PAI-1基因4G/5G多态性。结果:特发性POF患者组PAI-1基因型频率分布,4G/4G型为29.2%,4G/5G型为55.4%,5G/5G型为 15.4%;POF患者组4G/4G基因型频率明显高于对照组(16.0%),但差异无显著性意义(x2=3.54,P>0.05);而4G等位基因频率(0.569)显著高于对照组(0.447)(x2=4.18,P<0.05),携带4G等位基因个体发生特发性POF的相对风险OR= 1.64,95%CI1.02～2.64。结论:PAI-1基因4G/5G多态性与特发性POF的发病有关,4G等位基因可能是特发性POF发病的危险因素之一。     

The PAI‐1 4G/5G polymorphism is not associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcome in asymptomatic nulliparous women

Summary. Background: Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI‐1) is an important regulator of fibrinolysis. A common deletion polymorphism that results in a sequence of 4G instead of 5G in the promoter region of the gene is associated with a small increase in the risk of venous thromboembolism. Its potential association with adverse pregnancy events remains controversial. Objective: We aimed to assess the impact of the 4G PAI‐1 polymorphism on pregnancy outcomes in women who had no prior history of adverse pregnancy outcomes or personal or family history of venous thromboembolism. Patients/methods: This study represents a secondary investigation of a prior prospective cohort study investigating the association between inherited thrombophilias and adverse pregnancy events in Australian women. Healthy nulliparous women were recruited to this study prior to 22 weeks gestation. Genotyping for the 4G/5G PAI‐1 gene was performed using Taqman assays in an ABI prism 7700 Sequencer several years after the pregnancy was completed. Pregnancy outcome data were extracted from the medical record. The primary outcome was a composite comprising development of severe pre‐eclampsia, fetal growth restriction, major placental abruption, stillbirth or neonatal death. Results: Pregnancy outcome data were available in 1733 women who were successfully genotyped for this polymorphism. The primary composite outcome was experienced by 139 women (8% of the cohort). Four hundred and fifty‐nine women (26.5%) were homozygous for the 4G deletion polymorphism, while 890 (51.4%) were heterozygous. Neither homozygosity nor heterozygosity for the PAI‐1 4G polymorphism was associated with the primary composite outcome (homozygous OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 0.81–2.09, P = 0.28, heterozygous OR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.53–1.31, P = 0.44) or with the individual pregnancy complications. Conclusion: The PAI‐1 4G polymorphism is not associated with an increase in the risk of serious adverse pregnancy events in asymptomatic nulliparous women.     

Association of the CTLA-4 gene 49 A/G polymorphism with type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroid disease in Japanese children

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the role of the T-lymphocyte-associated-4 (CTLA-4) polymorphism in the susceptibility to child-onset type 1 diabetes with regard to its clinical characteristics and complications with autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) in the Japanese population. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The CTLA-4 49 A/G polymorphism was detected by the PCR-restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) method in 97 type 1 diabetic subjects and 20 patients with Graves' disease, a cohort which included 4 patients who also had type 1 diabetes. RESULTS: The genotypes and allele frequencies of this polymorphism did not differ between the type 1 diabetic subjects and the control subjects. The G allele frequency was 63.9% in the type 1 diabetic subjects. The G allele frequency in the subgroup of patients with a high titer of autoantibodies to the GAD antibody (Ab) was 72.9% (P = 0.0499 vs. control subjects); in the subgroup of patients without HLA DRB1*0405, it was 72.6% (P = 0.0271 vs. control subjects); and in the subgroup of patients with a residual beta-cell function, it was 78.6% (P = 0.0391 vs. control subjects). The G allele frequency in the patients with Graves' disease was also significantly higher at 78.1% (P = 0.0405 vs. control subjects). Furthermore, the frequency in our diabetic subjects complicated with Graves' disease was even higher (87.5%). CONCLUSIONS: We have demonstrated that a distinct association exists between the G allele of CTLA-4 and high values of GAD Ab, residual beta-cell function, and the absence of HLA-DRB1*0405.     

A functional single nucleotide polymorphism in the thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) gene associates with outcome of meningococcal disease

Summary.  In meningococcal sepsis, disseminated intravascular coagulation with deposition of fibrin and formation of microthrombi occurs in various organs and enhanced inhibition of fibrinolysis is associated with adverse outcome. Recently, TAFI (thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor) was identified as a link between coagulation and fibrinolysis, as TAFI can be activated by thrombin and once activated potently attenuates fibrinolysis. On the basis of this one would predict that DNA polymorphisms that increase TAFI activity would deteriorate the outcome in meningococcal sepsis. Therefore, we studied the prevalence of the Thr325Ile dimorphism in the TAFI gene, which is associated with increased TAFIa stability and activity in 50 patients who survived meningococcal disease, in 176 first-degree relatives of a consecutive patient series with meningococcal disease and 212 controls from the same geographic region. The TAFI 325 Ile/Ile genotype was slightly more common among parents of patients with meningococcal disease than in controls (11% vs. 7.1%, P = 0.24). This difference was pronounced among the subgroup of parents of non-surviving patients (19.2%, P = 0.03). Patients whose parents were carriers of the TAFI 325 Ile/Ile genotype had a 1.6-fold (95% CI 0.7–3.7) higher risk to contract meningococcal disease and a 3.1-fold (95% CI 1.0–9.5) increased risk to die from the infection compared with all other genotypes. Survivors had a genotype frequency (4.0%) that was lower than in the general population. TAFI 325 variants affect the outcome of meningococcal disease.     

Thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor is associated with severity and outcome of severe meningococcal infection in children

Summary.  Background and objectives:  In pediatric meningococcal sepsis, an imbalance between coagulation and fibrinolysis and proinflammatory action play major roles. We hypothesized that thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) and/or TAFI activation markers are involved in the pathogenesis of meningococcal sepsis. Patients and methods:  Children with severe meningococcal sepsis ( n  =   112) previously included in Rotterdam-based trials participated in this study. Clinical and laboratory parameters and severity scores were assessed. TAFI and TAFI activation markers were determined: TAFI activation peptide (TAFI-AP) and (in)activated TAFI [TAFIa(i)]. The –438G/A, Ala147Thr, and Thr325Ile polymorphisms were genotyped. Results:  TAFI levels were significantly decreased in patients with meningococcal disease at admission compared to the convalescence state. TAFI was decreased in patients with septic shock vs. those with no shock. TAFI-AP levels were increased in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) vs. patients without DIC. TAFI-AP and TAFIa(i) were significantly increased in non-survivors vs. survivors. TAFI-AP levels and the TAFI-AP/TAFI ratio were also strongly correlated to severity scores and laboratory parameters. The TAFI 325Ile/Ile genotype was overrepresented in patients with DIC. Conclusions:  Activation markers of TAFI were associated with the occurrence of DIC and mortality in meningococcal sepsis patients. A determination of TAFI, TAFI-AP, and TAFIa(i) is required to enable coherent interpretation of the role of TAFI in disease.     

A functional promoter polymorphism in monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 is associated with increased susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis

We examined the distribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in nitric oxide synthase 2A, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha genes in tuberculosis patients and healthy controls from Mexico. The odds of developing tuberculosis were 2.3- and 5.4-fold higher in carriers of MCP-1 genotypes AG and GG than in homozygous AA. Cases of homozygous GG had the highest plasma levels of MCP-1 and the lowest plasma levels of IL-12p40, and these values were negatively correlated. Furthermore, stimulation of monocytes from healthy carriers of the genotype GG with Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens yielded higher MCP-1 and lower IL-12p40 concentrations than parallel experiments with monocytes from homozygous AA. Addition of anti-MCP-1 increased IL-12p40 levels in cultures of M. tuberculosis-stimulated monocytes from homozygous GG, and addition of exogenous MCP-1 reduced IL-12p40 production by M. tuberculosis-stimulated monocytes from homozygous AA. Furthermore, we could replicate our results in Korean subjects, in whom the odds of developing tuberculosis were 2.8- and 6.9-fold higher in carriers of MCP-1 genotypes AG and GG than in homozygous AA. Our findings suggest that persons bearing the MCP-1 genotype GG produce high concentrations of MCP-1, which inhibits production of IL-12p40 in response to M. tuberculosis and increases the likelihood that M. tuberculosis infection will progress to active pulmonary tuberculosis.     

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G polymorphism is associated with metabolic syndrome parameters in Malaysian subjects

The plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G and tissue plasminogen activator Alu-repeat insertion/deletion polymorphisms might be genetic determinations of increased or decreased of their plasma activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G and tissue plasminogen activator Alu-repeat I/D polymorphisms with metabolic syndrome parameters in normal Malaysian subjects and to assess the impact of these polymorphisms on their plasma activities and antigens. The genetic polymorphisms were genotyped in 130 normal subjects. In addition, the plasma activities and antigens of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and tissue plasminogen activator as well as levels of insulin, glucose, and lipid profile at fasting state were investigated. The subjects with homozygous 4G/4G showed association with an increased triglyceride (p = 0.007), body mass index (p = 0.01) and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.03). In addition, the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G polymorphism modulates plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity and antigen and tissue plasminogen activator activity (p = 0.002, 0.014, 0.003) respectively. These results showed that, the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G polymorphism is associated with metabolic syndrome parameters, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and tissue plasminogen activator activities in Malaysian subjects, and may serve to increase the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in Malaysian subjects.